Modeling the impact of measured and projected climate and management systems on agricultural fields: Surface runoff, soil moisture, and soil erosion.

As global climate change poses a challenge to crop production, it is imperative to prioritize effective adaptation of agricultural systems based on a scientific understanding of likely impacts. In this study, we applied an integrated watershed modeling framework to examine the impacts of projected climate on runoff, soil moisture, and soil erosion under different management systems in Central Oklahoma. The proposed model uses measured climate data and three downscaled ensembles from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) at the water resources and erosion watershed to understand the impact of climate change and various climate conditions under three management systems: (1) continuous winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) under conventional tillage (WW-CT; baseline system), (2) continuous winter wheat under no-till (WW-NT), and (3) cool and warm season forage cover crop mixes under no-till (CC-NT). The study indicates that the occurrence of agricultural drought is projected to increase while erosion rates will remain unchanged under the WW-CT. In contrast, climate simulations imposed on the WW-NT and CC-NT systems significantly reduce runoff and sediment while preserving soil moisture levels. Especially, implementing the CC-NT system can bolster food security and foster sustainable farming practices in Central Oklahoma in the face of a changing climate.

Integrative BNN-LHS Surrogate Modeling and Thermo-Mechanical-EM Analysis for Enhanced Characterization of High-Frequency Low-Pass Filters in COMSOL.

This paper pioneers a novel approach in electromagnetic (EM) system analysis by synergistically combining Bayesian Neural Networks (BNNs) informed by Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) with advanced thermal-mechanical surrogate modeling within COMSOL simulations for high-frequency low-pass filter modeling. Our methodology transcends traditional EM characterization by integrating physical dimension variability, thermal effects, mechanical deformation, and real-world operational conditions, thereby achieving a significant leap in predictive modeling fidelity. Through rigorous evaluation using Mean Squared Error (MSE), Maximum Learning Error (MLE), and Maximum Test Error (MTE) metrics, as well as comprehensive validation on unseen data, the model's robustness and generalization capability is demonstrated. This research challenges conventional methods, offering a nuanced understanding of multiphysical phenomena to enhance reliability and resilience in electronic component design and optimization. The integration of thermal variables alongside dimensional parameters marks a novel paradigm in filter performance analysis, significantly improving simulation accuracy. Our findings not only contribute to the body of knowledge in EM diagnostics and complex-environment analysis but also pave the way for future investigations into the fusion of machine learning with computational physics, promising transformative impacts across various applications, from telecommunications to medical devices.

Oral lesions of systemic lupus erythematosus: A collaborative Latin American study.

BACKGROUND: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multifactorial autoimmune disease that may affect the oral mucosa. The variable spectrum of oral lesions observed in SLE can pose challenges in diagnosis, particularly when the lesions occur in isolation. The aim of this study was to describe the oral lesions occurring in patients with SLE from Latin America. METHODS: This collaborative record-based study involving 11 oral and maxillofacial pathology and medicine services across Venezuela, Argentina, Chile, Brazil, and Mexico describes the clinicopathological profile of SLE-related oral lesions. RESULTS: Seventy patients with SLE and oral lesions were included in the study. The majority were females (75.7%; female/male ratio: 3.1:1) and white (62.1%), with a mean age of 38.4 years (range: 11-77 years). The most common site of oral lesions was the hard/soft palate (32.0%). Clinically, oral lesions predominantly presented as ulcers (26.6%), erosions (26.6%), and white lesions (23.4%). Isolated oral lesions occurred in 65.2% of individuals, while cutaneous manifestations occurred in 80.3%. The main clinical diagnostic hypothesis in 71.4% of cases was an immune-mediated disease. Oral biopsies followed by histopathological analysis were performed in 50 cases. CONCLUSION: Oral lesions of SLE exhibit a variety of clinical and histopathological features. A key point in diagnosis is that unusual oral changes without an obvious local cause may indicate a possible systemic condition presenting with oral lesions. A multidisciplinary approach, which includes regular oral examination, is warranted to identify oral lesions and provide treatment.

The patient journey of fibromyalgia in Latin America.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the patient journey of people with fibromyalgia (FM) in Latin American countries in order to identify problems in health care and other areas that may be resolvable. METHODS: Qualitative study with phenomenological and content analysis approach through focus groups and patient journey (Ux; User Experience) methodology. Nine virtual focus groups were conducted with FM patients and healthcare professionals in Argentina, Mexico and Colombia recruited from key informants and social networks. RESULTS: Forty-three people participated (33 were clinicians and 10 were patients). The agents interacting with the patient in their disease journey are found in three spheres: healthcare (multiple medical specialists and other professionals), support and work life (including patient associations) and socioeconomic context. The line of the journey presents two large sections, two loops and a thin dashed line. The two major sections represent the time from first symptoms to medical visit (characterized by self-medication and denial) and the time from diagnosis to follow-up (characterized by high expectations and multiple contacts to make life changes that are not realized). The two loop phases include (1) succession of misdiagnoses and mistreatments and referrals to specialists and (2) new symptoms every so often, visits to specialists, diagnostic doubts, and impatience. Very few patients manage to reach the final phase of autonomy. CONCLUSION: The journey of a person with FM in Latin America is full of obstacles and loops. The desired goal is for all the agents involved to understand that self- management by the patient with FM is an essential part of success, and this can only be achieved with early access to resources and guidance from professionals.

El viaje del paciente con fibromialgia en Latinoamérica / The patient journey of fibromyalgia in Latin America

Objetivos: Explorar la experiencia de las personas con fibromialgia (FM) en países latinoamericanos con objeto de identificar problemas en la atención sanitaria y otros ámbitos potencialmente solucionables. Métodos: Estudio cualitativo con enfoque fenomenológico y de análisis de contenido a través de grupos focales y metodología de viaje del paciente (Ux del inglés User Experience). Se llevaron a cabo 9 grupos focales virtuales con pacientes con FM y profesionales sanitarios en Argentina, México y Colombia reclutados a partir de informantes clave y redes sociales. Resultados: Participaron 43 personas (33 clínicos y 10 pacientes). Los agentes que interaccionan con el paciente en la enfermedad se encuentran en 3 esferas: la de la atención sanitaria, la del apoyo y vida laboral y la del contexto socioeconómico. La línea del viaje presenta 2 grandes tramos, 2 bucles y una línea discontinua delgada. Los 2 grandes tramos representan los tiempos que van desde los primeros síntomas hasta la visita médica y desde el diagnóstico hasta el seguimiento. Los bucles incluyen: 1.°) sucesión de diagnósticos, tratamientos erróneos y derivaciones a especialistas y 2.°) nuevos síntomas cada cierto tiempo, visitas a especialistas y dudas diagnósticas. Pocos pacientes logran la fase final de autonomía. Conclusión: El viaje de una persona con FM en Latinoamérica está lleno de obstáculos. La meta deseada es que todos los agentes entiendan que el automanejo por parte del paciente con FM es una parte indispensable del éxito, y solo se puede lograr accediendo a recursos de forma precoz y guiado por profesionales.(AU)

Objectives: To explore the patient journey of people with fibromyalgia (FM) in Latin American countries in order to identify problems in health care and other areas that may be resolvable. Methods: Qualitative study with phenomenological and content analysis approach through focus groups and patient journey (Ux; User Experience) methodology. Nine virtual focus groups were conducted with FM patients and healthcare professionals in Argentina, Mexico and Colombia recruited from key informants and social networks. Results: Forty-three people participated (33 were clinicians and 10 were patients). The agents interacting with the patient in their disease journey are found in three spheres: healthcare (multiple medical specialists and other professionals), support and work life (including patient associations) and socioeconomic context. The line of the journey presents two large sections, two loops and a thin dashed line. The two major sections represent the time from first symptoms to medical visit (characterized by self-medication and denial) and the time from diagnosis to follow-up (characterized by high expectations and multiple contacts to make life changes that are not realized). The two loop phases include (1) succession of misdiagnoses and mistreatments and referrals to specialists and (2) new symptoms every so often, visits to specialists, diagnostic doubts, and impatience. Very few patients manage to reach the final phase of autonomy. Conclusion: The journey of a person with FM in Latin America is full of obstacles and loops. The desired goal is for all the agents involved to understand that self-management by the patient with FM is an essential part of success, and this can only be achieved with early access to resources and guidance from professionals.(AU)

Arthrodesis vs arthroplasty for moderate and severe Hallux rigidus: Systematic review.

Hallux rigidus is the most frequent arthritis of the foot, due to multiple factors. Arthrodesis and interposition arthroplasty are treatments considered in advanced stages of the disease, when conservative treatment has failed. Although arthrodesis may be considered the technique recommended by multiple authors, for patients in whom joint mobility is to be preserved, arthroplasty could represent a reliable alternative. The purpose of this systematic review is to investigate and compare the clinical outcomes and complications of arthrodesis and interposition arthroplasty for moderate and severe stages of hallux rigidus. METHODS: For this systematic review we searched COCHRANE, EMBASE, PUBMED databases. Twenty-six research papers were obtained, with a total of 1348 feet, which were included for qualitative analysis. The following groups were included: Cartiva hemiarthroplasty (286), double stem silicone arthroplasty (276), total metallic arthroplasty (394) and arthrodesis (392). RESULTS: In the arthrodesis group, the AOFAS-HMI score was the most used, ranging from 36 to 45 in the preoperative period and from 79 to 89 in the postoperative period. The greatest improvement in the VAS PAIN score was from 86 to 4. The fusion rate was 98.6% of the total number of cases, the most frequent complication was pain due to material discomfort. In the total metallic arthroplasty group, the ROTO-GLIDE system reported an AOFAS score of 95 points, with low complication rates; but, with the TOEFIT-PLUS and BIOMED-MERCK systems, despite the good postoperative value, they report 37% and 15% revision due to aseptic loosening in the series with the longest follow-up, respectively. The Cartiva group showed a significative increase in FAAM ADL and FAAM SPORT from 59.4 to 90.4 and from 60.9 to 89.7, respectively; similarly, 20.5% implant removal and conversion to arthrodesis were reported. Finally, the double stem silicone arthroplasty group, in the series with the longest follow-up, it manages to improve the MOXFQ score from 78.1 to 11.0, with an average range of mobility of 22.3 degrees. Lysis was reported in 10% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: Arthrodesis has proven to be the best option for the treatment of advanced hallux rigidus. Arthroplasty can be a valid option for patients who demand to maintain the range of mobility of the joint; however, it is important to inform about the complications that may arise in the short and medium term. LEVEL OF CLINICAL EVIDENCE: II.

El conocimiento y cumplimiento de las normas de protección sobre la radiación ionizante en una clínica dental docente / Knowledge and compliance with ionizing radiation protection standards in a teaching dental clinic

Introducción: El uso de radiografías como elemento complementario para el diagnóstico es fundamental para la práctica profesional de todo cirujano dentista. Por tanto, es importante conocer no solo los beneficios de la radiología oral y los fundamentos de protección radiológica, sino también determinar su nivel de aplicación o la adherencia frente al cumplimiento de los aspectos normativos que regulan el uso de la radiación ionizante en odontología. Objetivo: Relacionar el conocimiento sobre los cuidados en radiología bucal, las ventajas y los peligros en la toma de radiografías con el cumplimiento de las normas de protección radiológica y radiación ionizante en estudiantes de odontología de una clínica dental docente. Métodos: La población de estudio estuvo constituida por 180 estudiantes del cuarto año de la carrera de odontología, que emplearon los equipos radiológicos en la clínica docente asistencial durante los años 2019 (segundo semestre) y 2020 (primer trimestre). Se tomó como muestra representativa a 104 estudiantes, incorporados al estudio mediante muestreo aleatorio simple. Se aplicaron dos instrumentos de recolección de datos, uno para evaluar el conocimiento (cuestionario) y otro para verificar el cumplimiento de normas (lista de chequeo) sobre la protección radiológica y el diagnóstico por imágenes en la práctica odontológica. Para el análisis estadístico se aplicó la prueba estadística chi cuadrado con un nivel de significancia del 95 %. Resultados: No se encontró relación estadísticamente significativa (p = 0,30) entre el conocimiento teórico sobre la protección radiológica y el diagnóstico por imágenes, respecto el cumplimiento de las normas que regulan su aplicación (p > 0,05). El 90 % de participantes tienen conocimientos entre regulares y excelentes. Sin embargo, solo el 32 % cumple las normas técnicas de protección sobre radiación ionizante en su práctica clínica. Conclusión: Los estudiantes de odontología tienen suficiente conocimiento sobre protección radiológica y diagnóstico por imágenes. Sin embargo, este conocimiento no se refleja en prácticas adheridas a las normas.

Introduction: The use of radiographs as a complementary element for diagnosis is fundamental to the professional practice of every dental surgeon. Therefore, it is important to know not only the benefits of oral radiology and the fundamentals of radiological protection, but also to determine their level of application or adherence to compliance with the regulatory aspects that regulate the use of ionizing radiation in dentistry. Objective: To relate the knowledge of oral radiology care, the advantages and dangers in taking radiographs with compliance with the norms of radiological protection and ionizing radiation in dental students of a dental teaching clinic. Methods: The study population consisted of 180 fourth year dental students who used the radiological equipment in the teaching dental clinic during 2019 (second semester) and 2020 (first quarter). A representative sample of 104 students was taken, incorporated into the study by simple random sampling. Two data collection instruments were applied, one to evaluate knowledge (questionnaire) and the other to verify compliance with standards (checklist) on radiological protection and diagnostic imaging in dental practice. For the statistical analysis the chi-square statistical test was applied with a significance level of 95 %. Results: No statistically significant relationship was found (p = 0.30) between theoretical knowledge of radiological protection and diagnostic imaging with respect to compliance with the norms that regulate its application (p > 0.05). Ninety percent of participants have fair to excellent knowledge. However, only 32 % comply with the technical norms of ionizing radiation protection in their clinical practice. Conclusion: Dental students have sufficient knowledge of radiation protection and diagnostic imaging. However, this knowledge is not reflected in practices that adhere to the standards.

Lesiones en tejidos dentarios y trastornos de la salud bucal en el examen médico ocupacional de trabajadores del sector construcción de Lima, Perú / Lesions in dental tissues and oral health disorders in the occupational medical examination of workers in the construction sector in Lima, Peru / Lesões nos tecidos dentários e perturbações da saúde oral no exame médico ocupacional dos trabalhadores do sector da construção em Lima, Peru

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir las lesiones en tejidos dentarios y trastornos de la salud bucal encontradas durante el examen médico ocupacional en trabajadores del sector construcción de Lima, Perú. Material y métodos: Estudio epidemiológico transversal realizado en 150 trabajadores del sector construcción, seleccionados mediante muestreo aleatorio simple. Se realizó una evaluación estomatológica mediante observación directa y se empleó un instrumento de evaluación odontológico-ocupacional con índices para caries dental, severidad de caries y traumatismos dentales e indicadores de consecuencias clínicas de caries no tratada (patología pulpar) y lesiones no cariosas. Resultados: La experiencia de caries de los operadores sin estudio superior (CPOD = 14,99) y con estudio superior (CPOD = 13,06) fue superior frente a los supervisores (CPOD = 8,23) y administrativos (CPOD = 5,08). Los trabajadores operadores sin estudio superior (SiC = 18,04) y con estudio superior (SiC = 17,17) presentaron peores indicadores de significancia de caries frente a los supervisores (SiC = 13,67) y administrativos (SiC = 8,25). Además, los operadores sin estudio superior presentaron mayor carga de consecuencias clínicas de caries no tratada (PUFA = 2,35; severidad = 9,2%) en comparación con los operativos con estudio superior (PUFA = 1,91; severidad = 8,4%), los supervisores (PUFA = 0,53; severidad = 2,1%) y los administrativos (PUFA = 0,46; severidad = 1,8%), así como mayor frecuencia de lesiones no cariosas (47,3 %) y traumatismos dentales (21,3 %). Conclusiones: La salud dental, sus consecuencias clínicas y la estructura de los tejidos dentarios de los trabajadores operativos de una empresa constructora se encuentran más afectadas en comparación con los otros grupos laborales de la misma empresa.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the lesions in dental tissues and oral health disorders found during the occupational medical examination of workers in the construction sector in Lima, Peru. Material and methods: A cross-sectional epidemiological study was carried out on 150 workers in the construction sector, selected by simple random sampling. A stomatological evaluation was carried out by direct observation, and a dental-occupational evaluation instrument was used with indexes for dental caries, caries severity and dental trauma, and indicators of clinical consequences of untreated caries (pulp pathology) and non-carious lesions. Results: The caries experience of operators without higher education (CPOD = 14.99) and with higher education (CPOD = 13.06) was higher than that of supervisors (CPOD = 8.23) and administrative workers (CPOD = 5.08). The operators without higher education (SiC = 18.04) and with higher education (SiC = 17.17) presented worse caries significance indicators compared to supervisors (SiC = 13.67) and administrative workers (SiC = 8.25). In addition, operators without higher education had a higher burden of clinical consequences of untreated caries (PUFA = 2.35; severity = 9.2%) compared to operators with higher education (PUFA = 1.91; severity = 8.4%), supervisors (PUFA = 0.53; severity = 2.1%) and administrators (PUFA = 0.46; severity = 1.8%), as well as a higher frequency of non-carious lesions (47.3%) and dental trauma (21.3%). Conclusions: Dental health, its clinical consequences, and the structure of the dental tissues of the operative workers of a construction company are more affected compared to the other labor groups of the same company.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever as lesões nos tecidos dentários e os distúrbios de saúde oral encontrados durante o exame médico ocupacional em trabalhadores do sector da construção em Lima, Peru. Material e métodos: Foi realizado um estudo epidemiológico transversal em 150 trabalhadores do sector da construção, selecionados por amostragem aleatória simples. Foi realizada uma avaliação de estomatologia por observação direta e foi utilizado um instrumento de avaliação dentária ocupacional com índices de cárie dentária, gravidade da cárie e traumatismo dentário e indicadores das consequências clínicas da cárie não tratada (patologia pulpar) e lesões não cariosas. Resultados: A experiência de cárie dos operadores sem ensino superior (CPOD = 14,99) e com ensino superior (CPOD = 13,06) foi maior em comparação com os supervisores (CPOD = 8,23) e trabalhadores administrativos (CPOD = 5,08). Os operadores sem ensino superior (SiC = 18,04) e com ensino superior (SiC = 17,17) apresentaram piores indicadores de significância da cárie quando comparados aos supervisores (SiC = 13,67) e aos funcionários administrativos (SiC = 8,25). Além disso, os operadores sem ensino superior apresentaram maior carga de consequências clínicas da cárie não tratada (PUFA = 2,35; severidade = 9,2%) em relação aos operadores com ensino superior (PUFA = 1,91; severidade = 8,4%), supervisores (PUFA = 0,53; severidade = 2,1%) e administradores (PUFA = 0,46; severidade = 1,8%), bem como maior frequência de lesões não cariosas (47,3%) e traumatismos dentários (21,3%). Conclusões: A saúde dentária, as suas consequências clínicas e a estrutura dos tecidos dentários dos operários de uma empresa de construção civil são mais afetadas em comparação com os outros grupos de trabalho da mesma empresa.

Comparative genomics and interactomics of polyadenylation factors for the prediction of new parasite targets: Entamoeba histolytica as a working model.

Protein-protein interactions (PPI) play a key role in predicting the function of a target protein and drug ability to affect an entire biological system. Prediction of PPI networks greatly contributes to determine a target protein and signal pathways related to its function. Polyadenylation of mRNA 3'-end is essential for gene expression regulation and several polyadenylation factors have been shown as valuable targets for controlling protozoan parasites that affect human health. Here, by using a computational strategy based on sequence-based prediction approaches, phylogenetic analyses, and computational prediction of PPI networks, we compared interactomes of polyadenylation factors in relevant protozoan parasites and the human host, to identify key proteins and define potential targets for pathogen control. Then, we used Entamoeba histolytica as a working model to validate our computational results. RT-qPCR assays confirmed the coordinated modulation of connected proteins in the PPI network and evidenced that silencing of the bottleneck protein EhCFIm25 affects the expression of interacting proteins. In addition, molecular dynamics simulations and docking approaches allowed to characterize the relationships between EhCFIm25 and Ehnopp34, two connected bottleneck proteins. Interestingly, the experimental identification of EhCFIm25 interactome confirmed the close relationships among proteins involved in gene expression regulation and evidenced new links with moonlight proteins in E. histolytica, suggesting a connection between RNA biology and metabolism as described in other organisms. Altogether, our results strengthened the relevance of comparative genomics and interactomics of polyadenylation factors for the prediction of new targets for the control of these human pathogens.

Climate change framing and innovator attention: Evidence from an email field experiment.

Drawing the attention of innovators to climate change is important for green innovation. We report an email field experiment with MIT using messages about the impact of climate change to invite innovators (SBIR grantees) to apply to a technology competition. We vary our messages on the time frame and scale of the human cost of climate change across scientifically valid scenarios. Innovator attention (clicks) is sensitive to climate change messaging. These changes in clicks also predict higher application rates. The response varies by individual characteristics such as location-based exposure to climate change risks and whether innovators have climate-related innovations. Finally, using a structural model of innovator attention, we provide estimates of the implied discount rate of time and the elasticity of attention to lives at stake.

Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease (MOGAD) in Chile: lessons learned from challenging cases.

BACKGROUND: Anti-Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG) Antibody Associated Disease (MOGAD) is an emerging disorder recognized as a clinical entity distinct from Multiple Sclerosis and Aquaporin-4-positive Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (NMOSD-AQP4+), and its phenotypic spectrum continues to expand. Most information about its clinical course has emerged from retrospective studies, and treatment response both in acute and chronic-relapsing disease is still limited. We aimed to describe the clinical and paraclinical characteristics of monophasic and relapsing, paediatric and adult patients with MOGAD under regular clinical care in Chile, highlighting some challenging cases that are far from being considered benign. METHODS: Observational, retrospective, and prospective longitudinal multicentre study including patients with positive serum MOG-IgG assessed by cell-based assay. RESULTS: We include 35 patients, 71% women, median age at onset 30 years (range 1-68), 23% had paediatric onset, with a median disease-duration 24 months (range 12-348). In the whole cohort, the most frequent symptoms at onset were isolated optic neuritis (ON) (34%) and myelitis (22%). Encephalitis with seizures or encephalomyelitis was the most common presentation in paediatric-onset patients 75% (n = 6), compared to 11% (n = 3) of the adult-onset patients (p < 0.001). A relapsing course was observed in 34%, these patients were younger (25 vs. 34 years, p = 0.004) and with a longer disease duration (64 vs. 6 months, p = 0.004) compared to monophasic patients. Two patients developed encephalitis with seizures/status epilepticus, with concomitant positive CSF anti-NMDAR-IgG. Chronic immunotherapy was ever prescribed in 77%, the most frequent was rituximab (35%). Relapses under chronic immunotherapy occurred in 5/27 patients (18.5%), two of them under rituximab, one paediatric patient who started combined therapy with monthly IVIG and one adult patient that switched to satralizumab plus mycophenolate. The median EDSS at the last follow-up was 1.5 (range 0-6.0). CONCLUSION: In Chile, patients with MOGAD exhibit a wide spectrum of clinical presentations at disease onset and during relapses. Close monitoring is needed, particularly in younger patients with short follow-up periods.

Concentraciones de vitamina D en ginecoobstetras, internistas y médicos generales en tres países latinoamericanos / Vitamin D concentrations in obstetricians, gynecologists, internists, and general practitioners in three Latin American countries

Resumen OBJETIVO: Determinar las concentraciones de 25(OH)D en ginecoobstetras y otros especialistas latinoamericanos y conocer la prevalencia de su deficiencia. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal y observacional efectuado para determinar las concentraciones de 25(OH)D en médicos voluntarios, sobre todo ginecoobstetras, que acudieron a diferentes congresos en distintos países latinoamericanos. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 643 determinaciones. El 19.4% tenían déficit (media 16.58 ng/mL), 72% insuficiencia (media 24.6 ng/mL) y 36.9% concentraciones normales (media 40.34 ng/mL). Los hombres tuvieron mayor déficit-insuficiencia (62.8%) que las mujeres (59.5%), pero sin diferencias significativas (p < 0.058). Las personas de piel clara tuvieron concentraciones deficitarias e insuficientes, menores que las de piel oscura (p < 0.001). Quienes tomaban suplementos de vitamina D tuvieron menor riesgo de déficit. CONCLUSIONES: El 60% de los ginecoobstetras, médicos internistas y generales de Latinoamérica tienen bajas concentraciones de 25(OH)D. La piel clara puede ser un factor de riesgo de mayor déficit-insuficiencia. En los grupos de médicos estudiados la suplementación con vitamina D parece incrementar las concentraciones de 25(OH)D.

OBJECTIVE: To determine 25(OH)D concentrations in obstetrician-gynecologists and other Latin American specialists and to know the prevalence of its deficiency. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional and observational study to determine 25(OH)D concentrations in volunteer physicians, mainly gynecologists, attending different congresses in different Latin American countries. RESULTS: A total of 643 determinations were analysed. 19.4% had deficiency (mean 16.58 ng/mL), 72% insufficiency (mean 24.6 ng/mL), and 36.9% normal concentrations (mean 40.34 ng/mL). Men had higher deficiency-insufficiency (62.8%) than women (59.5%), but no significant differences (p < 0.058). Light-skinned people had lower insufficiency levels than darker-skinned people (p < 0.001). Those taking vitamin D supplements had a lower risk of deficiency. CONCLUSIONS: Sixty percent of obstetrician-gynecologists, internists, and general practitioners in Latin America have low 25(OH)D concentrations. Caucasian skin may be a risk factor for increased deficiency. Vitamin D supplementation appears to improve 25(OH)D concentrations in the physician groups studied.

Assessment of the soil-erosion-sediment for sustainable development of South America.

One of the greatest threats to maintaining sustainable agro-ecosystems is mitigating the episodic soil loss from farm operations, further exacerbated by meteorological extremes. The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) is a model that combines the effects of rain, soil erodibility, topography, land cover, and conservation practices for estimating the annual average soil losses. This study aims to quantify soil water erosion to continental South America (S.A.) through RUSLE using available datasets and characterizing the average sediment delivery rate (SDR) to the major S.A. basins. Soil erodibility was estimated from the Global Gridded Soil Information soil database. LS-factor's topographical parameter was derived from Digital Elevation Models using the "Shuttle Radar Topography Mission" dataset. The R-factor was estimated from a previous study developed for S.A. and the C-factor from the Global Land Cover (Copernicus Global Land Services) database. We used a modeling study for SDR that simulated the annual average sediment transport in 27 basins in S.A. RUSLE set up presented a satisfactory performance compared to other applications on a continental scale with an estimated averaged soil loss for S.A. of 3.8 t ha-1 year-1. Chile (>20.0 t ha-1 year-1) and Colombia (8.1 t ha-1 year-1) showed the highest soil loss. Regarding SDR, Suriname, French Guyana, and Guyana presented the lowest values (<1.0 t ha-1 year-1). The highest soil losses were found in the Andes Cordillera of Colombia and the Center-South Region of Chile. In the former, the combination of "high" K-factor, "very high" C-factor, and "very high" LS-factor were the leading causes. In the latter, agriculture, livestock, deforestation, and aggressive R-factor explained the high soil loss. Basins with the highest SDR were located in the North Argentina - South Atlantic basin (27.73%), Mar Chiquitita (2.66%), Amazon River basin (2.32%), Magdalena (2.14%) (in Andes Cordillera), and Orinoco (1.83%).

Safety and humoral response rate of inactivated and mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 in patients with Multiple Sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Safety and effectiveness outcomes in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients receiving different disease-modifying therapies (DMT) and different types of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are limited. Growing evidence coming mainly from Israel, Europe and North America using mRNA and adenoviral vector vaccines has been published. OBJECTIVES: To assess the safety and humoral response of inactivated virus and mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 in patients with MS. METHODS: Ongoing, multicentric, prospective, observational study performed between February and September 2021. Humoral response (antibodies against spike-1 protein) was determined at least 4 weeks after the complete schedule of anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Categorical outcome (positive/negative) and total antibody titres were recorded. Adverse events supposedly attributable to vaccination (AESAV) were collected. RESULTS: 178 patients, 68% women, mean age 39.7 ± 11.2 years, 123 received inactivated (Coronavac-Sinovac), 51 mRNA (Pfizer-BioNtech), and 4 adenoviral vector vaccines (CanSino n = 2, Jonhson&Johnson-Jannsen n = 1, Oxford-AstraZeneca n = 1). Six patients had a history of COVID-19 before vaccination. Overall humoral response was observed in 66.9% (62.6% inactivated vs. 78.4% mRNA, p = 0.04). Positive anti-S1-antibodies were observed in 100% of patients with no DMT (n = 3), 100% with interferon/glatiramer-acetate (n = 11), 100% with teriflunomide/dimethyl-fumarate (n = 16), 100% with natalizumab (n = 10), 100% with alemtuzumab (n = 8), 90% with cladribine (n = 10), and 88% with fingolimod (n = 17), while 43% of patients receiving antiCD20 (n = 99) were positive (38% inactivated vaccine vs. 59% mRNA vaccine, p = 0.05). In the multivariate analysis including antiCD20 patients, the predictors for a positive humoral response were receiving the mRNA vaccine (OR 8.11 (1.79-36.8), p = 0.007) and a lower number of total infusions (OR 0.44 (0.27-0.74) p = 0.002. The most frequent AESAV was local pain (14%), with 4 (2.2%) patients experiencing mild-moderate relapses within 8 weeks of first vaccination compared to 11 relapses (6.2%) within the 8 weeks before vaccination (Chi-squared 3.41, p = 0.06). DISCUSSION: A higher humoral response rate was observed using the mRNA compared to the inactivated vaccine, while patients using antiCD20 had a significantly lower response rate, and patients using antiCD20 and fingolimod had lower antibody titres. In this MS patient cohort, inactivated and mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 appear to be safe, with no increase in relapse rate. This information may help guidelines including booster shots and types of vaccines in selected populations.

Seguridad del paciente y eventos adversos en la práctica odontológica en una clínica dental docente / Patient safety and adverse events in dental practice in a Teaching Dental Clinic

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar la frecuencia y distribución de eventos adversos que se presentan en el desarrollo de los tratamientos odontológicos ejecutados por operadores clínicos de una Clínica Dental Docente durante el 2015. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional y descriptivo de corte longitudinal y prospectivo para evaluar la frecuencia de eventos adversos en la práctica odontológica de estudiantes de Odontología, para lo cual se implementó un Sistema de Registro y Notificación de Eventos Adversos en Odontología dirigido a 110 operadores clínicos en las áreas de Odontología Restauradora, Cirugía Bucal, Endodoncia y Rehabilitación Oral durante el 2015. Resultados: Se reportaron 167 eventos adversos que representan un 10.18% del total de tratamientos realizados durante el periodo de seguimiento y evaluación Los eventos más frecuentes, según campo clínico, fueron la "Hipersensibilidad post tratamiento restaurador" (operatoria dental), "Sobreobturación o subobturación con sintomatología" (endodoncia), "Alveolitis dental post-extracción" (cirugía bucal) y "Sensibilidad post-tallado para prótesis fija (pilares)" (rehabilitación oral). Conclusiones: La implementación de un sistema de registro y notificación es el punto de partida para la identificación de eventos adversos más frecuentes en la práctica odontológico, el cual es útil para definir procedimientos a seguir, elaborar protocolos y formular lineamientos para la atención segura y de calidad.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the frequency and distribution of adverse events that occur in the development of dental treatments performed by clinical operators of a Teaching Dental Clinic during 2015. Material and Methods: An observational and descriptive longitudinal and prospective study was carried out to evaluate the frequency of adverse events in the dental practice of Dentistry students, for which a System for the Registration and Notification of Adverse Events in Dentistry was implemented aimed at 110 clinical operators in the areas of Restorative Dentistry, Oral Surgery, Endodontics and Oral Rehabilitation during 2015. Results: 167 adverse events were reported, representing 10.18% of the total treatments performed during the monitoring and evaluation period. Common, depending on the clinical field, were "Post-restorative treatment hypersensitivity" (restorative dentistry), "Over-filling or under-filling with symptoms" (endodontics), "Post-extraction dental alveolitis" (oral surgery) and "Post-carving sensitivity for fixed prostheses (pillars)" (oral rehabilitation). Conclusions: The implementation of a registration and notification system is the starting point for the identification of the most frequent adverse events in dental practice, which is useful for defining procedures to be followed, developing protocols, and formulating guidelines for healthcare quality and safety.

Emergency Department capacity to initiate thromboprophylaxis in patients with atrial fibrillation and thrombotic risk after discharge: URGFAICS cohort analysis.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most prevalent heart rhythm disorder in the general population. Stroke prevention is one of the leading management objectives in the treatment of AF patients. The variables associated with the non-initiation of thromboprophylaxis in patients with thrombotic risk consulting for an episode of AF in Emergency Departments (ED) were investigated. This was a multipurpose, analytical, non-interventionist, multicenter Spanish study with a prospective 30-day follow-up. All patients ≥ 18 years of age consulting to the ED for the casual finding of AF in an electrocardiogram (ECG) performed 12 h prior to the consultation or with symptoms related to AF were enrolled from September 1, 2016 to February 28, 2017. Patients not previously received thromboprophylaxis were selected. Multivariate analysis was performed to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and the 95% confidence interval (CI). A total of 634 patients, not received thromboprophylaxis and at high thrombotic risk, were included. Of these, 251 (39.6%) did not receive thromboprophylaxis at ED discharge. In the multivariate analysis, non-initiation of anticoagulation at discharge from the ED was mostly related to cognitive impairment (OR 3.95; (95% CI 2.02-7.72), cancer history (OR 2.12; (95%CI 1.18-3.81), AF duration < 48 h (OR 2.49; (95% CI 1.48-4.21) and patients with re-establishment of sinus rhythm (OR 3.65; (95% CI 1.47-9.06). Reinforcement of the use of CHA2DS2-VASC as a stroke risk scale and empowerment of ED physicians is a must to improve this gap in care.

Challenges in Establishing a Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Convalescent Plasma Donation Program in a Multicultural Environment.

CONTEXT.­: In the face of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic response, it was worthwhile to test the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) transfusion. OBJECTIVE.­: To establish a CCP donation program based on the availability of recovered COVID-19 patients and the practical limitations in recruiting clinically valid donors in a multicultural setting. DESIGN.­: From March to June 2020, we developed a program for collection of COVID-19 CCP as part of the treatment options for patients affected with COVID-19. From an initial population of 3746 candidates, only those with positive polymerase chain reaction results in at least 2 separate tests were considered. This filter reduced the eligible donor pool to 488 patients. After other exclusions were applied, such as language barrier, age, accessibility to donation, and comorbidities, the final count was 267 potentially eligible donors, which represented only 54.7% (267 of 488) of preselected candidates. RESULTS.­: Eighty donors were called. Approximately a third of the calls provided additional challenges as outlined by the following 4 reasons: limited functional understanding of English; schedule availability due to rotating work timetables; transportation restrictions since public transport services were severely restricted during lockdown; and lost to follow-up. Finally, a total of 38 valid donors participated, upon whom 45 apheresis procedures were performed. CONCLUSIONS.­: As a summary of our experience, we can conclude that despite the limitations we were able to establish an effective program. A total of 90 units of CCP were collected before the pandemic curve began to flatten toward the end of June 2020.

Convalescent Plasma Efficacy in Life-Threatening COVID-19 Patients Admitted to the ICU: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

(1) Background: There are limited data regarding the efficacy of convalescent plasma (CP) in critically ill patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We aimed to determine whether CP is associated with better clinical outcome among these patients. (2) Methods: A retrospective single-center study including adult patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection admitted to the ICU for acute respiratory failure. The primary outcome was time to clinical improvement, within 28 days, defined as patient discharged alive or reduction of 2 points on a 6-point disease severity scale. (3) Results: Overall, 110 COVID-19 patients were admitted. Thirty-two patients (29%) received CP; among them, 62.5% received at least one CP with high neutralizing antibody titers (≥1:160). Clinical improvement occurred within 28 days in 14 patients (43.7%) of the CP group vs. 48 patients (61.5%) in the non-CP group (hazard ratio (HR): 0.75 (95% CI: 0.41-1.37), p = 0.35). After adjusting for potential confounding factors, CP was not independently associated with time to clinical improvement (HR: 0.53 (95% CI: 0.23-1.22), p = 0.14). Additionally, the average treatment effects of CP, calculated using the inverse probability weights (IPW), was not associated with the primary outcome (-0.14 days (95% CI: -3.19-2.91 days), p = 0.93). Hospital mortality did not differ between CP and non-CP groups (31.2% vs. 19.2%, p = 0.17, respectively). Comparing CP with high neutralizing antibody titers to the other group yielded the same findings. (4) Conclusions: In this study of life-threatening COVID-19 patients, CP was not associated with time to clinical improvement within 28 days, or hospital mortality.

A comprehensive modeling framework to evaluate soil erosion by water and tillage.

Soil erosion is significantly increased and accelerated by unsustainable agricultural activities, resulting in one of the major threats to soil health and water quality worldwide. Quantifying soil erosion under different conservation practices is important for watershed management and a framework that can capture the spatio-temporal dynamics of soil erosion by water is required. In this paper, a modeling framework that coupled physically based models, Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) and MIKE SHE/MIKE 11, was presented. Daily soil loss at a grid-scale resolution was determined using WEPP and the transport processes were simulated using a generic advection dispersion equation in MIKE SHE/MIKE 11 models. The framework facilitated the physical simulation of sediment production at the field scale and transport processes across the watershed. The coupled model was tested using an intensively managed agricultural watershed in Illinois. The impacts of no-till practice on both sediment production and sediment yield were evaluated using scenario-based simulations with different fractions of no-till and conventional tillage combinations. The results showed that if no-till were implemented for all fields throughout the watershed, 76% and 72% reductions in total soil loss and sediment yield, respectively, can be achieved. In addition, if no-till practice were implemented in the most vulnerable areas to sediment production across the watershed, a 40% no-till implementation can achieve almost the same reduction as 100% no-till implementation. Based on the simulation results, the impacts of no-till practice are more prominent if implemented where it is most needed.

Modeling field scale nitrogen non-point source pollution (NPS) fate and transport: Influences from land management practices and climate.

The use of nitrogen (N) fertilizer marked the start of modern agriculture that boosted food production to help alleviate food shortages across the globe but at the cost of severe environmental issues and critical stress to the agroecosystem. This paper was aimed at determining the fate and transport of nitrite and ammonia under future climate projections by adapting the recommended land management practices that are supposed to reduce nitrate N in surface water to state government target. To accomplish these objectives, a fully-distributed physical-based hydrologic model, MIKE SHE, and a hydrodynamic river model, MIKE 11, were coupled with MIKE ECO-Lab to simulate the fate and transport of different forms of N in the agro-ecosystem in the Upper Sangamon River Basin (USRB). Twelve (12) combinations of land management and climate projections were simulated to evaluate the N fate and transport in the USRB from 2020 to 2050. Under the current land management, the nitrate concentration in surface water was expected to exceed the EPA limit of 10 ppm up to 2.5% of the days in the simulation period. Regulating the fertilizer application rates to approximately 50% of the current rate will ensure this limit will not be exceeded in the future. Implementing cover cropping alone can potentially decrease nitrate N concentrations by 33% in surface water under dry climate and in the saturated zone under future projections. By combining the cover cropping and regulated application rate management, the nitrate N concentration in the saturated zone was expected to decrease by 67% compared with historic baseline. The modeling framework developed and used in this study can help evaluate the effectiveness of different management schemes aimed at reducing future nutrient load in our surface water and groundwater.