Documenting the indication for antimicrobial prescribing: a scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Documenting an indication when prescribing antimicrobials is considered best practice; however, a better understanding of the evidence is needed to support broader implementation of this practice. OBJECTIVES: We performed a scoping review to evaluate antimicrobial indication documentation as it pertains to its implementation, prevalence, accuracy and impact on clinical and utilisation outcomes in all patient populations. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Published and unpublished literature evaluating the documentation of an indication for antimicrobial prescribing. SOURCES OF EVIDENCE: A search was conducted in MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts in addition to a review of the grey literature. CHARTING AND ANALYSIS: Screening and extraction was performed by two independent reviewers. Studies were categorised inductively and results were presented descriptively. RESULTS: We identified 123 peer-reviewed articles and grey literature documents for inclusion. Most studies took place in a hospital setting (109, 89%). The median prevalence of antimicrobial indication documentation was 75% (range 4%-100%). Studies evaluating the impact of indication documentation on prescribing and patient outcomes most commonly examined appropriateness and identified a benefit to prescribing or patient outcomes in 17 of 19 studies. Qualitative studies evaluating healthcare worker perspectives (n=10) noted the common barriers and facilitators to this practice. CONCLUSION: There is growing interest in the importance of documenting an indication when prescribing antimicrobials. While antimicrobial indication documentation is not uniformly implemented, several studies have shown that multipronged approaches can be used to improve this practice. Emerging evidence demonstrates that antimicrobial indication documentation is associated with improved prescribing and patient outcomes both in community and hospital settings. But setting-specific and larger trials are needed to provide a more robust evidence base for this practice.

Pharmacist-led sedative-hypnotic deprescribing in team-based primary care practice.

BACKGROUND: Sedative-hypnotic (SH) medications are often used to treat chronic insomnia, with potentially serious long-term side effects. The objective of this study is to evaluate an interprofessional SH deprescribing program within a community team-based, primary care practice, with or without cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I). METHODS: Retrospective chart review for patients referred to the team pharmacist for SH deprescribing from February 2016 to June 2019. RESULTS: A total of 121 patients were referred for SH deprescribing, with 111 (92%) patients who attempted deprescribing (average age 69, range 29-97 years) and 22 patients who also received CBT-I. Overall, 36 patients (32%) achieved complete abstinence, and another 36 patients (32%) reduced their dosage by ≥50%. For the 36 patients who achieved complete abstinence, 26 (72%) patients remained abstinent at 6 months (9 patients resumed using SH and 1 patient was lost to follow-up). The proportion of patients achieving complete abstinence or reduced dosage of ≥50% (successful tapering) was higher with CBT-I than without CBT-I but did not reach statistical significance (77% vs 62%, p = 0.22). There were also no statistically significant differences detected in the success between those who took a benzodiazepine and those who took a Z-drug (67% vs 61%, p = 0.55) or for those who took SH daily and those who took them intermittently (67% vs 44%, p = 0.09). CONCLUSION: Almost two-thirds of patients participating in our pharmacist-led program were able to stop or taper their SH medications by ≥50%. The role of CBT-I in SH deprescribing remains to be further elucidated. Can Pharm J (Ott) 2021;154:xx-xx.

Metrics for evaluating antibiotic use and prescribing in outpatient settings.

Antimicrobial stewardship interventions in outpatient settings are diverse and a variety of outcomes have been used to evaluate these efforts. This narrative review describes, compares and provides specific examples of antibiotic use and other prescribing measures to help antimicrobial stewards better understand, interpret and implement metrics for this setting. A variety of data have been used including those generated from drug sales, prescribing and dispensing activities, however data generated closest to when an individual patient consumes an antibiotic is usually more accurate for estimating antibiotic use. Availability of data is often dependent on context such as information technology infrastructure and the healthcare system under consideration. While there is no ideal antibiotic use or prescribing metric for evaluating antimicrobial stewardship activities in the outpatient setting, the intervention of interest and available data sources are important factors. Common metrics for estimating antimicrobial use include DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day (DID) and days of therapy per 1000 inhabitants/day (DOTID). Other prescribing metrics such as antibiotic prescribing rate (APR), proportion of prescriptions containing an antibiotic, proportion of prolonged antibiotic courses prescribed, estimated appropriate APR and quality indicators are used to assess specific aspects of antimicrobial prescribing behaviour such as initiation, selection, duration and appropriateness. Understanding the context of prescribing practices helps to ensure feasibility and relevance when implementing metrics and targets for improvement in the outpatient setting.

Development of a provincial interactive antibiogram tool for Ontario.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a public health issue with significant impact on health care. Antibiogram development and deployment is a key strategy for managing and preventing AMR. Our objective was to develop an Ontario antibiogram as part of a larger provincial initiative aimed at advancing antimicrobial stewardship in the province. Methods: As part of a voluntary provincial online survey, antibiogram data from 100 of 201 (49.8%) Ontario hospitals were collected and included. All hospitals in Ontario were eligible to participate except those providing only mental health or ambulatory services. Weighted provincial and regional antibiotic susceptibilities (percentages) were conducted using descriptive statistical analyses, and an interactive antibiogram spreadsheet was developed. Respondent-identified barriers to collecting and interpreting antibiogram data are presented descriptively. Results: There was wide regional variability in antimicrobial-resistant organisms across Ontario. Provincial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus prevalence was 24.6%, ranging from 5.9% to 43.7% regionally. Provincial Escherichia coli resistance to ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin was 13.8% (regional range 6.0%-25.1%) and 22.5% (regional range 9.8-37.8%), respectively. Klebsiella spp resistance to ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin was similar across all health regions, with overall provincial rates of 7.5% and 5.6%, respectively. Conclusions: We have demonstrated that integrating hospital AMR tracking and reporting as part of a larger voluntary provincial antimicrobial stewardship program initiative is a feasible approach to capturing AMR data. The provincial antibiogram serves as a benchmark for the current state of AMR provincially and across health regions.

Historique: La résistance antimicrobienne (RAM) est un enjeu sanitaire aux conséquences importantes sur les soins. La création et le déploiement d'antibiogrammes sont une stratégie essentielle pour gérer et prévenir la RAM. Les chercheurs s'étaient donné l'objectif de créer un antibiogramme ontarien dans le cadre d'une initiative provinciale plus vaste visant à faire progresser la gestion antimicrobienne dans la province. Méthodologie: Dans le cadre d'un sondage provincial volontaire en ligne, les chercheurs ont colligé et inclus les données d'antibiogrammes de 100 des 201 hôpitaux ontariens (49,8 %). Tous les hôpitaux de l'Ontario étaient admissibles à participer, sauf ceux qui ne donnaient que des services en santé mentale ou des services ambulatoires. Les chercheurs ont établi les susceptibilités antibiotiques provinciales et régionales pondérées (en pourcentage) d'après les analyses statistiques descriptives et ont créé un chiffrier interactif de l'antibiogramme. Ils ont fait une interprétation descriptive des obstacles indiqués par les participants à la collecte et à l'interprétation des données de l'antibiogramme. Résultats: La variabilité régionale des organismes résistants aux antimicrobiens est importante en Ontario. La prévalence de Staphylococcus aureus résistant à la méthicilline s'élevait à 24,6 %, et variait entre 5,9 % et 43,7 % selon les régions. La résistance provinciale de l'Escherichia coli à la ceftriaxone et à la ciprofloxacine correspondait à 13,8 % (plage régionale de 6,0 % à 25,1 %) et à 22,5 % (plage régionale de 9,8 % à 37,8 %), respectivement. La résistance des espèces de Klebsiella à la ceftriaxone et à la ciprofloxacine était semblable dans toutes les régions sanitaires, les taux provinciaux globaux s'établissant à 7,5 % et 5,6 %, respectivement. Conclusion: Les auteurs ont démontré que l'intégration d'une fonction de traçage et de déclaration de la RAM aux hôpitaux dans le cadre d'un plus vaste programme provincial de gestion antimicrobienne volontaire est une démarche faisable pour saisir les données de RAM. L'antibiogramme provincial sert de référence pour obtenir un portrait à jour de la RAM dans la province et les régions sanitaires.

Defining appropriate antibiotic prescribing in primary care: A modified Delphi panel approach.

Background: Antimicrobial overuse contributes to antimicrobial resistance. In the ambulatory setting, where more than 90% of antibiotics are dispensed, there are no Canadian benchmarks for appropriate use. This study aims to define the expected appropriate outpatient antibiotic prescribing rates for three age groups (<2, 2-18, >18 years) using a modified Delphi method. Methods: We developed an online questionnaire to solicit from a multidisciplinary panel (community-academic family physicians, adult-paediatric infectious disease physicians, and antimicrobial stewardship pharmacists) what percentage of 23 common clinical conditions would appropriately be treated with systemic antibiotics followed with in-person meetings to achieve 100% consensus. Results: The panelists reached consensus for one condition online and 22 conditions face-to-face, which took an average of 2.6 rounds of discussion per condition (range, min-max 1-5). The consensus for appropriate systemic antibiotic prescribing rates were, for pneumonia, pyelonephritis, non-purulent skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI), other bacterial infections, and reproductive tract infections, 100%; urinary tract infections, 95%-100%; prostatitis, 95%; epididymo-orchitis, 85%-88%; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 50%; purulent SSTI, 35%-50%; otitis media, 30%-40%; pharyngitis, 18%-40%; acute sinusitis, 18%-20%; chronic sinusitis, 14%; bronchitis, 5%-8%; gastroenteritis, 4%-5%; dental infections, 4%; eye infections, 1%; otitis externa, 0%-1%; and asthma, common cold, influenza, and other non-bacterial infections (0%). (Note that some differed by age group.). Conclusions: This study resulted in expert consensus for defined levels of appropriate antibiotic prescribing across a broad set of outpatient conditions. These results can be applied to community antimicrobial stewardship initiatives to investigate the level of inappropriate use and set targets to optimize antibiotic use.

Historique: La surutilisation d'antimicrobiens contribue à la résistance antimicrobienne. Il n'y a pas de normes canadiennes pour en établir l'utilisation appropriée en milieu ambulatoire, où plus de 90 % des antibiotiques sont prescrits. La présente étude vise à définir le taux de prescription approprié et anticipé d'antibiotiques en milieu ambulatoire dans trois groupes d'âge (moins de 2 ans, de 2 à 18 ans, plus de 18 ans) au moyen de la méthode Delphi modifiée. Méthodologie: Les auteurs ont préparé un questionnaire en ligne pour demander à un groupe multidisciplinaire (médecins de famille en milieu communautaire et universitaire, infectiologues pour adultes et pour enfants et pharmaciens en gestion des antimicrobiens) le pourcentage de 23 affections cliniques courantes qui serait traité correctement par des antibiotiques systémiques et l'ont fait suivre de rencontres en salle pour obtenir un consensus à 100 %. Résultats: Le groupe est parvenu à un consensus en ligne à l'égard d'une affection et à un consensus en salle à l'égard de 22 affections, ce qui a exigé une moyenne de 2,6 séries de discussions par affection (plage minimum-maximum de 1 à 5). Le consensus relatif aux taux de prescription appropriés d'antibiotiques systémiques était de 100 % pour la pneumonie, la pyélonéphrite, les infections non purulentes de la peau et des tissus mous, les autres infections bactériennes et les infections de l'appareil reproducteur; de 95 % à 100 % pour les infections urinaires; de 95 % pour la prostatite; de 85 % à 88 % pour l'épididymo-orchite; de 50 % pour la maladie pulmonaire obstructive chronique; de 35 % à 50 % pour les ITS purulentes; de 30 % à 40 % pour l'otite moyenne; de 18 % à 40 % pour la pharyngite; de 18 % à 20 % pour la sinusite aiguë; de 14 % pour la sinusite chronique; de 5 % à 8 % pour la bronchite; de 4 % à 5 % pour la gastroentérite; de 4 % pour les infections dentaires; de 1 % pour les infections oculaires; de 0 % à 1 % pour l'otite externe et de 0 % pour l'asthme, le rhume banal, la grippe et les autres infections non bactériennes. Il est à souligner que certains pourcentages différaient en fonction des groupes d'âge. Conclusions: La présente étude a suscité un consensus d'experts à l'égard de degrés définis de prescription appropriée d'antibiotiques pour un large éventail d'affections ambulatoires. Ces résultats peuvent être appliqués aux initiatives de gestion des antimicrobiens en milieu communautaire afin d'explorer le degré d'utilisation appropriée et de fixer des objectifs d'optimisation de l'utilisation d'antibiotiques.