Assessment and mapping of total suspended particulate and soil quality around brick kilns and occupational health issues among brick kilns workers in Pakistan.

Brick kilns constitute one of the major sources of environmental degradation in Pakistan. The present study was conducted to determine the soil quality and total suspended particulates (TSPs) around the brick kilns and assess the health effects on brick kiln workers. Four brick kilns were selected, two each at Sheikhupura and Pattoki city. The soil quality was assessed by analyzing pH, electrical conductivity, moisture content, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium content, and heavy metal concentration while TSPs were measured by hand-held Microdust Pro Real time monitor. Average TSP concentration around brick kilns at Sheikhupura and Pattoki ranged between 1100 and 1200 µg/m3 and between 550 and 600 µg/m3 respectively which exceeded the Punjab Ambient Air Standards. The soil was slightly acidic (Sheikhupura: average pH = 6.41; Pattoki: average pH = 6.6) while all other analyzed parameters, except heavy metals, were lower than the required FAO Standards for good quality agriculture soil. Heavy metal accumulation in soil samples followed the general order zinc (Zn) > chromium (Cr) > nickel (Ni) > manganese (Mn) > cadmium (Cd) > copper (Cu). For assessment of occupational health and safety issues, all 440 brick kiln workers from the study areas were interviewed. Mostly, brick kiln workers suffered from chronic back pain (84%), skin issues (80.5%), dry cough (72.9%), common cold (46.1%), and shortness of breath (17.1%). The vulnerability risk varied with the nature of the work as workers engaged in brick baking were more vulnerable to respiratory issues than were those in molding task. The study concludes that brick kilns are a source of increased TSP, deteriorated surrounding soil quality, and impaired worker health. It is necessary to regulate these activities and implement requisite health and safety measures.

Waste valorization and resource conservation in rice processing industries-an analytical study from Pakistan.

The study aims to analyze and enhance the eco-efficiency of rice processing in Pakistan while focusing on pollution prevention, waste management, and valorization opportunities. Three rice mills were selected, and physical and chemical properties of their wastewater and solid waste were analyzed. It is depicted that rice husk has the highest share in the solid waste stream and possesses a significant renewable energy potential with a calorific value of 16 MJ/kg and a much lower energy cost of about 0.4 USD/MJ as compared to diesel and furnace oil, i.e., 36.8 and 26.2 USD/MJ, respectively. Recovery of commercially valuable by-products from the effluent of parboiling process is also investigated, and about 0.25 kg of starch/L from wastewater has been effectively reclaimed by wet milling method. The effluent water is also analyzed using Streeter-Phelps model which confirmed that value of contaminants in the wastewater of two of the selected rice mills exceeds the dilution capacity of the receiving body, with dissolved oxygen values at critical level as 0.54 mg/L and -20.7 mg/L respectively. Water pinch analysis and water cascade analysis (WCA) have also been employed to monitor and manage the water footprints. While the concentration composite curve depicted that about 0.8 ton/h of freshwater is saved by an application of smart water integration and pinch point was determined as 1814 ppm. While the WCA confirms that a total water demand of 45.3 kg/s at the third purity level has been reduced to 28.0 kg/s at the lowest purity level.

Comparative assessment of respiratory and other occupational health effects among elementary workers.

Objective. This study was conducted to assess hazards faced by elementary workers. Methods. A questionnaire survey and a respiratory function test (spirometry) were carried out on 150 respondents. Results. Major hazards identified related to sharp objects, heavy weight lifting, thermally harsh conditions, working at height, whole body vibration, chemicals, pathogens, increased noise levels and confined space entry. Workers suffered from upper and lower respiratory disorder symptoms, digestive problems, optical and musculoskeletal issues, etc. Spirometric measurement showed obstructive lung disorders to be highest among construction workers (CW) (48%) followed by sanitation workers (SW) (32%) and solid waste pickers (SWP) (28%). Restrictive lung pattern was dominant among SW (56%) followed by SWP (46%) and CW (42%). The observed FEV1/FVC in diseased SWP, SW and CW ranged from 51 to 96%, from 52 to 98% and from 31 to 99% respectively while observed mean FEV1 was 2.15, 1.79 and 1.70 L, respectively. Conclusion. The study findings show that occupational exposure can significantly influence respiratory system impairment and contribute to other ailments among elementary workers. The study recommends use of appropriate protective equipment and regular medical examination for early recognition of any health risk so that timely interventions for effective management may be undertaken.

Recent progress in the utilization of biosynthesized polyhydroxyalkanoates for biomedical applications - Review.

PHAs (polyhydroxyalkanoates) have emerged as biodegradable plastics more strongly in the 20th century. A wide range of bacterial species along with fungi, plants, oilseed crops and carbon sources have been used extensively to synthesize PHA on large scales. Alteration of PHA monomers in their structures and composition has led to the development of biodegradable and biocompatible polymers with highly specific mechanical properties. This leads to the incorporation of PHA in numerous biomedical applications within the previous decade. PHAs have been fabricated in various forms to perform tissue engineering to repair liver, bone, cartilage, heart tissues, cardiovascular tissues, bone marrow, and to act as drug delivery system and nerve conduits. A large number of animal trials have been carried out to assess the biomedical properties of PHA monomers, which also confirms the high compatibility of PHA family for this field. This review summarizes the synthesis of PHA from different sources, and biosynthetic pathways and biomedical applications of biosynthesized polyhydroxyalkanoates.

Assessment of human health risk associated with the presence of pesticides in chicken eggs

The presence of pesticides in the environment is highly toxic to environment and human health. Aim of the study was determination, quantification and assessment of associated health risk due to presence of pesticide residues in chicken eggs using high pressure liquid chromatography. HPLC method was successfully employed and validated. From collected samples pesticides were extracted in presence of petroleum ether and acetonitrile. Bifenthrin and Difenoconazole residues were found in all samples with different concentration exceeding maximum residue limits (MRL) of Codex Alimentarius Commission. However imidacloprid was not detected in any sample. Concentration of bifenthrin in house egg samples ranged from 0.256206 to 4.112387 mg/kg while in poultry farm samples it varied from 1.5862 to 5.80796 mg/kg. Difenoconazole was found in concentration of 0.02835 mg/kg, 1.7668 mg/kg, 3.7205 mg/kg, 21.8937 mg/kg 21.9835 mg/kg, 19.26407 mg/kg in samples collected from houses while and in poultry farm samples its detected concentration was 10.939 mg/kg, 12.3296 mg/kg, 29.3617 mg/kg, 18.6116 mg/kg, 40.0523 mg/kg and 19.2335 mg/kg. Concentrations of both pesticides Bifenthrin and Difenoconazole exceeded the MRLs (0.05 mg/kg). Health risk index surpassed 1 (the cut off value) for Difenoconazole in seven samples while for Bifenthrin values were less than 1, indicating the possibility of potential medium to long term health risk associated with ingestion of contaminated eggs.(AU)

Design of polymer-brush-grafted magnetic nanoparticles for highly efficient water remediation.

Highly efficient removal of mercury(II) ions (Hg(II)) from water has been reported by employing polymer-brush-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). Surface-initiated conventional radical polymerization (SI-cRP) was used to grow poly(2-aminoethyl methacrylate hydrochloride) (poly-AEMA·HCl) polymer chains on magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4), followed by the transformation of pendant amino groups into dithiocarbamate (DTC) groups, which showed high chelating affinity toward Hg(II) ions. This polymer-brush-based DTC-functionalized MNP (MNPs-polyAEMA·DTC) platform showed the complete removal of Hg(II) from aqueous solutions. The Hg(II) ion removal capacity and efficiency of MNPs-polyAEMA·DTC were compared with its monolayer analogue, which was derived from the direct transformation of amino groups of (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES)-functionalized MNPs (MNPs-APTES) to DTC functional groups (MNPs-DTC). The surface chemical modifications and higher chelating functional group density, in the case of MNPs-polyAEMA·DTC, were ascertained by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), physical property measurement system (PPMS), attenuated total reflectance infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The Hg(II) ion removal capacity and efficiency of monolayer and polymer-brush-based DTC-functionalized MNPs (MNPs-DTC and MNPs-polyAEMA·DTC, respectively) were evaluated and compared by studying the effect of various factors on the percentage removal of Hg(II) such as adsorbent amount, temperature, and contact time. Furthermore, the adsorption behavior of MNPs-DTC and MNPs-polyAEMA·DTC was analyzed by applying Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models. In addition, the adsorption thermodynamics, as well as the adsorption kinetics, were also evaluated in detail. The higher surface functional group density of MNPs-polyAEMA·DTC led to superior remediation characteristics toward Hg(II) ions than its monolayer analogue.