Evaluating the performance of WHO and CDC case definitions for influenza-like illness in diagnosing influenza during the 2022-2023 flu season in Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the performance of the World Health Organization (WHO) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) case definitions for influenza-like illness (ILI) in diagnosing influenza during the 2022-2023 flu season in Mexico. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of national epidemiological surveillance data in Mexico, focusing on respiratory viral pathogens. METHODS: We analyzed data from 6027 non-hospitalized patients between 5 and 65 years old who underwent molecular testing for respiratory viral pathogens. The performance of both case definitions was evaluated in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve. RESULTS: Overall, the diagnostic accuracy of the evaluated ILI definitions in identifying influenza patients was low, particularly among older patients. When compared to the CDC, the WHO definition had a lower sensitivity but a higher specificity, resulting in a higher AUROC (P = 0.031) for the WHO criteria. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the WHO and CDC ILI case definitions have limited accuracy for diagnosing influenza in non-hospitalized patients and highlight the need for more specific diagnostic tools to improve the detection of influenza cases during the flu season.

Comparing the survival of adult inpatients with COVID-19 during the wild-type, Delta, and Omicron emergence.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the survival experience of adult inpatients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 during the first three waves (wild type, Delta, and Omicron) of the pandemic in Mexico. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective and nationwide study was conducted. METHODS: Data from 229,311 participants were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method, and estimates per each pandemic wave were obtained. A multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression model was fitted, and hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed. RESULTS: The overall mortality rate was 49.1 per 1000 person-days. Heterogeneous survival rates were observed during the analyzed emergences (log-rank test, P < 0.001), and the lowest survival functions were computed during the Omicron variant dominance. In multiple analyses and after adjusting by host characteristics and COVID-19 vaccination status, cases occurring during the Delta (vs wild type: HR = 1.03, 95% CI 1.01-1.05) and Omicron emergence were at increased risk for a fatal in-hospital outcome (HR = 1.17, 95% CI 1.13-1.22). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest variant-related differences in the survival rates of hospitalized patients with laboratory-positive COVID-19. When compared with the wild-type virus, lower rates were observed during the Delta and Omicron emergence.

Decreased risk of COVID-19 pneumonia in children and adolescents during the Delta variant emergence.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate factors associated with the risk of COVID-19 pneumonia in children (aged <10 years) and adolescents (aged 10-19 years) before (March 2020-April 2021) and during (May-July 2021) the Delta (B.1.617.2) variant emergence. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective and nationwide cohort study was conducted in Mexico. METHODS: Data from 26,961 laboratory-confirmed cases of COVID-19 were analyzed. Risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to evaluate the association of the evaluated exposures with the risk of COVID-19 pneumonia. RESULTS: The overall incidence rate of pneumonia was 23.0 per 10,000 person-days, and it was lower during the Delta variant emergence (30.3 vs. 9.4 person-days, p < 0.001). In multiple analysis, a decreased risk of pneumonia was observed among those cases occurring in May 2021 or later (vs. March 2020-April 2021, RR = 0.98, 95% CI 0.97-0.99) and among older patients (RRper year = 0.998, 95% CI 0.996-0.998). Other comorbidities (namely, obesity, chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, immunosuppression, or malignant tumors) were associated with an increased risk of severe COVID-19 manifestations. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that during the Delta variant emergence, children and adolescent patients were at reduced risk of COVID-19 pneumonia in Mexico. Further research is needed to identify factors determining the observed scenario.

Survival in adult pneumonia inpatients fulfilling suspected COVID-19 criteria and baseline negative RT-qPCR.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate the survival experience of suspicion COVID-19 hospitalized patients with pneumonia and negative baseline reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) test results. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a nationwide retrospective cohort study in Mexico. METHODS: Adult pneumonia inpatients fulfilling suspected COVID-19 criteria, and hospital entry from March to August 2020, were enrolled. The Kaplan-Meier method was to use to compare survival estimates among patients with negative RT-qPCR nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal swabs and those with a baseline positive test. RESULTS: Data from 64,624 individuals fulfilling suspected COVID-19 criteria were analyzed and 1.6% of them had negative RT-qPCR tests. The overall mortality rate was higher among laboratory-positive patients (48.5% vs. 34.2%, P < 0.001) and, at any given threshold, the survival estimates were higher among RT-qPCR-negative pneumonia inpatients. CONCLUSIONS: The pathogenic mechanism of COVID-19 remains poorly understood and suspected cases with pneumonia and negative laboratory results represent a major challenge for healthcare systems. Our findings suggest that RT-qPCR-negative inpatients may have an improved disease prognosis, but the in-hospital mortality was still high among them. However, further research is needed to clarify the clinical and epidemiological implications of our results.

National retrospective cohort study to identify risk factors for in-hospital 30-day lethality in laboratory-confirmed cases of influenza.

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with the risk of death in adolescent and adult inpatients with laboratory-positive (reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction) influenza in Mexico during consecutive influenza seasons (2018-2020). METHODS: A retrospective cohort study used national surveillance system data, enrolling 3.422 individuals. The association between various risk factors and 30-day in-hospital lethality were evaluated through risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: The lethality rate was 18.1%. Flu vaccination history (RR=0.56, 95% CI 0.42-0.78), early antiviral drug administration (≤2 days from symptom onset [reference ≥5 days], RR=0.68, 95% CI 0.58-0.81), and a history of asthma (RR=0.66, 95% CI 0.47-0.95) showed protective effects against influenza-attributable death. Mechanical ventilator support produced the highest increase in death risk (RR=3.31, 95% CI 2.89-3.79). Male sex, older age, AH1N1 subtype, and other chronic diseases were also associated with fatal in-hospital influenza-related outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight the major relevance of promoting immunization in high-risk individuals, together with ensuring early and effective antiviral management in suspected influenza cases.

Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo nacional para identificar los factores de riesgo de letalidad por hospitalización durante 30 días en casos de gripe confirmados por laboratorio / National retrospective cohort study to identify risk factors for in-hospital 30-day lethality in laboratory-confirmed cases of influenza

Objetivo Identificar los factores asociados a riesgo de muerte en pacientes adolescentes y adultos hospitalizados con gripe confirmada en laboratorio (reacción en cadena de la polimerasa con transcriptasa inversa) en México durante temporadas consecutivas de gripe (2018-2020). Pacientes y métodos Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo en el que se utilizaron datos del sistema de vigilancia nacional con 3.422 sujetos inscritos. Se evaluó la asociación entre el riesgo a la exposición y el riesgo de letalidad hospitalaria durante 30 días mediante el estudio de los riesgos relativos (RR) y los intervalos de confianza (IC) del 95%. Resultados La tasa de letalidad fue del 18,1%. Los antecedentes de vacunación frente a la gripe (RR = 0,56; IC 95%: 0,42-0,78), la administración de fármacos antivirales (≤ dos días desde la aparición de los síntomas [referencia: ≥ 5 días]; RR = 0,68; IC 95%: 0,58-0,81) y el historial de asma (RR = 0,66; IC 95%: 0,47-0,95) mostraron efectos protectores frente a la muerte atribuible a la gripe. La ventilación mecánica causó el mayor aumento del riesgo de muerte (RR = 3,31; IC 95%: 2,89-3,79). También se asoció a una mayor letalidad hospitalaria por gripe el hecho de ser hombre, tener edad avanzada, el subtipo AH1N1 y otras enfermedades crónicas. Conclusiones Nuestros hallazgos recalcan la gran importancia de fomentar la inmunización de individuos de alto riesgo, a la vez que se asegura un tratamiento antiviral temprano y eficaz en los casos sospechosos de gripe (AU)

Objective To identify factors associated with the risk of death in adolescent and adult inpatients with laboratory-positive (reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction) influenza in Mexico during consecutive influenza seasons (2018-2020). Patients and methods A retrospective cohort study used national surveillance system data, enrolling 3422 individuals. The association between various risk factors and 30-day in-hospital lethality were evaluated through risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results The lethality rate was 18.1%. Flu vaccination history (RR = 0.56, 95% CI 0.42-0.78), early antiviral drug administration (≤ two days from symptom onset [reference ≥ 5 days], RR = 0.68, 95% CI 0.58-0.81), and a history of asthma (RR = 0.66, 95% CI 0.47-0.95) showed protective effects against influenza-attributable death. Mechanical ventilator support produced the highest increase in death risk (RR = 3.31, 95% CI 2.89-3.79). Male sex, older age, AH1N1 subtype, and other chronic diseases were also associated with fatal in-hospital influenza-related outcomes. Conclusions Our findings highlight the major relevance of promoting immunization in high-risk individuals, together with ensuring early and effective antiviral management in suspected influenza cases (AU)

National retrospective cohort study to identify risk factors for in-hospital 30-day lethality in laboratory-confirmed cases of influenza. / Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo nacional para identificar los factores de riesgo de letalidad por hospitalización durante 30 días en casos de gripe confirmados por laboratorio.

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with the risk of death in adolescent and adult inpatients with laboratory-positive (reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction) influenza in Mexico during consecutive influenza seasons (2018-2020). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective cohort study used national surveillance system data, enrolling 3422 individuals. The association between various risk factors and 30-day in-hospital lethality were evaluated through risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: The lethality rate was 18.1%. Flu vaccination history (RR = 0.56, 95% CI 0.42-0.78), early antiviral drug administration (≤ two days from symptom onset [reference ≥ 5 days], RR = 0.68, 95% CI 0.58-0.81), and a history of asthma (RR = 0.66, 95% CI 0.47-0.95) showed protective effects against influenza-attributable death. Mechanical ventilator support produced the highest increase in death risk (RR = 3.31, 95% CI 2.89-3.79). Male sex, older age, AH1N1 subtype, and other chronic diseases were also associated with fatal in-hospital influenza-related outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight the major relevance of promoting immunization in high-risk individuals, together with ensuring early and effective antiviral management in suspected influenza cases.

HPV 16 and 18 viral loads are greater in patients with high-grade cervical epithelial lesions.

BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women worldwide. High-risk infection with HPV type 16 or type 18 is the most important risk factor associated with the development of cervical cancer. AIMS: To determine the viral load of HPV-16 and HPV-1 8 in samples from women with cervical epithelial lesion in the State of Colima, Mexico. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional analytic study was conducted that included 45 samples positive for HPV- 16 and 45 samples positive for HPV-1 8 from patients with cervical cancer or precursor lesion. Real time PCR was employed to determine the number of copies /101 cells. Viral load was determined in the two groups of patients and correlated with tumor grade. RESULTS: THe authors found that the HPV-1 6 viral load was greater than that of HPV-18 through a Mann-Whitney U analysis, resulting in ap = 0.000; as the malignancy of the cervical lesion progressed, the viral load increased, and HPV-16 showed a moderate positive association with an r = 0.509 and a p = 0.000, whereas HPV-18 showed a weak positive correlation with an r = 0.372 and a p = 0.0 12. CONCLUSIONS: The viral load of HPV-16 was greater than that of HPV-18. The HPV-16 viral load had a moderate positive association in relation to cervical lesion severity, whereas the viral load of HPV- 18 had a weak positive correlation with respect to the cervical lesion grade.

[Chronic irritative urinary syndrome. Diagnostic value of cystoscopy, urinary cytology and biopsy]. / Síndrome irritativo urinario crónico. Valor diagnóstico de la cistoscopia, citología urinaria y biopsia.

Chronic irritative urinary syndrome (CIUS), is a diagnostic concern for urologists from the moment that it becomes chronic and there is no etiologic diagnostic available. The objective of this study is to find out the diagnostic value of Cystoscopy, Urinary cytology and Biopsy of the vesical mucosa. A prospective, descriptive study was conducted in 30 patients who developed CIUS. Cystoscopy showed visible damage in 7 patients (31.8%); urinary cytology, 22 patients with cytologic changes (73.3%); and vesical biopsy, 24 patients with histologic changes (80.0%). The authors conclude that CIUS occurs more frequently in females than in males, the age range with higher incidence are 43 and 45 years. The most common diagnosis are unspecific chronic inflammatory changes followed by metaplasia.

[Retroperitoneal paraganglioma. Differential diagnosis with hypernephroma]. / Paraganglioma retroperitoneal. Diagnóstico diferencial con hipernefroma.

Paraganglioma are tumours that show embryological origin from the neural crest, and which derive from the paraganglia. They can be found in any location throughout the aorta and/or in association to the sympathetic chain. They can be either functioning or non-functioning based on hormone production. The authors present here a non-functioning retroperitoneal paraganglioma as an incidental finding in a 72-year old female patient. Pre-operative diagnosis was cystic hypernephroma, for which radical nephrectomy was performed. The extra-renal origin of the tumour was found subsequently on examining the piece. A discussion is included on the diagnosis, treatment, prognosis as well as a review of the literature.