Evidence of Xylella fastidiosa Infection and Associated Thermal Signatures in Southern Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum Interspecific Hybrids).

Xylella fastidiosa, a gram-negative bacterium vectored to plants via feeding of infected insects, causes a number of notorious plant diseases throughout the world, such as Pierce's disease (grapes), olive quick decline syndrome, and coffee leaf scorch. Detection of Xf in infected plants can be challenging because the early foliar disease symptoms are subtle and may be attributed to multiple minor physiological stresses and/or borderline nutrient deficiencies. Furthermore, Xf may reside within an infected plant for one or more growing seasons before traditional visible diagnostic disease symptoms emerge. Any method that can identify infection during the latent period or pre-diagnostic disease progress state could substantially improve the outcome of disease control interventions. Because Xf locally and gradually impairs water movement through infected plant stems and leaves over time, infected plants may not be able to effectively dissipate heat through transpiration-assisted cooling, and this heat signature may be an important pre-diagnostic disease trait. Here, we report on the association between thermal imaging, the early stages of Xf infection, and disease development in blueberry plants, and discuss the benefits and limitations of using thermal imaging to detect bacterial leaf scorch of blueberries.

Doru luteipes (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) and Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) as Nocturnal and Diurnal Predators of Thrips.

Thrips (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) are pests of several crops and their chemical control is mainly hindered by their thigmotactic habits, which in turn allows the use of biological control agents with similar habits. Orius (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) are effective control agents for thrips and are commercialized in many countries. Habitat overlap exists between Doru luteipes (Scudder) (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) and thrips, making D. luteipes a potential predator in the control of these insects. Our goals were to confirm the predatory ability of D. luteipes when exposed to thrips, Caliothrips phaseoli (Hood), and to evaluate the interaction between D. luteipes and Orius insidiosus Say for the control of thrips using behavioral and feeding preference tests. The ability of D. luteipes and O. insidiosus to prey on thrips at all stages was tested by predation bioassays; adults of D. luteipes consumed 210.9 ± 23.2 thrips per day, while adults of O. insidiosus consumed 32.4 ± 3.6 thrips per day. Intraguild predation was absent, and the predatory behavior feeding of the two predatory species was not altered in the presence of the other predator. In addition, these predators forage at different times-O. insidiosus during the day and D. luteipes at night, indicating that both predators do not interact negatively, allowing the use of both in a biological pest control program for thrips.

Plant Pathogen Invasion Modifies the Eco-Evolutionary Host Plant Interactions of an Endangered Checkerspot Butterfly.

New plant pathogen invasions typified by cryptic disease symptoms or those appearing sporadically in time and patchily in space, might go largely unnoticed and not taken seriously by ecologists. We present evidence that the recent invasion of Pyrenopeziza plantaginis (Dermateaceae) into the Pacific Northwest USA, which causes foliar necrosis in the fall and winter on Plantago lanceolata (plantain), the primary (non-native) foodplant for six of the eight extant Taylor's checkerspot butterfly populations (Euphydryas editha taylori, endangered species), has altered eco-evolutionary foodplant interactions to a degree that threatens butterfly populations with extinction. Patterns of butterfly, larval food plant, and P. plantaginis disease development suggested the ancestral relationship was a two-foodplant system, with perennial Castilleja spp. supporting oviposition and pre-diapause larvae, and the annual Collinsia parviflora supporting post-diapause larvae. Plantain, in the absence of P. plantaginis disease, provided larval food resources throughout all butterfly life stages and may explain plantain's initial adoption by Taylor's checkerspot. However, in the presence of severe P. plantaginis disease, plantain-dependent butterfly populations experience a six-week period in the winter where post-diapause larvae lack essential plantain resources. Only C. parviflora, which is rare and competitively inferior under present habitat conditions, can fulfill the post-diapause larval feeding requirements in the presence of severe P. plantaginis disease. However, a germination timing experiment suggested C. parviflora to be suitably timed for only Washington Taylor's checkerspot populations. The recent invasion by P. plantaginis appears to have rendered the ancestrally adaptive acquisition of plantain by Taylor's checkerspot an unreliable, maladaptive foodplant interaction.