RESUMO
The 78-kDa glucose regulated protein (GRP78) commonly upregulated in a wide variety of tumors is an important prognostic marker and a promising target for suppressing tumorigenesis and treatment resistance. While GRP78 is well established as a major endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone with anti-apoptotic properties and a master regulator of the unfolded protein response, its new role as a regulator of oncoprotein expression is just emerging. MYC is dysregulated in about 70 % of human cancers and is the most commonly activated oncoprotein. However, despite recent advances, therapeutic targeting of MYC remains challenging. Here we identify GRP78 as a new target for suppression of MYC expression. Using multiple MYC-dependent cancer models including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and their cisplatin-resistant clones, breast and pancreatic adenocarcinoma, our studies revealed that GRP78 knockdown by siRNA or inhibition of its activity by small molecule inhibitors (YUM70 or HA15) reduced c-MYC expression, leading to onset of apoptosis and loss of cell viability. This was observed in 2D cell culture, 3D spheroid and in xenograft models. Mechanistically, we determined that the suppression of c-MYC is at the post-transcriptional level and that YUM70 and HA15 treatment potently upregulated the eukaryotic translation inhibitor 4E-BP1, which targets eIF4E critical for c-MYC translation initiation. Furthermore, knock-down of 4E-BP1 via siRNA rescued YUM70-mediated c-MYC suppression. As YUM70 is also capable of suppressing N-MYC expression, this study offers a new approach to suppress MYC protein expression through knockdown or inhibition of GRP78.
Assuntos
Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular , Chaperona BiP do Retículo Endoplasmático , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Proteínas de Choque Térmico , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-myc , Humanos , Chaperona BiP do Retículo Endoplasmático/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-myc/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-myc/genética , Animais , Proteínas de Choque Térmico/genética , Proteínas de Choque Térmico/metabolismo , Proteínas de Choque Térmico/antagonistas & inibidores , Camundongos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/genética , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/metabolismo , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/antagonistas & inibidores , Fosfoproteínas/metabolismo , Fosfoproteínas/genética , Fosfoproteínas/antagonistas & inibidores , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de Xenoenxerto , Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Neoplasias/patologia , Regulação para Cima/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Cancer cells are commonly subjected to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. To gain survival advantage, cancer cells exploit the adaptive aspects of the unfolded protein response such as upregulation of the ER luminal chaperone GRP78. The finding that when overexpressed, GRP78 can escape to other cellular compartments to gain new functions regulating homeostasis and tumorigenesis represents a paradigm shift. Here, toward deciphering the mechanisms whereby GRP78 knockdown suppresses EGFR transcription, we find that nuclear GRP78 is prominent in cancer and stressed cells and uncover a nuclear localization signal critical for its translocation and nuclear activity. Furthermore, nuclear GRP78 can regulate expression of genes and pathways, notably those important for cell migration and invasion, by interacting with and inhibiting the activity of the transcriptional repressor ID2. Our study reveals a mechanism for cancer cells to respond to ER stress via transcriptional regulation mediated by nuclear GRP78 to adopt an invasive phenotype.
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Núcleo Celular , Chaperona BiP do Retículo Endoplasmático , Humanos , Carcinogênese , Movimento Celular , Transformação Celular NeoplásicaRESUMO
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic, has given rise to many new variants with increased transmissibility and the ability to evade vaccine protection. The 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) is a major endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone that has been recently implicated as an essential host factor for SARS-CoV-2 entry and infection. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of YUM70, a small molecule inhibitor of GRP78, to block SARS-CoV-2 viral entry and infection in vitro and in vivo. Using human lung epithelial cells and pseudoviral particles carrying spike proteins from different SARS-CoV-2 variants, we found that YUM70 was equally effective at blocking viral entry mediated by original and variant spike proteins. Furthermore, YUM70 reduced SARS-CoV-2 infection without impacting cell viability in vitro and suppressed viral protein production following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Additionally, YUM70 rescued the cell viability of multi-cellular human lung and liver 3D organoids transfected with a SARS-CoV-2 replicon. Importantly, YUM70 treatment ameliorated lung damage in transgenic mice infected with SARS-CoV-2, which correlated with reduced weight loss and longer survival. Thus, GRP78 inhibition may be a promising approach to augment existing therapies to block SARS-CoV-2, its variants, and other viruses that utilize GRP78 for entry and infection.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Animais , Camundongos , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2/fisiologia , Chaperona BiP do Retículo Endoplasmático , Internalização do Vírus , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus , Pandemias , PulmãoRESUMO
Antibacterial materials have been developed for a long time but bacteria adapt very quickly and become resistant to these materials. This study focuses on the synthesis of a hybrid material system from lignin and silver/silica nanoparticles (Lig@Ag/SiO2 NPs) which were used against bacteria including Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and inhibited the growth of the fungal Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus). The results showed that the spherical diameter of Lig@Ag/SiO2 NPs has narrow Gaussian distribution with a range from 15 nm to 40 nm in diameter. Moreover, there was no growth of E. coli in samples containing Lig@Ag/SiO2 NPs during 72-h incubation while colonies of S. aureus were only observed at high concentrations (106 CFU/mL) although both species of bacteria were able to thrive even at low bacterial concentration when they were exposed to Ag/SiO2 or lignin. For fungal resistance results, Lig@Ag/SiO2 NPs not only reduced mycelial growth but also inhibited sporulation in A. flavus, leading to decreasing the spreading of spores into the environment. This result represents a highly effective fungal growth inhibition of Lig@Ag/SiO2 NPs compared to lignin or Ag/SiO2, which could not inhibit the growth of sporulation.
Assuntos
Nanopartículas Metálicas , Nanopartículas , Oryza , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Staphylococcus aureus , Dióxido de Silício/farmacologia , Lignina/farmacologia , Escherichia coli , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , BactériasRESUMO
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most common cancer, with increased incidence in immunosuppressed patients. ß-Human papillomavirus has been proposed as a contributor to cSCC risk partly on the basis of increased ß-human papillomavirus viral load and seropositivity observed among patients with cSCC. Experimental data in mice colonized with mouse papillomavirus type 1 suggest that T cell immunity against ß-human papillomavirus suppresses skin cancer in immunocompetent hosts, and the loss of this immunity leads to the increased risk of cSCC. In this study, we show that CD8+ T cell depletion in mouse papillomavirus type 1âcolonized mice that underwent skin carcinogenesis protocol led to increased viral load in the skin and seropositivity for antiâmouse papillomavirus type 1 antibodies. These findings provide evidence that compromised T cell immunity can be the link that connects increased ß-human papillomavirus detection to cSCC risk.
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High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is among the most common causes of head and neck cancer (HNC) with increasing incidence. HPV-associated HNC patients' clinical response to treatment varies drastically, which has made treatment de-escalation clinical trials challenging. To address the need for noninvasive biomarkers that differentiate patient outcomes, serum antibodies to E7 oncoprotein levels were evaluated in serial serum specimens from HPV-positive HNC patients (n = 48). We have found that increasing antibodies to E7 throughout treatment correlates with increased cancer recurrence or progression to mortality (p = .004) with 100% specificity as a predictive test.
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KRAS is the most commonly mutated oncogene in human cancers with limited therapeutic options, thus there is a critical need to identify novel targets and inhibiting agents. The 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein GRP78, which is upregulated in KRAS cancers, is an essential chaperone and the master regulator of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Following up on our recent discoveries that GRP78 haploinsufficiency suppresses both KRASG12D-driven pancreatic and lung tumorigenesis, we seek to determine the underlying mechanisms. Here, we report that knockdown of GRP78 via siRNA reduced oncogenic KRAS protein level in human lung, colon, and pancreatic cancer cells bearing various KRAS mutations. This effect was at the post-transcriptional level and is independent of proteasomal degradation or autophagy. Moreover, targeting GRP78 via small molecule inhibitors such as HA15 and YUM70 with anti-cancer activities while sparing normal cells significantly suppressed oncogenic KRAS expression in vitro and in vivo, associating with onset of apoptosis and loss of viability in cancer cells bearing various KRAS mutations. Collectively, our studies reveal that GRP78 is a previously unidentified regulator of oncogenic KRAS expression, and, as such, augments the other anti-cancer activities of GRP78 small molecule inhibitors to potentially achieve general, long-term suppression of mutant KRAS-driven tumorigenesis.
Assuntos
Chaperona BiP do Retículo Endoplasmático , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas p21(ras) , Carcinogênese , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Transformação Celular Neoplásica/genética , Glucose , Humanos , Mutação , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas p21(ras)/genética , RNA Interferente PequenoRESUMO
The detection of early-stage cancer offers patients the best chance of treatment and could help reduce cancer mortality rates. However, cancer cells or biomarkers are present in extremely small amounts in the early stages of cancer, requiring high-precision quantitative approaches with high sensitivity for accurate detection. With the advantages of simplicity, rapid response, reusability, and a low cost, aptamer-based electrochemical biosensors have received considerable attention as a promising approach for the clinical diagnosis of early-stage cancer. Various methods for developing highly sensitive aptasensors for the early detection of cancers in clinical samples are in progress. In this article, we discuss recent advances in the development of electrochemical aptasensors for the early detection of different cancer biomarkers and cells based on different detection strategies. Clinical applications of the aptasensors and future perspectives are also discussed.
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The 78 kilodalton glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) is a major endoplasmic reticulum (ER) molecular chaperone with antiapoptotic properties and a key regulator of the unfolded protein response (UPR). ER-stress induction of GRP78 in cancer cells represents a major pro-survival branch of the UPR. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains a highly lethal disease and high level of GRP78 is associated with aggressive disease and poor survival. Recently, we reported that PDAC exhibited high level of ER stress and that GRP78 haploinsufficiency is sufficient to suppress pancreatic tumorigenesis in mice, suggesting the utility of inhibitors of GRP78 expression in combating pancreatic cancer. Screening of clinically relevant compound libraries revealed that cardiac glycosides (CGs) can inhibit ER-stress induction of GRP78 in pancreatic and other types of human cancers. Using the FDA-approved CG compound Lanatoside C (LanC) and human pancreatic cancer cell lines as model systems, we discovered that LanC preferably suppressed ER stress induction of GRP78 and to a lesser extent GRP94. The suppression is at the post-transcriptional level and dependent on the Na+/K+-ATPase ion pump. Overexpression of GRP78 mitigates apoptotic activities of LanC in ER stressed cells. Our study revealed a new function of CGs as inhibitor of stress induction of GRP78, and that this suppression at least in part contributes to the apoptotic activities of CGs in human pancreatic cancer cells in vitro. These findings support further investigation into CGs as potential antineoplastic agents for pancreatic and other cancers which depend on GRP78 for growth and survival.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/metabolismo , Chaperona BiP do Retículo Endoplasmático/efeitos dos fármacos , Estresse do Retículo Endoplasmático/efeitos dos fármacos , Lanatosídeos/farmacologia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Glicosídeos Cardíacos/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Chaperona BiP do Retículo Endoplasmático/metabolismo , Humanos , Resposta a Proteínas não Dobradas/efeitos dos fármacos , Neoplasias PancreáticasRESUMO
Rice husk is one of the most abundant biomass resources in the world, yet it is not effectively used. This study focuses on the sustainably rice-husk-extracted lignin, nano-lignin (n-Lignin), lignin-capped silver nanoparticles (LCSN), n-Lignin-capped silver nanoparticles (n-LCSN), and lignin-capped silica-silver nanoparticles (LCSSN), and using them for antibacterial activities. The final n-Lignin-based products had a sphere-like structure, of which the size varied between 50 and 80 nm. We found that while n-Lignin and lignin were less effective against Escherichia coli than against Staphylococcus aureus, n-Lignin/lignin-based hybrid materials, i.e., n-LCSN, LCSN, and LCSSN, were better against E. coli than against S. aureus. Interestingly, the antimicrobial behaviors of n-LCSNs could be further improved by decreasing the size of n-Lignin. Considering the facile, sustainable, and eco-friendly method that we have developed here, it is promising to use n-Lignin/lignin-based materials as highly efficient antimicrobials without environmental concerns.
Assuntos
Nanopartículas Metálicas , Prata , Antibacterianos/química , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Escherichia coli , Lignina/química , Lignina/farmacologia , Nanopartículas Metálicas/química , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Dióxido de Silício , Prata/química , Prata/farmacologia , Staphylococcus aureusRESUMO
With the increasing rise of antibiotic-resistant pathogens, a simple and rapid detection of antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) is crucial to mitigate the spreading of antibiotic resistance. DNA-binding zinc finger proteins (ZFPs) can be engineered to recognize specific double-stranded (ds) DNA sequences in ARG. Here, we designed a simple and rapid method to detect ARG in bacteria utilizing engineered ZFPs and 2D nanosheet graphene oxide (GO) as a sensing platform. Our approach relies on the on and off effect of fluorescence signal in the presence and absence of target ARG, respectively. By taking advantage of the unique quenching capability of GO due to its electronic property, quantum dot (QD)-labeled ZFPs are adsorbed onto the GO sheets, and their fluorescence signal is quenched by proximal GO sheets through fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). In the presence of target DNA, ZFP binding to the target DNA induces dissociation from GO, thereby restoring the fluorescence signal. Our system detects target DNA through restoration of QD emission as the restored signal increases directly with target DNA concentrations. Engineered ZFPs were able to detect specific dsDNA of the tetracycline resistance gene tetM with high specificity after only 10 min incubation on our GO-based sensing system. Our sensing system employed one-step FRET-based ZFP and GO combined technology to enable rapid and quantitative detection of ARG, providing a limit of detection as low as 1 nM. This study demonstrated the application of GO in conjunction with engineered DNA-binding domains for the direct detection of dsDNA with great potential as a rapid and reliable screening and detecton method against the growing threat of antibiotic resistant bacteria.
Assuntos
Técnicas Biossensoriais , Grafite , Pontos Quânticos , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Transferência Ressonante de Energia de Fluorescência , Óxidos , Dedos de ZincoRESUMO
Despite new advances on the functions of ER chaperones at the cell surface, the translocation mechanisms whereby these chaperones can escape from the ER to the cell surface are just emerging. Previously we reported that in many cancer types, upon ER stress, IRE1α binds to and triggers SRC activation resulting in KDEL receptor dispersion from the Golgi and suppression of retrograde transport. In this study, using a combination of molecular, biochemical, and imaging approaches, we discovered that in colon and lung cancer, upon ER stress, ER chaperones, such as GRP78 bypass the Golgi and unconventionally traffic to the cell surface via endosomal transport mediated by Rab GTPases (Rab4, 11 and 15). Such unconventional transport is driven by membrane fusion between ER-derived vesicles and endosomes requiring the v-SNARE BET1 and t-SNARE Syntaxin 13. Furthermore, GRP78 loading into ER-derived vesicles requires the co-chaperone DNAJC3 that is regulated by ER-stress induced PERK-AKT-mTOR signaling.
Assuntos
Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Neoplasias do Colo/metabolismo , Retículo Endoplasmático/metabolismo , Complexo de Golgi/metabolismo , Proteínas de Choque Térmico/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Neoplasias do Colo/genética , Neoplasias do Colo/patologia , Chaperona BiP do Retículo Endoplasmático , Proteínas de Choque Térmico/genética , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Mutagênese Sítio-Dirigida , Mutação , Transporte Proteico , Transdução de Sinais , Células Tumorais CultivadasRESUMO
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide and KRAS is the most commonly mutated gene in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). The 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein GRP78/BiP is a key endoplasmic reticulum chaperone protein and a major pro-survival effector of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Analysis of the Cancer Genome Atlas database and immunostain of patient tissues revealed that compared to normal lung, GRP78 expression is generally elevated in human lung cancers, including tumors bearing the KRASG12D mutation. To test the requirement of GRP78 in human lung oncogenesis, we generated mouse models containing floxed Grp78 and Kras Lox-Stop-Lox G12D (KrasLSL-G12D) alleles. Simultaneous activation of the KrasG12D allele and knockout of the Grp78 alleles were achieved in the whole lung or selectively in lung alveolar epithelial type 2 cells known to be precursors for adenomas that progress to LUAD. Here we report that GRP78 haploinsufficiency is sufficient to suppress KrasG12D-mediated lung tumor progression and prolong survival. Furthermore, GRP78 knockdown in human lung cancer cell line A427 (KrasG12D/+) leads to activation of UPR and apoptotic markers and loss of cell viability. Our studies provide evidence that targeting GRP78 represents a novel therapeutic approach to suppress mutant KRAS-mediated lung tumorigenesis.
Assuntos
Chaperona BiP do Retículo Endoplasmático/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Mutação , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas p21(ras)/genética , Resposta a Proteínas não Dobradas , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Progressão da Doença , Chaperona BiP do Retículo Endoplasmático/genética , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Camundongos Transgênicos , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of the COVID-19 global pandemic, utilizes the host receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) for viral entry. However, other host factors might also play important roles in SARS-CoV-2 infection, providing new directions for antiviral treatments. GRP78 is a stress-inducible chaperone important for entry and infectivity for many viruses. Recent molecular docking analyses revealed putative interaction between GRP78 and the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein (SARS-2-S). Here we report that GRP78 can form a complex with SARS-2-S and ACE2 on the surface and at the perinuclear region typical of the endoplasmic reticulum in VeroE6-ACE2 cells and that the substrate-binding domain of GRP78 is critical for this interaction. In vitro binding studies further confirmed that GRP78 can directly bind to the RBD of SARS-2-S and ACE2. To investigate the role of GRP78 in this complex, we knocked down GRP78 in VeroE6-ACE2 cells. Loss of GRP78 markedly reduced cell surface ACE2 expression and led to activation of markers of the unfolded protein response. Treatment of lung epithelial cells with a humanized monoclonal antibody (hMAb159) selected for its safe clinical profile in preclinical models depleted cell surface GRP78 and reduced cell surface ACE2 expression, as well as SARS-2-S-driven viral entry and SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro. Our data suggest that GRP78 is an important host auxiliary factor for SARS-CoV-2 entry and infection and a potential target to combat this novel pathogen and other viruses that utilize GRP78 in combination therapy.
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Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2/genética , Proteínas de Choque Térmico/genética , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/genética , SARS-CoV-2/efeitos dos fármacos , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/genética , Internalização do Vírus/efeitos dos fármacos , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2/metabolismo , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/farmacologia , Sítios de Ligação , Chlorocebus aethiops , Retículo Endoplasmático/efeitos dos fármacos , Retículo Endoplasmático/metabolismo , Retículo Endoplasmático/virologia , Chaperona BiP do Retículo Endoplasmático , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Proteínas de Choque Térmico/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas de Choque Térmico/metabolismo , Humanos , Mutação , Ligação Proteica , Domínios Proteicos , Multimerização Proteica , RNA Interferente Pequeno/genética , RNA Interferente Pequeno/metabolismo , SARS-CoV-2/genética , SARS-CoV-2/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/metabolismo , Resposta a Proteínas não Dobradas , Células VeroRESUMO
GRP78, a major molecular chaperone, is critical for the folding and maturation of membrane and secretory proteins and serves as the master regulator of the unfolded protein response. Thus, GRP78 is frequently upregulated in highly proliferative cells to cope with elevated protein synthesis and metabolic stress. IGF-1 is a potent regulator of cell growth, metabolism and survival. Previously we discovered that GRP78 is a novel downstream target of IGF-1 signaling by utilizing mouse embryonic fibroblast model systems where the IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) was either overexpressed (R+) or knockout (R-). Here we investigated the mechanisms whereby GRP78 is upregulated in the R+ cells. Our studies revealed that suppression of PI3K/AKT/mTOR downstream of IGF-1R signaling resulted in concurrent decrease in GRP78 and the transcription factor ATF4. Through knock-down and overexpression studies, we established ATF4 as the essential downstream nodal of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway critical for GRP78 transcriptional upregulation mediated by IGF-1R.
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Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Choque Térmico/metabolismo , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Receptor IGF Tipo 1/metabolismo , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Chaperona BiP do Retículo Endoplasmático , Fibroblastos/citologia , Camundongos , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/metabolismoRESUMO
Immunosuppression increases the risk of cancers that are associated with viral infection1. In particular, the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin-which has been associated with beta human papillomavirus (ß-HPV) infection-is increased by more than 100-fold in immunosuppressed patients2-4. Previous studies have not established a causative role for HPVs in driving the development of skin cancer. Here we show that T cell immunity against commensal papillomaviruses suppresses skin cancer in immunocompetent hosts, and the loss of this immunity-rather than the oncogenic effect of HPVs-causes the markedly increased risk of skin cancer in immunosuppressed patients. To investigate the effects of papillomavirus on carcinogen-driven skin cancer, we colonized several strains of immunocompetent mice with mouse papillomavirus type 1 (MmuPV1)5. Mice with natural immunity against MmuPV1 after colonization and acquired immunity through the transfer of T cells from immune mice or by MmuPV1 vaccination were protected against skin carcinogenesis induced by chemicals or by ultraviolet radiation in a manner dependent on CD8+ T cells. RNA and DNA in situ hybridization probes for 25 commensal ß-HPVs revealed a significant reduction in viral activity and load in human skin cancer compared with the adjacent healthy skin, suggesting a strong immune selection against virus-positive malignant cells. Consistently, E7 peptides from ß-HPVs activated CD8+ T cells from unaffected human skin. Our findings reveal a beneficial role for commensal viruses and establish a foundation for immune-based approaches that could block the development of skin cancer by boosting immunity against the commensal HPVs present in all of our skin.
Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/imunologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/prevenção & controle , Papillomaviridae/imunologia , Infecções por Papillomavirus/imunologia , Infecções por Papillomavirus/virologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/prevenção & controle , Neoplasias Cutâneas/virologia , Simbiose , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Animais , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Carcinogênese/efeitos da radiação , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/virologia , Feminino , Humanos , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido/imunologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Oncogenes , Papillomaviridae/genética , Papillomaviridae/patogenicidade , RNA Viral/análise , RNA Viral/genética , Neoplasias Cutâneas/imunologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/patologia , Raios UltravioletaRESUMO
In many cancers, combination therapy regimens are successfully improving response and survival rates, but the challenges of toxicity remain. GRP78, the master regulator of the unfolded protein response, is emerging as a target that is upregulated in tumors, specifically following treatment, and one that impacts tumor cell survival and disease recurrence. Here, we show IT-139, an antitumor small molecule inhibitor, suppresses induction of GRP78 from different types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in a variety of cancer cell lines, including those that have acquired therapeutic resistance, but not in the non-cancer cells being tested. We further determined that IT-139 treatment exacerbates ER stress while at the same time suppresses GRP78 induction at the transcriptional level. Our studies revealed a differential effect of IT-139 on chaperone protein family expression at multiple levels in different cancer cell lines. In xenograft studies, IT-139 decreased BRAF inhibitor upregulation of GRP78 expression in the tumor, while having minimal effect on GRP78 expression in the adjacent normal cells. The preferential decrease in GRP78 levels in tumor cells over normal cells, supported by the manageable safety profile seen in the Phase 1 clinical trial, reinforce the value IT-139 brings to combination therapies as it continues its clinical development.
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A specific double-stranded DNA sensing system is of great interest for diagnostic and other biomedical applications. Zinc finger domains, which recognize double-stranded DNA, can be engineered to form custom DNA-binding proteins for the recognition of specific DNA sequences. As a proof of concept, a sequence-enabled reassembly of a TEM-1 ß-lactamase system (SEER-LAC) was previously demonstrated to develop zinc finger protein (ZFP) arrays for the detection of a double-stranded bacterial DNA sequence. Here, we implemented the SEER-LAC system to demonstrate the direct detection of pathogen-specific DNA sequences present in E. coli O157:H7 on a lab-on-a-chip. ZFPs custom-designed to detect Shiga toxin in E. coli O157:H7 were immobilized on a cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) chip, which can function as a non-PCR based molecular diagnostic device. Pathogen-specific double-stranded DNA was directly detected by using engineered ZFPs immobilized on the COC chip with high specificity, providing a detection limit of 10 fmol of target DNA in a colorimetric assay. Therefore, in this study, we demonstrated the great potential of ZFP arrays on the COC chip for further development of a simple and novel lab-on-a-chip technology for the detection of pathogens.