[Pharmacy students of the Universities of Strasbourg and Clermont-Ferrand victime of nazi barbarity, in 1943]. / Les etudiants en pharmacie des Universites de Strasbourg et de Clermont-Ferrand victimes en 1943 de la barbarie nazie.

A first roundup took place on June 25th 1943, in Clermont-Ferrand, in the hostel of students from Alsace and Lorraine, called La Gallia. An assistant-professor and two Alsatian pharmacy students were arrested and died later on in a concentration camp. Five months later, a great operation was savagely conducted by German army and Gestapo, against the University of Strasbourg, which had moved to Clermont-Ferrand since September 1939. A professor was killed, others wounded or mauled. It was also the case with many students from the various faculties. A hundred and fifty professors and students were sent to concentration camps, two of the pharmacy students from the Clermont University never came back to France. Three of our lady colleagues, who lived through the second roundup (November 25th 1943) give their hitherto unpublished testimonies.

[A heroine for the Resistance: Anne-Mary, Jeanne Menut at Riom (1914-1944)]. / Une héroïne de la résistance: Anne-Mary, Jeanne Menut pharmacien à Riom (1914-1944).

Anne-Mary Lafaye was born on may 16th 1914 just before world war I. Her parents were teachers and helped her to go up one step of the social scale; in 1939 she became a pharmacist. Quite an ordinary life, but another world war came. She married Max Menut, early resistant worker, and she was more and more involved, providing the maquis with bandages and medicines. She had made the choice of her values, and time of abnegation came. She had to hide her identity under the name of Marinette. She sold her pharmacy in Riom, she entrusted her daughter to her mother's care, and she had to take care of wounded fighters. Rapidly she was denounced, arrested, tortured and savagely executed.

[This concerns a medical botany course by "M. de Jussieu"]. / A propos d'un cours de botanique médicale de "M. de Jussieu".

This course comprises the list of plants likely to cure or alleviate diseases or functional symptoms which are beforehand studied from clinical or physiological point of view. With regard to botany, plants are designated: - either by their French name with sometimes a synonym or a classical Latin name, - or according to the Tournefort or Linné's terminology. It is an interesting truative on eighteenth century medical botany, the professor who dictated this course being Antoine or Bernard de Jussieu.

[In memory of Bernard Courtois (1777-1838)]. / Le souvenir de Bernard Courtois (1777-1838).

Three unpublished documents (1813-1817) provide precise information on the installation and function of the Paris salt-peter works which Courtois made use of at the time of his discovery of iodine. For the centenary of his communication of this discovery at the Institute, he was honored by Dijon, the city of his birth. However, the author's research did not reveal any portraits of him.

[The history of the contraceptive sheath]. / L'historique des preservatifs.

PIP: The condom, effective in preventing both pregnancy and venereal disease, had a limited role until the 19th century, when its use spread through all social strata. The 1st condoms may have been linen sheaths designed to protect against syphilis. A 16th century Neapolitan doctor provided a recipe for an antiseptic preparation to be applied for 4-5 hourrs, but after intercourse had occurred. A physician to Louis XV mentioned the condom in a book published in 1736, and in 1770 the condom was again described without being named. 4 yeears later it was again described and called the condom or English redingote. Later it was mentioned by the Marques de Sade, who alluded to its contraceptive effect. In the early 19th century, condoms made of sheep entrails were mentioned. Descriptions of the preparation of 3 grades of condom, regular, fine, and superfine, were later found. The discovery of the process of vulcanization of rubber in 1839 made possible more solid, marketable, and usable latex condoms. The condom apparently began to be used in the late 17th or early 18th century. Some authors state that it was invented by a Dr. Condom or Conton, a physician or knight in the court of Charls II of England. Othrs suggested that it was named after the city of Condom in Gascony or derived from a foreign word. The antivenereal disease qualities of condoms were described by Casanova and Gustave Flaubert, and other references to them may be found in the literature. Later the contraceptive use of the condom became progressively more common, beginning in the wealthier classes and spreading to the rural and lower classes perhaps by the later 18th century. The diffusion of contraception during the 19th century was cited as the cause of th slow decline in illegitimacy rates starting at the end of the century. The Church condemned the use of condoms for contraception, but the medical profession took a less hostile view due to their health function. At the present time, condoms are widely used. 50 million units were sold in France in 1972, and 1 out of 3 Frenchmen had used the method. 150 million were sold in Germany in 1974, somewhat fewer in England, and 4 times more in the US.^ieng