Development and validation of technologies suitable for the decontamination and re-use of contaminated N95 filtering facepiece respirators in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has brought significant challenges to society globally, particularly in the area of healthcare provision. A pressing need existed in protecting those tasked with delivering healthcare solutions during the COVID-19 crisis by providing solutions for preserving adequate supplies of effective personal protective equipment (PPE). AIM: To evaluate and validate available methods for the decontamination of N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) while maintaining functionality during re-use. METHODS: Multiple low-temperature steam and vaporized hydrogen peroxide (VHP) technologies were assessed for inactivation of Mycobacterium spp. and feline calicivirus (employed as representatives of the contamination challenge). FINDINGS: Virus (≥3log10) and Mycobacterium spp. (≥6log10) inactivation was achieved on various types of N95 FFRs using an array of heat (65-71oC), humidity (>50% relative humidity) and VHP without affecting the performance of the PPE. CONCLUSION: The methods have been validated and were authorized by the US Food and Drug Administration under a temporary emergency use authorization. Based on the findings, opportunities exist for development and deployment of decontamination methods made from simple, general purpose materials and equipment should a future need arise.

Food for all: designing sustainable and secure future seafood systems.

Food from the sea can make a larger contribution to healthy and sustainable diets, and to addressing hunger and malnutrition, through improvements in production, distribution and equitable access to wild harvest and mariculture resources and products. The supply and consumption of seafood is influenced by a range of 'drivers' including ecosystem change and ocean regulation, the influence of corporations and evolving consumer demand, as well as the growing focus on the importance of seafood for meeting nutritional needs. These drivers need to be examined in a holistic way to develop an informed understanding of the needs, potential impacts and solutions that align seafood production and consumption with relevant 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This paper uses an evidence-based narrative approach to examine how the anticipated global trends for seafood might be experienced by people in different social, geographical and economic situations over the next ten years. Key drivers influencing seafood within the global food system are identified and used to construct a future scenario based on our current trajectory (Business-as-usual 2030). Descriptive pathways and actions are then presented for a more sustainable future scenario that strives towards achieving the SDGs as far as technically possible (More sustainable 2030). Prioritising actions that not only sustainably produce more seafood, but consider aspects of access and utilisation, particularly for people affected by food insecurity and malnutrition, is an essential part of designing sustainable and secure future seafood systems. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11160-021-09663-x.

Population-based study of the impact of small bowel obstruction due to adhesions on short- and medium-term mortality.

BACKGROUND: Small bowel obstruction due to adhesions (aSBO) is a common indication for admission to a surgical unit. Despite the prevalence of this condition, the short- and medium-term survival of this patient population has not been well described. The purpose of this study was to measure the short- and medium-term survival of patients admitted to hospital with aSBO. METHODS: Linked administrative data were used to identify patients admitted to hospital in Ontario, Canada, for aSBO between 2005 and 2011. Patients were divided into two groups: those aged less than 65 years (younger group) and those aged 65 years and older (older group). Thirty-day, 90-day and 1-year mortality rates were estimated. One-year mortality was compared with that in the general population, adjusting for age and sex. The timing of deaths in relation to admission was assessed, as well as the proportion of patients discharged before experiencing short-term mortality. RESULTS: There were 22 197 patients admitted to hospital for aSBO for the first time in the study interval. Mean age was 64·5 years and 52·2 per cent of the patients were women. Overall, the 30-day, 90-day and 1-year mortality rates for the cohort were 5·7 (95 per cent c.i. 5·4 to 6·0), 8·7 (8·3 to 9·0) and 13·9 (13·4 to 14·3) per cent respectively. For both groups, the 1-year risk of death was significantly greater than that of the age-matched general population. The majority of deaths (62·5 per cent) occurred within 90 days of admission, with 36·4 per cent occurring after discharge from the aSBO admission. CONCLUSION: Patients admitted with aSBO have a high short-term mortality rate. Increased monitoring of patients in the early period after admission is advisable.

ANTECEDENTES: La obstrucción del intestino delgado por adherencias (adhesive small bowel obstruction, aSBO) es una indicación frecuente de ingreso en una unidad quirúrgica. A pesar de la prevalencia de esta patología, la supervivencia de estos pacientes a corto y a medio plazo no ha sido bien descrita. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la supervivencia a corto y a medio plazo de pacientes con aSBO ingresados en el hospital. MÉTODOS: Utilizando el enlace de datos administrativos se identificaron a los pacientes ingresados por aSBO en Ontario, Canadá, entre 2005-2011. Los pacientes se dividieron en dos subgrupos: los menores de 65 años de edad (subgrupo joven) y los de 65 años o más (subgrupo mayor). Se estimó la mortalidad a los 30 días, 90 días y a 1 año. La mortalidad a 1 año se comparó con la de la población general, ajustando por edad y sexo. Se evaluó el momento del fallecimiento respecto al ingreso, así como la proporción de pacientes que fueron dados de alta antes de fallecer a los 30 días. RESULTADOS: Durante el periodo de estudio se ingresaron en el hospital 22.197 pacientes con aSBO por primera vez. La edad media de los pacientes era de 65 años y un 52% eran mujeres. La mortalidad global de la cohorte a los 30 días, a los 90 días y a 1 año fue del 5,7% (i.c. del 95%: 5,4-6,0%), 8,3% (i.c. del 95%: 8,3-9,0%) y 13% (i.c. del 95%: 12,9-15,0%), respectivamente. Para ambos subgrupos, el riesgo de mortalidad a 1 año fue significativamente mayor que en la población general emparejada por edad. La mayoría de los fallecimientos (59%) ocurrieron durante los 90 días del ingreso, con un 36% tras el alta después del ingreso por aSBO. CONCLUSIÓN: Los pacientes ingresados por aSBO presentan una alta mortalidad a corto plazo. Se recomienda incrementar la vigilancia de estos pacientes en el periodo temprano tras el alta hospitalaria.

Population receptive field tuning properties of visual cortex during childhood.

Visuospatial abilities such as contrast sensitivity and Vernier acuity improve until late in childhood, but the neural mechanisms supporting these changes are poorly understood. We tested to which extent this development might reflect improved spatial sensitivity of neuronal populations in visual cortex. To do this, we measured BOLD-responses in areas V1-V4 and V3a, whilst 6- to 12-year-old children and adults watched large-field wedge and ring stimuli in the MRI scanner, and then fitted population receptive field (pRF) tuning functions to these data (Dumoulin and Wandell, 2008). Cortical magnification and pRF tuning width changed with eccentricity at all ages, as expected. However, there were no significant age differences in pRF size, shape, cortical magnification, or map consistency in any visual region. These findings thus strongly suggest that spatial vision in late childhood is not substantially limited by the spatial tuning of neuronal populations in early visual cortex. Instead, improvements in performance may reflect more efficient read-out of spatial information in early visual regions by higher-level processing stages, or prolonged tuning to more complex visual properties such as orientation. Importantly, this in-depth characterisation of the pRF tuning profiles across childhood, paves the way for in-vivo-testing of atypical visual cortex development and plasticity.

Highly Efficient Spin-to-Charge Current Conversion in Strained HgTe Surface States Protected by a HgCdTe Layer.

We report the observation of spin-to-charge current conversion in strained mercury telluride at room temperature, using spin pumping experiments. We show that a HgCdTe barrier can be used to protect the HgTe from direct contact with the ferromagnet, leading to very high conversion rates, with inverse Edelstein lengths up to 2.0±0.5 nm. The influence of the HgTe layer thickness on the conversion efficiency is found to differ strongly from what is expected in spin Hall effect systems. These measurements, associated with the temperature dependence of the resistivity, suggest that these high conversion rates are due to the spin momentum locking property of HgTe surface states.

Understanding the virulence of Streptococcus suis: A veterinary, medical, and economic challenge.

Streptococcus suis is a major swine pathogen worldwide and causes considerable economic losses in the swine industry. S. suis is also an emerging zoonotic agent, mainly in Asia. In pigs and humans, S. suis can cause septicemia, pneumonia, endocarditis, arthritis, and meningitis with irreversible sequelae. Identification and characterization of the virulence factors produced by S. suis are major advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of S. suis infections and has therefore opened promising avenues for vaccine development against this pathogen. This literature review aimed to update the current knowledge of the virulence mechanisms of S. suis and of the vaccination strategies tested until now.

Rapid and simple detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus: Evaluation of a cartridge-based molecular detection system for use in basic laboratories.

Highly contagious transboundary animal diseases such as foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) are major threats to the productivity of farm animals. To limit the impact of outbreaks and to take efficient steps towards a timely control and eradication of the disease, rapid and reliable diagnostic systems are of utmost importance. Confirmatory diagnostic assays are typically performed by experienced operators in specialized laboratories, and access to this capability is often limited in the developing countries with the highest disease burden. Advances in molecular technologies allow implementation of modern and reliable techniques for quick and simple pathogen detection either in basic laboratories or even at the pen-side. Here, we report on a study to evaluate a fully automated cartridge-based real-time RT-PCR diagnostic system (Enigma MiniLab® ) for the detection of FMD virus (FMDV). The modular system integrates both nucleic acid extraction and downstream real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR). The analytical sensitivity of this assay was determined using serially diluted culture grown FMDV, and the performance of the assay was evaluated using a selected range of FMDV positive and negative clinical samples of bovine, porcine and ovine origin. The robustness of the assay was evaluated in an international inter-laboratory proficiency test and by deployment into an African laboratory. It was demonstrated that the system is easy to use and can detect FMDV with high sensitivity and specificity, roughly on par with standard laboratory methods. This cartridge-based automated real-time RT-PCR system for the detection of FMDV represents a reliable and easy to use diagnostic tool for the early and rapid disease detection of acutely infected animals even in remote areas. This type of system could be easily deployed for routine surveillance within endemic regions such as Africa or could alternatively be used in the developed world.

A Role for Behavior in the Relationships Between Depression and Hostility and Cardiovascular Disease Incidence, Mortality, and All-Cause Mortality: the Prime Study.

BACKGROUND: Behavioral factors are important in disease incidence and mortality and may explain associations between mortality and various psychological traits. PURPOSE: These analyses investigated the impact of behavioral factors on the associations between depression, hostility and cardiovascular disease(CVD) incidence, CVD mortality, and all-cause mortality. METHODS: Data from the PRIME Study (N = 6953 men) were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards models, following adjustment for demographic and biological CVD risk factors, and other psychological traits, including social support. RESULTS: Following initial adjustment, both depression and hostility were significantly associated with both mortality outcomes (smallest SHR = 1.24, p < 0.001). Following adjustment for behavioral factors, all relationships were attenuated both when accounting for and not accounting for other psychological variables. Associations with all-cause mortality remained significant (smallest SHR = 1.14, p = 0.04). Of the behaviors included, the most significant contribution to outcomes was found for smoking, but a role was also found for fruit and vegetable intakes and high alcohol consumption. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate well-known associations between depression, hostility, and mortality and suggest the potential importance of behaviors in explaining these relationships.

Interfacial chemistry in a ZnTe/CdSe superlattice studied by atom probe tomography and transmission electron microscopy strain measurements.

The atomic scale analysis of a ZnTe/CdSe superlattice grown by molecular beam epitaxy is reported using atom probe tomography and strain measurements from high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy images. CdTe interfaces were grown by atomic layer epitaxy to prevent the spontaneous formation of ZnSe bonds. Both interfaces between ZnTe and CdSe are composed of alloyed layers of ZnSe. Pure CdTe interfaces are not observed and Zn atoms are also visible in the CdSe layers. This information is critical to design superlattices with the expected optoelectronic properties.

Rehabilitation goals of people with spinal cord injuries can be classified against the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Core Set for spinal cord injuries.

STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. OBJECTIVES: To establish whether inter-professional rehabilitation goals from people with non-traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) can be classified against the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) SCI Comprehensive and Brief Core Sets early postacute situation. SETTING: Neurological rehabilitation unit. METHODS: Rehabilitation goals of 119 patients with mainly incomplete and non-traumatic SCIs were classified against the ICF SCI Core Sets following established linking rules. RESULTS: A total of 119 patients generated 1509 goals with a mean (and s.d.) of 10.5 (9.1) goals per patient during the course of their inpatient rehabilitation stay. Classifying the 1509 rehabilitation goals against the Comprehensive ICF Core Set generated 2909 ICF codes. Only 69 goals (4.6%) were classified as 'not definable (ND)'. Classifying the 1509 goals against the Brief ICF Core Set generated 2076 ICF codes. However, 751(49.8%) of these goals were classified as 'ND'. In the majority of goals (95.7%), the ICF code description was not comprehensive enough to fully express the goals set in rehabilitation. In particular, the notion of quality of movement or specificity and measurability aspects of a goal (usually described with the criteria and acronyms SMART) could not be expressed through the ICF codes. CONCLUSION: Inter-professional rehabilitation goals can be broadly described by the ICF Comprehensive Core Set for SCI but not the Brief Core Set.

Nonpolar m-plane GaN/AlGaN heterostructures with intersubband transitions in the 5-10 THz band.

This paper assesses intersubband (ISB) transitions in the 1-10 THz frequency range in nonpolar m-plane GaN/AlGaN multi-quantum-wells deposited on free-standing semi-insulating GaN substrates. The quantum wells (QWs) were designed to contain two confined electronic levels, decoupled from the neighboring wells. Structural analysis reveals flat and regular QWs in the two perpendicular in-plane directions, with high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy images showing inhomogeneities of the Al composition in the barriers along the growth axis. We do not observe extended structural defects (stacking faults or dislocations) introduced by the epitaxial process. Low-temperature ISB absorption from 1.5 to 9 THz (6.3-37.4 meV) is demonstrated, covering most of the 7-10 THz band forbidden to GaAs-based technologies.

Omega-3 index levels and associated factors in a middle-aged French population: the MONA LISA-NUT Study.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The omega-3 index (the summed percentage content of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in red blood cells) is associated with a lower risk of fatal coronary heart disease and sudden cardiac death. We aimed to determine which socio-demographic, behavioural or clinical factors are independently associated with the omega-3 index and the extent to which seafood consumption mediates the index's association with socio-economic status (SES). SUBJECTS/METHODS: As part of the cross-sectional MONA LISA-NUT survey (2005-2007), gas chromatography was used to analyse the red blood cell fatty acid composition in 503 French subjects aged 35-64 years. Dietary data were collected by trained dieticians via a validated food frequency questionnaire and a prospective 3-day food record. Risk factors were estimated with standardised measurements and questionnaires. SES was assessed through the self-reported educational and income tax levels. RESULTS: The mean ± s.d. omega-3 index was 6.02 ± 1.75%. In the best parsimonious predictive model (which explained 32% of the variability in the omega-3 index), age, educational level and seafood servings were significantly and positively associated with the index. In contrast, waist circumference and smoking were inversely associated with the index. In a mediation analysis that took account of all these factors, seafood servings explained about 40% of the association between educational level and the omega-3 index. Similar results were obtained for the income tax level. CONCLUSIONS: The inverse association between SES and omega-3 index is largely explained (40%) by an insufficient seafood intake. It remains to be seen which other factors mediate this association.

Efficacy, safety and regulatory status of SGLT2 inhibitors: focus on canagliflozin.

Prevalence of diabetes mellitus is inc6reasing, with a burden of 382 million patients worldwide at present (more than the entire US population). The International Diabetes Federation anticipates an increase up to 592 million patients by 2035. Another major problem arises from the fact that just 50% of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are at target glycaemic control with currently available medications. Therefore, a clear need for new therapies that aim to optimize glycaemic control becomes evident. Renal sodium-linked glucose transporter 2 inhibitors are new antidiabetic drugs with an insulin-independent mechanism of action. They pose one remarkable advantage compared with already established antidiabetics: increasing urinary glucose excretion without inducing hypoglycaemia, thereby promoting body weight reduction due to loss of ~300 kcal per day. This review focuses on canagliflozin, which was the first successful compound of this class to be approved by both the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency in 2013. Clinical trials showed promising results: enhancing glycaemic control was paralleled by reducing body weight and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Nevertheless, some safety concerns remain, such as genital mycotic infections, urinary tract infections and cardiovascular risks in vulnerable patients, which will be closely monitored in several post-authorization safety studies.

Therapy and prophylaxis of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected patients: a guideline by the German and Austrian AIDS societies (DAIG/ÖAG) (AWMF 055/066).

INTRODUCTION: There was a growing need for practical guidelines for the most common OIs in Germany and Austria under consideration of the local epidemiological conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The German and Austrian AIDS societies developed these guidelines between March 2010 and November 2011. A structured Medline research was performed for 12 diseases, namely Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, cerebral toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus manifestations, candidiasis, herpes simplex virus infections, varizella zoster virus infections, progressive multifocal leucencephalopathy, cryptosporidiosis, cryptococcosis, nontuberculosis mycobacteria infections and tuberculosis. Due to the lack of evidence by randomized controlled trials, part of the guidelines reflects expert opinions. The German version was accepted by the German and Austrian AIDS Societies and was previously published by the Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften (AWMF; German Association of the Scientific Medical Societies). CONCLUSION: The review presented here is a translation of a short version of the German-Austrian Guidelines of opportunistic infections in HIV patients. These guidelines are well-accepted in a clinical setting in both Germany and Austria. They lead to a similar treatment of a heterogeneous group of patients in these countries.

Depression and mortality: artifact of measurement and analysis?

BACKGROUND: Previous research demonstrates various associations between depression, cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence and mortality, possibly as a result of the different methodologies used to measure depression and analyse relationships. This analysis investigated the association between depression, CVD incidence (CVDI) and mortality from CVD (MCVD), smoking related conditions (MSRC), and all causes (MALL), in a sample data set, where depression was measured using items from a validated questionnaire and using items derived from the factor analysis of a larger questionnaire, and analyses were conducted based on continuous data and grouped data. METHODS: Data from the PRIME Study (N=9798 men) on depression and 10-year CVD incidence and mortality were analysed using Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: Using continuous data, both measures of depression resulted in the emergence of positive associations between depression and mortality (MCVD, MSRC, MALL). Using grouped data, however, associations between a validated measure of depression and MCVD, and between a measure of depression derived from factor analysis and all measures of mortality were lost. LIMITATIONS: Low levels of depression, low numbers of individuals with high depression and low numbers of outcome events may limit these analyses, but levels are usual for the population studied. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate a possible association between depression and mortality but detecting this association is dependent on the measurement used and method of analysis. Different findings based on methodology present clear problems for the elucidation and determination of relationships. The differences here argue for the use of validated scales where possible and suggest against over-reduction via factor analysis and grouping.

Attitudes toward healthy eating: a mediator of the educational level-diet relationship.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: A higher educational level is associated with a healthier diet. The goal of this study was to establish whether this association is mediated by attitudes toward healthy eating. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The cross-sectional MONA LISA-NUT study was performed in 2005-2007 on adults aged 35-64 years from northern and north-eastern France. Diet quality was assessed on the basis of a 3-day food record and a validated score based on French national dietary guidelines. Specific questions investigated attitudes toward healthy eating. Multivariate analyses were used to quantify the proportion of the educational level-diet relationship that was mediated by attitudes toward healthy eating. RESULTS: Among the 1631 subjects, favourable attitudes toward healthy eating were associated with both higher educational level and diet quality. In the mediation analysis, 'organic food consumption' explained 14% (95% confidence interval (8;24)) of the educational level-diet relationship and 'attention paid to health when buying food' explained 9% (3;16). In contrast, 'attention to food choice', 'searching for information about food' and 'perceived role of eating' were not mediators of the association between educational level and diet. In a multivariate model, the attitude items together accounted for 25% (10;45) of the relationship. The mediation was more pronounced in women than in men (37% (15;54) vs 16% (1;27), respectively) and was significant for consumption of fruits and vegetables (23% (13;37)), whole-grain food (32% (15;58)) and seafood (22% (9;55)). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that poor attitudes toward healthy eating in groups with low socioeconomic status constitute an additional factor (along with cost constraints) in the choice of unhealthy foods.

Alcohol consumption patterns and body weight.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The impact of alcohol on health depends on both the total amount ingested per week and the drinking pattern. Our goal was to assess the relationship between drinking occasions and anthropometric indicators of adiposity. METHODS: For this cross-sectional study, 7,855 men aged 50-59 years were recruited between 1991 and 1993 in France. Clinical and anthropometric data were obtained in a standardized clinical examination by trained staff. Alcohol intake was assessed by a questionnaire recording daily consumption of each type of alcohol during a typical week. RESULTS: 75% of the participants drank alcohol daily (264.7 ml per week). For a given total alcohol intake and after adjustment of confounders, the number of drinking episodes was inversely correlated with body mass index (p < 0.0001) and waist circumference (p < 0.0001). The odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for obesity was 1.8 (1.3-2.4) for occasional (1-2 days/week) and 1.6 (1.2-2.1) for frequent drinkers (3-5 days/week) compared with daily drinkers. This correlation was less pronounced in moderate (<140 ml/week) than intermediate consumers (140-280 ml/week). In heavy consumers (>280 ml/week), the intake was almost always daily. The results were similar for wine and beer consumption. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that drinking occasion is a risk indicator of obesity independent of total alcohol intake.

Qualitative evaluation of a community peer support service for people with spinal cord injury.

STUDY DESIGN: Qualitative study involving individual semistructured in-depth interviews. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate peer support provided in general hospitals for people with spinal cord injuries (SCIs). SETTING: The South West of the United Kingdom. METHODS: Fourteen in-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with people with SCI and their close relatives, and with health-care professionals involved in their care. Transcribed interviews were coded inductively and analysed thematically. Themes were patterned around positive and less positive aspects of the experience of the peer support service. RESULTS: The psychological and emotional support provided by the peer support officer was highly valued by the participants. The peer support officer's direct experience of living with a spinal injury gave credibility to the practical advice, information and signposting provided; as well as to the empathy demonstrated by them during their involvement with people with SCI and their families. Health-care professionals appreciated their unique perspective and considered them as a valuable member of the multidisciplinary team. CONCLUSION: Peer support is valued by the people affected by SCI. There is a need to further investigate the key aspects of the service, including the optimal timing for introducing this peer support as well as more formal training of mentors.

[Foot-and-mouth disease and its differential diagnoses]. / Die Maul- und Klauenseuche und ihre wichtigsten Differenzialdiagnosen.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals, which leads to the formation of vesicles, erosions und ulcerations in the mouth and hairless parts of the skin, in particular on the feet. Due to its dramatic economic consequences, FMD is considered to be one of the most important diseases of animals. There is a permanent risk of introduction of the virus into Europe due to travel and illegal importation of agricultural products. Cloven-hoofed animals (cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and related game animals) are the typical hosts of the FMD virus. However, some zoo and wild animals belonging to other taxonomical groups, such as giraffes, elephants and camels, are also susceptible. Stomatitis and infections of the feet in livestock occur quite frequently, and often the causes of these conditions remain obscure. Sometimes, a differentiation from FMD is not possible on the basis of clinical signs and gross lesions, necessitating further laboratory investigations. This applies in particular to cases caused by the agents of vesicular stomatitis (VS) and swine vesicular disease (SVD). Additionally, other infectious agents can cause stomatitis, e.g. the viruses of mucosal disease (MD), malignant catarrhal fever (MCF), rinderpest, peste des petits ruminants (PPR), papular stomatitis, orf, blue tongue (BT) and epizootic haemorrhagic disease (EHD). In sheep, a stomatitis of unclear etiology was described as "OMAGOD". Furthermore, bacteria, chemicals and mechanical trauma can cause stomatitis and pododermatitis.