Can disbudding of calves (one versus four weeks of age) induce chronic pain?

BACKGROUND: Calf disbudding is a welfare-relevant invasive husbandry procedure. While it is widely recognized that disbudding elicits acute pain, its chronic consequences are currently unknown. OBJECTIVES: Primary aim of this study was to investigate whether disbudding leads to chronic pain in calves; secondary aim was to evaluate the influence of age at disbudding (1 week versus 4 weeks). METHODS: Thirty-four Holstein bull calves, enrolled in a prospective, controlled, randomized trial, underwent either early disbudding (ED) or late disbudding (LD) or sham treatment (control) at 1 and 4 weeks of age. Pain scoring and quantitative sensory tests (von Frey filaments and algometry) were performed at regular intervals up to 105 days of life; neurophysiological determination of nociceptive reflex thresholds and conditioned pain modulation (CPM) up to 90 days. Data was analyzed with the Brunner and Langer model followed by post-hoc test, with level of significance set at 0.05. RESULTS: Thirty-one calves completed the data collection. Signs of chronic sensitization were observed in 38% of disbudded calves (4 in ED and 4 in LD). Pain scores (until 105 days) and allodynia scores (until 60 days) were significantly higher while pressure thresholds (until 105 days) were significantly lower in both groups ED and LD compared to control. Late disbudded calves showed impairment of trigeminal CPM. Lower laser-evoked trigeminal reflex thresholds were found in clinically painful calves compared to control. CONCLUSIONS: The sequelae of disbudding can extend beyond the acute post-procedural phase. Chronic trigeminal sensitization, independently from the age at disbudding can affect individual calves.

Effects of a reduced dose of injected iron on health, iron status and growth of suckling piglets with access to iron enriched soil.

INTRODUCTION: The effects of the recommended dose of 200 mg iron and of half that dose injected on the first day of life on health, iron status and performance during the 4 week suckling period were studied in 2'123 piglets. All piglets received creep feed and soil which was supplemented with 14 g iron per kg. Neither mortality nor the prevalence of arthritis, meningitis and foot abscess (each disease affecting about 1% of the piglets) differed between the two groups. The low dose of 100 mg iron decreased blood haemoglobin concentration at weaning (110 ± 19 vs.120 ± 15 g/l), but did not affect growth rate.

INTRODUCTION: Le présent travail de recherche, mené avec 2'123 porcelets allaités, avait pour objectif d'étudier les effets de l'injection, le premier jour de vie, d'une dose recommandée de 200 mg de fer de même que de la moitié de cette dose sur l'état de santé, le statut ferrique et la croissance des porcelets pendant les quatre semaines d'allaitement. Tous les porcelets avaient en plus à disposition de la terre à fouiller enrichie de 14 g de fer par kg et d'un aliment complémentaire. Les différents dosages en fer n'ont influencé ni la mortalité ni la prévalence de l'arthrite, de la méningite et du panaris, chaque affection ayant touché environ 1% des porcelets. Les valeurs de l'hémoglobine au moment du sevrage étaient plus basses chez les porcelets qui avaient reçu 100 mg de fer (110 ± 19 contre 120 ± 15 g/l), mais leur croissance n'a toutefois pas été influencée.

Tolerance to 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 glycosides from Solanum glaucophyllum by the growing pig.

Solanum glaucophyllum leaves contain high levels of glycosidically bound 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3, the most important vitamin D metabolite. The tolerance to this source was evaluated during six weeks with fifty weaned pigs fed increasing levels (0, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20µg 1,25(OH)2D3/kg diet). The diet contained, per kg, 9.7g Ca, 3.5g digestible P and 2000IU cholecalciferol. Ten additional pigs were fed a diet containing 1000IU cholecalciferol/kg, without 1,25(OH)2D3. Weekly plasma and final kidney, bone and urinary mineral contents, bone density and breaking strength served as indicators for possible adverse effects of the supplement. All animals grew well and remained clinically healthy. The measured parameters remained unchanged when 1000 replaced 2000IU cholecalciferol/kg and when 1,25(OH)2D3 was fed up to 10µg/kg. Twenty µg 1,25(OH)2D3 increased plasma Ca and decreased plasma P from the 2nd and the 4th experimental week onwards, respectively. Twenty µg 1,25(OH)2D3 increased final plasma Ca and 1,25(OH)2D3 and reduced final plasma P by respectively 19, 56 and 13%. Twenty µg 1,25(OH)2D3 also increased kidney Ca and urinary Ca by 43 and 69%, respectively, reduced bone breaking strength by 12% and tended to decrease bone ash by 3%. To conclude, 2000IU D3 was not beneficial compared to 1000IU cholecalciferol; up to 10µg 1,25(OH)2D3 per kg diet did not lead to observed adverse effects; 20µg 1,25(OH)2D3 altered the homeostatic regulation of Ca and P thus, may lead to first signs of possible adverse effects, such as soft tissue calcification.

Effect of dietary calcium level and source on mineral utilisation by piglets fed diets containing exogenous phytase.

Calcium and phosphorus are essential minerals, closely linked in digestive processes and metabolism. With widespread use of low P diets containing exogenous phytase, the optimal dietary Ca level was verified. The 40-day study evaluated the effects of Ca level (4, 7 and 10 g/kg diet) and Ca source (Ca from CaCO3 and from Lithothamnium calcareum) on mineral utilisation in 72 piglets (7.9 ± 1.0 kg BW) fed an exogenous phytase containing diet with 2.9 g digestible P/kg. Measured parameters were growth performance, stomach mineral solubility, bone breaking strength and urinary, serum and bone mineral concentration. The apparent total tract digestibility of minerals was also assessed in the two diets with 7 g Ca/kg, using 12 additional pigs. Regardless of Ca source, increasing dietary Ca impaired feed conversion ratio, increased urinary pH, increased serum and urinary Ca, decreased serum and urinary P, decreased serum Mg and increased urinary Mg, increased serum AP activity, decreased bone Mg increased bone Zn. Bone breaking strength was improved with 7 compared to 4 g Ca/kg. Compared to CaCO3 , Ca from Lithothamnium calcareum increased serum Mg and with, 10 g Ca/kg, it limited body weight gain. The dose response of Ca in a diet with 2.9 g digestible P/kg and including exogenous phytase indicated that: (i) a low dietary Ca was beneficial for piglet growth, but was limiting the metabolic use of P; (ii) a high dietary Ca level impaired P utilisation; (iii) the optimal P utilisation and bone breaking strength was obtained with a dietary Ca-to-digestible P ratio of 2.1 to 2.4:1; (iv). Increasing dietary Ca reduced Mg utilisation, but not Zn status, when fed at adequate level. Finally, Ca from Lithothamnium calcareum had similar effects on Ca and P metabolism as CaCO3 , but impaired growth when fed at the highest inclusion level.

The effect of the administration of three different antimicrobial premix formulations via the liquid feeding system on the occurrence of Enterobacteriaceae resistant to tetracycline in the liquid feed for pigs.

INTRODUCTION: The oral group treatment is still a common procedure in swine production. This project studied the effect of the application of 3 different formulations of antimicrobial premixes (1. chlortetracycline, 2. chlortetracycline + sulfadimidine + tylosin, 3. sulfadimidine + sulfathiazole + trimethoprim) via the liquid feeding system on the occurrence of tetracycline-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (Ent-Tetr) in the liquid feed. 156 and 112 feed samples were collected between April and December 2015 in 13 case and 14 control farms, respectively. The 27 farms were randomly selected pig fattening farms located in different parts of Switzerland. The number of feed samples that contained Ent-Tetr as well as the number of Enterobacteriaceae resistant to tetracycline per sample was significantly higher in the case group than in the control group. The use of any of the 3 antimicrobial combinations turned out to be the main risk factor for the occurrence of Ent-Tetr in the liquid feed. Our results suggest that liquid feed containing antimicrobials is a reservoir of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in swine production.

INTRODUCTION: Le traitement de groupe oral est une technique encore répandue dans la production porcine. Le présent travail étudie l'effet de l'application, au moyen du système d'alimentation liquide, de trois prémélanges de compositions différentes (1. Chlortétracycline, 2. Chlortétracycline + Sulfadimidine + Tylosine, 3. Sulfadimidine + Sulfathiazol + Trimethoprime) sur la présence d'entérobactériacées résistantes à la tétracycline (Ent-Tetr) dans l'aliment liquide. Entre avril et décembre 2015, 156 respectivement 112 échantillons d'aliments ont été prélevés dans 13 exploitations-test respectivement dans 14 exploitations de contrôle. Il s'agissait, pour ces 27 exploitations, d'exploitations d'engraissement de porcs choisies au hasard dans diverses régions de la Suisse. Le nombre d'échantillons contenant des entérobactériacées résistantes à la tétracycline ainsi que le nombre de germes Ent-Tetr par échantillon était significativement plus élevé dans les exploitations test que dans celles de contrôle. L'utilisation des formulations de prémélanges étudiées a pu être identifiée comme le facteur de risque principal de voir apparaitre des Ent-Tetr dans les aliments liquides. Ces résultats laissent à penser que, dans la production porcine, les aliments liquides contenant des antibiotiques représentent un réservoir pour les bactéries résistantes aux antibiotiques.

Urinary deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) as biomarkers of DON and ZEA exposure of pigs.

Four diets contaminated with 1.1 to 5.0 mg/kg deoxynivalenol (DON) and 0.4 to 2.4 mg/kg zearalenone (ZEA) were fed to four groups of six growing Large White pigs. Urine samples were collected after 3 to 4 days and again after 6 to 7 days on the diets. On each sampling day, half of the animals were sampled in the morning, after an 8-h fast, and the other half were sampled in the afternoon, after 7 h of ad libitum access to feed. The urinary concentrations of DON, DON-glucuronide, DON-3-sulphate, de-epoxy-DON, as well as of ZEA, ZEA-14-glucuronide, α-zearalenol and α-zearalenol-14-glucuronide, analysed using LC-MS/MS, were used to calculate urinary DON and ZEA equivalent concentrations (DONe and ZEAe). The urinary concentration of DONe (P < 0.001), but not of ZEAe (P = 0.31), was lower in the fasted than that in the fed animals. The urinary DONe/creatinine and ZEAe/creatinine ratios were highly correlated with DON and ZEA intake per kg body weight the day preceding sampling (r = 0.76 and 0.77; P < 0.001). The correlations between DON intake during the 7 h preceding urine sampling in the afternoon and urinary DONe/creatinine ratio (r = 0.88) as well as between mean ZEA intake during 3 days preceding urine sampling and urinary ZEAe/creatinine ratio (r = 0.84) were even higher, reflecting the plasma elimination half-time of several hours for DON and of more than 3 days for ZEA. ZEAe analysed in enzymatically hydrolysed urine using an ELISA kit was highly correlated with the LC-MS/MS data (r = 0.94). The urinary DONe and ZEAe to creatinine ratios, analysed in pooled urine samples of several pigs fed the same diet, can be used to estimate their exposure to DON and ZEA.

Effects of benzoic Acid and dietary calcium:phosphorus ratio on performance and mineral metabolism of weanling pigs.

In a 2×2 factorial experiment the hypotheses tested were that the metabolic acid load caused by benzoic acid (BA) added to the feed affects bone mineralization of weanling pigs, and that a wide dietary calcium (Ca) to phosphorus (P) ratio in phytase-supplemented feeds with a marginal P concentration has a positive effect on bone mineralization. The four experimental diets, which contained 0.4% P and were supplemented with 1,000 FTU phytase/kg, contained either 5 g BA/kg or no BA and either 0.77% Ca or 0.57% Ca. The 68 four-week-old Large White pigs were fed the experimental diets ad libitum for six weeks and were then slaughtered. Benzoic acid increased feed intake (p = 0.009) and growth rate (p = 0.051), but did not influence the feed conversion ratio (p>0.10). Benzoic acid decreased the pH of the urine (p = 0.031), but did not affect breaking strength and mineralization of the tibia (p>0.10). The wide Ca:P ratio decreased feed intake (p = 0.034) and growth rate (p = 0.007) and impaired feed the conversion ratio (p = 0.027), but increased the mineral concentration in the fat-free DM of the tibia (p = 0.013) without influencing its breaking strength (p>0.10). The observed positive effect of the wide Ca:P ratio on bone mineralization may be attributed, at least in part, to the impaired feed conversion ratio, i.e. to the higher feed intake and consequently to the higher mineral intake per kg BW gain. The negative impact on animal performance of the wide dietary Ca:P ratio outweighs its potentially positive effect on bone mineralization, precluding its implementation under practical feeding conditions.

Urinary zearalenone measured with ELISA as a biomarker of zearalenone exposure in pigs.

The suitability to assess zearalenone (ZEA) exposure in pigs of a commercial ELISA kit for ZEA analysis in urine was tested. A daily dose of 0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 µg synthetic ZEA per kilogram BW was administered via the feed to four gilts per dose group, and after 3 and after 7 days of ZEA intake, urine samples were assayed with the ELISA which has a relative cross-reactivity of 42% with α-zearalenol. The concentration of urinary ZEA equivalents (ZEA plus 42% of α-zearalenol present) did not differ between day 4 and day 8 (P = 0.50) within each dose group. The urinary ZEA equivalent/creatinine ratio was tightly correlated with ZEA intake (r = 0.95). The urinary ZEA equivalent/creatinine values at 0 and 40 µg/kg BW were distinctly different from those of the intermediate dose levels, whereas there was some overlapping of the individual values at the dose levels 5, 10 and 20 µg/kg BW. The urinary ZEA equivalent/creatinine ratio can be used as a biomarker for ZEA exposure in pigs provided that urine samples of several animals receiving the same diet are assayed, either separately or after pooling.

Suppression of boar taint in cryptorchid pigs using a vaccine against the gonadotropin-releasing hormone.

Thirteen unilaterally cryptorchid Large White pigs, which had been immunized at 4 and 8 weeks of age and a third time at 64 ± 4 kg body weight against the gonadotropin releasing hormone with the vaccine Improvac®, were slaughtered at the age of 170 ± 9 days at a body weight of 102 ± 12 kg. Twelve pigs tested negative in the olfactory test of the salivary gland; their descended testicles were small and their fat androstenone concentration was low compared to normally developed boars of a previous experiment which had been vaccinated twice with Improvac® according the manufacturer's recommendation. One cryptorchid boar, which tested positive in the olfactory test and whose testicular weight and fat androstenone concentration corresponded to values of unvaccinated boars of the same age, obviously had not responded to the vaccination. It is an open question if the vaccination protocol for normal boars is sufficient to prevent boar taint in the majority of cryptorchid pigs, too.

Treize verrats de la race Grand Porc Blanc ayant une cryptorchidie unilatérale, immunisés contre la gonadolibérine à l'aide du vaccin Improvac® à l'âge de 4 et 8 semaines et une troisième fois à un poids vif de 64 ± 4 kg, ont été abattus à l'âge de 170 ± 9 jours à un poids vif de 102 ± 12 kg. Le test de cuisson de la glande salivaire s'est révélé négatif chez 12 animaux. Ces 12 verrats avaient de petits testicules descendus et une faible concentration d'androsténone dans le tissu adipeux en comparaison à des verrats normalement développés qui, lors d'une étude antérieure, avaient été vaccinés 2 fois selon les recommandations. Un seul verrat cryptorchide a eu une réponse immunitaire insuffisante au vaccin Improvac®, ce qui s'est manifesté par un test de cuisson positif ainsi qu'un poids du testicule descendu et une teneur en androsténone dans le tissu adipeux correspondant aux valeurs observées chez des verrats non immunisés du même âge. La question reste ouverte de savoir si le protocole de vaccination pour verrats normaux est suffisant pour empêcher le développement de l'odeur de verrat chez la plupart des verrats cryptorchides.

Investigation of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) cultivar differences on nitrogen balance and fecal egg count in artificially infected lambs.

Research in ruminant nutrition and helminth control with forages, which contain condensed tannins (CT), suggests that varying responses may depend not only on CT concentration but also on CT composition. An experiment was designed to test this by feeding 2 dried sainfoin cultivars (Visnovsky and Perly), which differed in CT properties, to lambs that were artificially infected with the abomasal blood-sucking nematode Haemonchus contortus. Twenty-four infected lambs received 1 of these 2 cultivars; the feeds were either untreated or treated with the CT-binding polyethylene glycol over 4 wk (n = 6). The 2 cultivars were also fed to 2 × 6 uninfected lambs. Nutrient digestibility, N balance, ADG, plasma urea, together with indicators of infection [fecal egg count (FEC), abomasal worm count, per capita female fecundity, erythrocytic indices, and serum protein], were determined. The specific effects of sainfoin cultivar, CT, and infection were evaluated by contrast analysis. Digestibility of both NDF and ADF were less (P < 0.001) with Perly compared with Visnovsky. The apparent nutrient digestibility was reduced (P < 0.001) by CT. However, no clear cultivar effects were evident on N excretion and retention. Condensed tannins reduced (P = 0.05) body N retention and shifted (P < 0.001) N excretion from urine to feces. Unlike cultivar and CT, infection decreased (P = 0.002) ADG. Plasma urea concentration was decreased (P = 0.007) in Perly- compared with Visnovsky-fed lambs and was decreased (P < 0.001) by CT. Plasma concentrations of essential and semiessential AA were increased (P < 0.001) by CT. The groups of infected lambs did not clearly differ in abomasal worm counts and erythrocytic indicators. In the last 2 to 3 wk of the experiment, FEC was decreased (P ≤ 0.01) when feeding CT. The lack of substantial cultivar effects suggests that the differences in CT properties may have been too small to result in nutritional and anthelmintic effects. The present results indicate that sainfoin CT had a mitigating effect on FEC and, consequently, pasture infectivity. However, the reduction was too small to expect any significant benefits in an Haemonchus-dominated system. Therefore, the use of sainfoin for controlling H. contortus should only be one component within an integrated worm control system.

Fertility of sows exposed to zearalenone and deoxynivalenol-a case report.

In a commercial breeding herd of 140 sows, the introduction of a lot of ensiled corn cob mix (CCM) contaminated with 6-11 mg deoxynivalenol and 3-5 mg zearalenone per kg dry matter (DM) into the ration of the pregnant sows and of the gilts immediately decreased its palatability. The contaminated CCM in the ration was reduced from 60% to 40% in the DM after 1 month and was completely eliminated after a further 2.5 months. The reproductive performance data of the herd during the 5 months after the introduction of the contaminated CCM (e.g. 88% non-return rate, 10.2 weaned piglets per litter, no abortion, no pseudopregnancy) were similar to the data obtained for the same period of the previous year. The high mycotoxin exposure thus had no obvious negative effects on fertility.

Nitrogen and mineral balance of lambs artificially infected with Haemonchus contortus and fed tanniferous sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia).

Tanniferous temperate legumes are assumed to possess anthelmintic properties, but it is unclear whether this is the direct result of condensed tannins (CT) or is mediated indirectly via an improved metabolic protein supply. A metabolism experiment was conducted to differentiate between these factors by feeding the CT plant sainfoin (19.7% CP in DM) to lambs infected with the abomasal blood-sucking nematode Hemonchus contortus. A total of 18 infected lambs were fed sainfoin either untreated or treated with polyethylene glycol, a CT-inactivating agent, or a grass-clover mixture (13.2% CP in DM) over 3 wk (n = 6). Six uninfected lambs received the grass-clover mixture as a control. In addition to indicators of infection (fecal egg count, packed-cell volume, abomasal worm burden, and serum protein), nutrient digestibility, the balance of N and selected minerals, ruminal fluid characteristics, and plasma AA levels were determined mostly in the final experimental week. The specific effects of the sainfoin CT, the extra CP with sainfoin, and the infection were statistically evaluated by contrast analysis. The sainfoin CT exerted no beneficial effects on resilience to nematode infection and exerted only minor effects on ruminal ammonia or blood urea concentrations and the excretory pattern of N. Plasma alanine, aspartate, and proline concentrations tended to be greater (P < or = 0.09) because of the sainfoin CT, whereas the other AA remained unaffected. Intake of the mineral supplement was lower (P < 0.001) for lambs fed sainfoin compared with those fed sainfoin treated with polyethylene glycol. Feeding the high-protein sainfoin instead of the grass-clover mixture increased (P < 0.001) N retention and apparent OM digestibility, whereas digestibility of NDF and ADF were decreased (P < 0.001). Feeding sainfoin also decreased (P < or = 0.04) plasma alanine, glycine, isoleucine, and total nonessential AA compared with the grass-clover mixture. Although fecal egg count, worm burden, and packed cell volume were not affected by the greater CP supply associated with sainfoin feeding, serum albumin level was increased (P = 0.008). The lack of effects of sainfoin on resilience to nematode infection might have been the result of the unexpectedly low CT content (3.6% in DM) of the material used. It cannot be excluded that longer term feeding of this batch of sainfoin might have been effective.

[Effects of high selenium intake on selenium status, liver function and claw health of fattening bulls]. / Einfluss einer hohen Selenzufuhr auf den Selenstatus, die Leberfunktion und auf die Klauenqualität von Maststieren.

The effects of three dietary selenium (Se) levels (0.15, 0.35 and 0.5 mg/kg dry matter (dm) and of two Se-compounds (sodium selenite and Se-yeast) on the Se-status, liver function and claw health were studied using 36 fattening bulls in a two-factorial feeding trial that lasted 16 weeks. The claw health was assessed macroscopically and microscopically. Compared to the two control diets containing 0.15 mg Se/kg dm, the intake of the diets containing 0.35 and 0.50 mg Se/kg dm significantly (P < 0.05) increased the Se-concentration in serum, hair, liver and skeletal muscle. Compared to sodium selenite the intake of Se-yeast resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) higher Se-concentration in serum, liver and hair. Concerning the claw horn quality, there was no significant difference between the different groups; the animals receiving organic Se tended to have a better histological score (P = 0.06) at the coronary band than the groups fed with sodium selenite. The serum vitamin E level decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing Se-intake, which had no influence (P > 0.1) on growth and liver function parameters. With the exception of the decrease of the serum vitamin E level indicating an oxidative stress caused by a high Se-intake, no negative effects of dietary selenium exceeding recommended levels for 4 months were observed.

Effects of Fusarium toxins on growth, humoral immune response and internal organs in weaner pigs, and the efficacy of apple pomace as an antidote.

A feeding trial using 220 weaner pigs which comprised two experimental series was conducted to investigate the effects of diets contaminated with the Fusarium toxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZON) and to test the hypothesis that apple pomace acts as an antidote to these mycotoxins. Two diets without contaminated wheat, containing either no pomace or 8% pomace, and two diets with naturally contaminated wheat (3.2 mg DON and 0.06 mg ZON, and 2.1 mg DON and 0.25 mg ZON per kg diet in series 1 and 2 respectively), containing either no pomace or 8% pomace were fed ad libitum for 5 weeks. Mycotoxin exposure lowered feed intake (p < 0.01) and growth (p = 0.05), and tended to decrease the energy conversion ratio (p = 0.06). Although the intake of apple pomace did not increase feed intake, it increased the growth rate (p = 0.04), mainly by restoring growth in the presence of mycotoxins (p = 0.08 for the interaction mycotoxin x pomace). In the first experimental series, the animals were immunized with a parvovirus vaccine. The percentage of seroconverting animals did not differ between the treatments (p = 0.56), which indicates that DON did not affect the humoral immune response. In the second experimental series, female piglets fed the contaminated diets had heavier uteri than piglets fed the uncontaminated diets (p < 0.01), regardless of pomace supplementation. The results show that pomace may alleviate the negative effect of DON on growth but does not counteract the hormonal effects of ZON.

[The effect of a pain medication in bloodless castration of male calves on the concentrated feed intake, weight gain and serum cortisol level]. / Einfluss eines Schmerzmittels bei der unblutigen Kastration des männlichen Kalbes auf Kraftfutterverzehr, Gewichtszunahme und Serum-Cortisolspiegel.

Since September 2001, castration of male calves in Switzerland is not allowed without anesthesia. The use of rubber rings for this purpose is forbidden. It was the goal of this study to describe the effect of a non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug, administered additionally to sedation and local anesthesia, in clamp-castrated (Burdizzo) calves of 110 to 160 kg of body weight. Plasma fibrinogen concentration, white blood cell count, serum cortisol concentration, scrotal swelling, concentrate intake and weight gain were evaluated. A positive effect after administration of a NSAID was obvious for the serum cortisol concentration, the concentrate intake within the first 3 days after castration and scrotal swelling.

Fusarium toxins in cereals grown in Switzerland.

770 cereal samples of Swiss origin which were collected in various feed mills and cereal collection centres in the years 2000 - 2002 were assayed for Deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA). 137 samples were also assayed for T-2 toxin. The prevalence of DON and ZEA contamination was higher in cereals harvested in the rainy summer 2002 than in the previous years. T-2 toxin levels exceeding 100 µg/kg were found only in three oats samples. High levels ofFusarium toxins do not frequently occur in Swiss cereals.

Effect of colostrum intake on diarrhoea incidence in new-born calves.

In a survey which lasted one year and included data of 73 dairy cows with their calves, colostrum immunoglobulin G (IgG) of 22 primiparous cows and serum IgG of their calves were lower than the corresponding IgG levels of 51 multiparous cows and their calves. Serum IgG concentration was not correlated with diarrhoea incidence. Although there were no seasonal differences in the IgG concentration of colostrum and calf serum, neonatal diarrhoea incidence was higher in calves which were born in winter than in calves which were born in summer (P < 0.01). Thus the high diarrhoea incidence in winter was not a consequence of an insufficient IgG transfer to the calves. The 60 calves of the second study were fed colostrum on the first day of life. From the second to the tenth day 28 experimental calves received milk and 0.5 l of surplus colostrum of the first and second milking twice a day, whereas 32 control calves received milk only twice a day. Two of the 28 experimental and 11 of the 32 control calves suffered from diarrhoea during the first ten days of life (P < 0.05). These results show that the ingestion of surplus colostrum in addition to milk after the first day of life protects the new-born calf against infectious diarrhoea.

Glucose and galactose absorption after ingestion of milk containing hydrolysed lactose in calves with diarrhoea.

Ten calves which had contracted acute diarrhoea caused by rotavirus, coronavirus and Cryptosporidium were used to test the hypothesis that feeding lactose-hydrolysed cow's milk instead of unprocessed cow's milk improves sugar absorption in diarrhoeic calves. The animals were rehydrated with an orally administered solution containing electrolytes and glucose. Thereafter the calves received one test meal of whole fresh cow's milk whose lactose had been hydrolysed by added lactase and one test meal of unprocessed cow's milk at an interval of 24 h in a cross-over design trial. In comparison with unprocessed milk, the intake of milk containing hydrolysed lactose resulted in a slight decrease of mean breath hydrogen concentration (P = 0.18), but also a slight decrease of mean blood galactose concentration (P = 0.14). There was no treatment effect on mean plasma glucose concentration. Peak plasma glucose and blood galactose concentration tended to be delayed after the intake of lactose-hydrolysed milk, which implies that gastric emptying was probably delayed. The results show that feeding milk which contains hydrolysed lactose does not significantly improve lactose utilization in calves that are suffering from benign infectious diarrhoea.