Basilar artery occlusion: drip-and-ship versus direct-to-center for mechanical thrombectomy within the Neurovascular Network of Southwest Bavaria (NEVAS).

BACKGROUND: Recent clinical trials revealed a substantial clinical benefit for mechanical thrombectomy (MT) in patients with basilar artery occlusion (BAO). While urban areas are sufficiently covered with comprehensive stroke centers and MT expertise, rural areas lack such resources. Structured telemedical stroke networks offer rural hospitals instant consultation by stroke experts, enabling swift administration of intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) on-site and transportation for MT. For BAO patients, data on performance and clinical outcomes in telemedical stroke networks are lacking. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed data from patients with acute BAO eligible for MT: those treated directly in our comprehensive stroke center (direct-to-center/DC) and those treated in rural hospitals that were telemedically consulted by the Neurovascular Network of Southwest Bavaria (NEVAS) and transferred to our center for MT (drip-and-ship, DS). Key time intervals, stroke management performance and functional outcome after 90 days were compared. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics, including premorbid status and stroke severity, were comparable. Time from symptom onset to IVT was identical in both groups (118 min). There was a delay of 180 min until recanalization in DS patients, mainly due to patient transport for MT. Procedural treatment time intervals, success of recanalization and complications were comparable. Clinical outcome at 3 months follow-up of DS patients was not inferior to DC patients. CONCLUSION: We show for the first time that patients with BAO in rural areas benefit from a structured telemedicine network such as NEVAS, regarding both on-site processing and drip-and-ship for MT. Clinical outcomes are comparable among DS and DC patients.

[Ability to drive with cerebrovascular diseases : Position paper of the German societies DGNB, DGN, DGNC, DGNR, DSG and GNP]. / Fahreignung bei Hirngefäßerkrankungen : Positionspapier der DGNB, DGN, DGNC, DGNR, DSG und GNP.

The regulations for ability to drive with cerebrovascular diseases in the German Driving License Regulations (Fahrerlaubnisverordnung, FeV) and German Guidelines for the Evaluation of Driving Ability of the Federal Highway Research Institute (BASt) are not up to date with the current medical knowledge and are not consistent with comparable regulations regarding cardiovascular diseases. This is particularly true for the assessment of future risks for a sudden loss of control during driving. The present position paper of six medical and neuropsychological societies in Germany presents the current conditions for the assessment of driving ability of patients a cerebrovascular diesease and recommends an estimation of the ability to drive founded on the current state of scientific knowledge. It addresses the following: 1. Physical and mental functional limitations and the possibilities for compensation, which if necessary enable a fitness to drive under conditions or within limits, including the importance of behavioral or personality changes and cognitive deficiencies that interfere with safety. 2. The potential danger due to a sudden loss of control as a result of a transient ischemic attack (TIA) new stroke event, or another cardiovascular event while driving. A summary in the form of a table provides physicians and expert assessors with assistance for the most important cerebrovascular diseases.

[Diagnostic and treatment standards for cerebral sinus venous thrombosis : Results of an online survey of German stroke units]. / Diagnose- und Behandlungsstandards der zerebralen Sinus­/Venenthrombose : Ergebnisse einer Onlineumfrage an deutschen Stroke-Units.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The aim of this survey was to characterize the current diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for thrombosis of the cerebral sinus and veins (CVT) performed in German stroke units (SU). METHODS: Between September 2015 and January 2016 all clinical heads of certified SUs in Germany were invited to participate in a standardized online survey. The survey concentrated on the basic characteristics of SUs, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and was made anonymous if so desired. Frequencies were expressed as percentages and differences between regional stroke units (RSU) and supraregional (i. e. comprehensive) SUs (SRSU) were compared with the χ2-test or Fisher's test RESULTS: A total of 107 SU heads participated (response rate 42.8%) and 55.1% of these were RSUs. In 77.2% the diagnosis is made by magnetic resonance imaging angiography (MR-A, RSU 81.1% vs. SRSU 72.3%; p = 0.29). Of the SUs 79.1% determined d­dimer if CVT is suspected (79.3% vs. 78.7%; p = 0.94) and 88.5% carried out screening for thrombophilia (89.5% vs. 87.2%; p = 0.72). Intravenous unfractionated heparin (67.2% vs. 70.2%; p = 0.74) or subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin (32.8% vs. 29.8%; p = 0.74) are first line therapy in all SUs. Invasive procedures, such as hypothermia (3.7% vs. 10.6%; p = 0.25), hemicraniectomy (26% vs. 63.9%; p = 0.0001), endovascular techniques (11.1% vs. 40.4%; p = 0.0007) and systemic thrombolysis (5.5% vs. 10.6%; p = 0.47) are performed more frequently in SRSUs. Of the SUs 18.5% already use new oral anticoagulants (10.7% vs. 27.7%; p = 0.027). Most of the SUs organize a follow-up visit (70.9% vs. 76.6%; p = 0.52) with a MRI (94.2% vs. 91.1%; p = 0.7) within the first 6 months. CONCLUSION: The survey revealed substantial homogeneity between RSUs and SRSUs and standards are mostly in line with the guidelines. Non-established procedures, such as invasive therapeutic procedures and the administration of new oral anticoagulants were used significantly more often in SRSUs.

[Not Available]. / IQWiG Arbeitspapier GA15-02: "Stents zur Behandlung intrakranieller Stenosen: VISSIT Studie und Akutbehandlung in Deutschland". Kommentar des Berufsverbandes der Neuroradiologen (BDNR), der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neuroradiologie (DGNR), der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurologie (DGN) und der Deutschen Schlaganfall-Gesellschaft (DSG).

There is an ongoing discussion about reimbursement of stent-angioplasty for the treatment of intracranial stenoses in Germany. The discussion was initiated by the statutory health insurance companies after publication of the SAMMPRIS study results, which were in favor for medical management compared to stent-angioplasty with the Wingspan® stent system. A report (Rapid report N14-01) mainly based on SAMMPRIS was written by the German Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG) and serves as a basis for the decision-making process. This report was previously commented by the medical societies involved. Limitations of the SAMMPRIS trial and vital indications for intracranial stenting were outlined in this comment (acute vessel occlusion, hemodynamic impairment, recurrent symptoms under medical treatment). Currently also emergency stent procedures are a matter of debate. In this context a second IQWiG report was commissioned (GA 15 - 02) addressing the results of the VISSIT trial, the transferability of the results of the first report to emergency treatments and the practice of emergency intracranial stent treatment in Germany. Regarding transferability of results the main conclusion was that there was no evidence that the results of the studies analyzed for the first report (mainly SAMMPRIS) could not be transferred to emergency treatments. From a medical professional and scientific standpoint it is inacceptable to compare outcomes of a secondary prophylactic treatment with emergency procedures. The analysis of emergency treatments in Germany based on retrospective case series with a cumulative number of 31 patients. Since most emergency procedures are performed in a clinical context and are not necessarily subject to scientific evaluation, this does not reflect current practice in Germany. The first part of this statement briefly outlines the design of SAMMPRIS and VISSIT and the interpretation of the trial results from a professional perspective. The current state of discussion regarding reimbursement of intracranial stenting is summarized. The second section contains a detailed comment on the current IQWiG report GA15-02 "Stents for the treatment of intracranial artery stenosis: VISSIT study and acute treatment in Germany".

IQWiG Arbeitspapier GA15-02: "Stents zur Behandlung intrakranieller Stenosen: VISSIT Studie und Akutbehandlung in Deutschland" : Kommentar des Berufsverbandes der Neuroradiologen (BDNR), der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neuroradiologie (DGNR), der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurologie (DGN) und der Deutschen Schlaganfall-Gesellschaft (DSG).

There is an ongoing discussion about reimbursement of stent-angioplasty for the treatment of intracranial stenoses in Germany. The discussion was initiated by the statutory health insurance companies after publication of the SAMMPRIS study results, which were in favor for medical management compared to stent-angioplasty with the Wingspan® stent system. A report (Rapid report N14-01) mainly based on SAMMPRIS was written by the German Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG) and serves as a basis for the decision-making process. This report was previously commented by the medical societies involved. Limitations of the SAMMPRIS trial and vital indications for intracranial stenting were outlined in this comment (acute vessel occlusion, hemodynamic impairment, recurrent symptoms under medical treatment).Currently also emergency stent procedures are a matter of debate. In this context a second IQWiG report was commissioned (GA 15 - 02) addressing the results of the VISSIT trial, the transferability of the results of the first report to emergency treatments and the practice of emergency intracranial stent treatment in Germany6. Regarding transferability of results the main conclusion was that there was no evidence that the results of the studies analyzed for the first report (mainly SAMMPRIS) could not be transferred to emergency treatments. From a medical professional and scientific standpoint it is inacceptable to compare outcomes of a secondary prophylactic treatment with emergency procedures. The analysis of emergency treatments in Germany based on retrospective case series with a cumulative number of 31 patients. Since most emergency procedures are performed in a clinical context and are not necessarily subject to scientific evaluation, this does not reflect current practice in Germany.The first part of this statement briefly outlines the design of SAMMPRIS and VISSIT and the interpretation of the trial results from a professional perspective. The current state of discussion regarding reimbursement of intracranial stenting is summarized. The second section contains a detailed comment on the current IQWiG report GA15-02 "Stents for the treatment of intracranial artery stenosis: VISSIT study and acute treatment in Germany".

[Prediction in cerebrovascular diseases]. / Prädiktion bei zerebrovaskulären Erkrankungen.

Prediction of the outcome of cerebrovascular diseases or of the effects and complications of various forms of treatment are essential components of all stroke treatment regimens. This review focuses on the prediction of the stroke risk in primary prevention, the prediction of the risk of secondary stroke following a transient ischemic attack (TIA), the estimation of the outcome following manifest stroke and the treatment effects, the prediction of secondary cerebrovascular events and the prediction of vascular cognitive impairment following stroke. All predictive activities in cerebrovascular disease are hindered by the translation of predictive results from studies and patient populations to the individual patient. Future efforts in genetic analyses may be able to overcome this barrier and to enable individual prediction in the area of so-called personalized medicine. In all the various fields of prediction in cerebrovascular diseases, three major variables are always important: age of the patient, severity and subtype of the stroke. Increasing age, more severe stroke symptoms and the cardioembolic stroke subtype predict a poor outcome regarding both survival and permanent disability. This finding is somewhat banal and will therefore never replace the well experienced clinician judging the chances of a patient and taking into account the personal situation of this patient, e.g. for initiation of a rehabilitation program. Besides the individualized prediction, in times of restricted economic resources and increasing tendency to clarify questions of medical treatment in court, it seems unavoidable to use prediction in economic and medicolegal interaction with clinical medicine. This tendency will be accompanied by difficult ethical problems which neurologists must be aware of. Improved prediction should not be used to allocate or restrict resources or to restrict medically indicated treatment.

[Cerebral vasculitis with delirium in neurosyphyllis]. / Lues-assoziierte zerebrale Vaskulitis mit delirantem Syndrom.

ANAMNESIS AND CLINICAL FINDINGS: In a 40-year-old man with delirium, right-sided facial palsy and anisocoria (right > left) were noticed. He had been suffering from headaches for four weeks prior to admission. The patient's HI-virus status was positive and he used illicit drugs regularly. Therefore, the symptoms were initially thought to be drug-induced. EXAMINATION AND DIAGNOSIS: Laboratory tests showed a pleocytosis of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with 929 cells/µl. The MRI of the brain revealed several ischemic strokes in the territories of the middle cerebral artery and posterior cerebral artery in the left hemisphere. A highly positive IgG CSF/serum index confirmed the diagnosis of neurosyphilis. TREATMENT AND COURSE: An antibiotic regime with penicillin was administered, during which the clinical symptoms remitted and the liquor pleocytosis nearly normalized. The intracranial stenoses persisted for three months even after therapy with nimodipine, atorvastatin, and antibiotics. Therefore they are presumed to be a result of the lues-associated vasculitis. CONSEQUENCE: In patients with delirium the initially suspected underlying condition needs to be challenged. Early cerebral MRI, lumbar puncture and ultrasound of the cerebral arteries are mandatory to exclude menigoencephalitis.

[FEES in the stroke unit: recommendations for implementation in the clinical routine]. / FEES auf der Stroke-Unit : Empfehlungen zur Umsetzung im klinischen Alltag.

Dysphagia occurs in about 50 % of patients with acute stroke, is strongly related to early complications, such as aspiration pneumonia and is a major cause of increased morbidity and mortality in acute stroke. Flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) has proven to be an easy to use, non-invasive tool for assessment of dysphagia in acute stroke, significantly adding accuracy to the clinical evaluation of dysphagia. With respect to the growing use of FEES in German stroke units this article summarizes recommendations for implementation and execution.A 3-step process is recommended to acquire the relevant knowledge and skills for carrying out FEES. After a systematic training (first step), swallowing endoscopy should be done under close supervision (second step) which is then followed by independent practice coupled with indirect supervision (third step). In principle, FEES should adopt a team approach involving both neurologists and speech language pathologists (SLP) or alternatively speech therapists. The allocation of responsibilities between these two professions should be kept flexible and should be adjusted to the individual level of education. Reducing the role of the SLP to mere assistance work in particular should be avoided. To enhance interprofessional communication and to allow for a smooth and efficient workflow, endoscopic grading of stroke-related dysphagia should adopt a standardized score that also includes protective and rehabilitative measures as well as nutritional recommendations. A major task for the future is to develop an educational curriculum for FEES that takes the specific needs of stroke unit care into account and is applicable to both physicians and SLPs.

Time trends in systemic thrombolysis in a large hospital-based stroke registry.

BACKGROUND: Systemic thrombolysis for acute stroke was approved by German authorities in 2002. While recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) use first remained low, systemic thrombolysis is nowadays an established part of common stroke care. The purpose of this study was to determine changes in systemic thrombolysis rates within an observation period of 7 years following the approval of rtPA therapy in Germany in a large state-wide stroke data set. METHODS: We analyzed a prospective hospital-based stroke registry covering the entire federal state of Hesse, Germany. All hospitals providing stroke care in Hesse (neurology hospitals and hospitals for internal medicine) are obligated to register all inpatients. All cases admitted between 2003 and 2009 with a final diagnosis of ischemic stroke (ICD-10: I63) were selected. We analyzed the relationship between thrombolysis rates, onset-to-admission time (hospital arrival ≤3 and >3 h after symptom onset), patient age (quartiles and dichotomized in ≤80 and >80 years) and disability at admission (assessed by the Rankin Scale). A one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons was performed to test for significant changes during the observation period. RESULTS: 88,340 patients with ischemic stroke were identified. Thrombolysis rates increased continuously from 2.5% in 2003 to 8.4% in 2009. In patients admitted within 3 h after symptom onset, the thrombolysis rate was 2.5-fold higher in 2009 (25.4%) as compared to 2003 (10.5%). The mean age (±SD) of thrombolyzed patients increased from 68.7 (±11.5) years in 2003 to 70.7 (±13.4) years in 2009 (p for trend = 0.014), but remained stable in the entire cohort. 20.1% of all systemic thrombolytic treatments were performed in patients >80 years old. Disability at admission decreased more pronouncedly in rtPA-treated patients (Rankin Scale score 0-2: 15.2% in 2003 and 24.5% in 2009; p for trend <0.001) as compared to the entire cohort (34.5% in 2003 and 41.5% in 2009; p for trend <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Thrombolytic therapy is increasingly used in acute stroke, particularly in patients admitted within the 3-hour time window. Higher treatment rates are at least partially explained by spreading rtPA application, including older and less severely affected patients. Approximately one fifth of all rtPA treatments were given to the very old (>80 years), which is outside the age limit for rtPA approval. In the light of upcoming demographic changes, the proportion of very aged stroke patients will increase substantially, further tightening the current discussion of an upper age limit for thrombolytic therapy.

[Secondary stroke prevention - an update]. / Schlaganfallprävention - ein Update.

Organised secondary prevention is a prerequisite for successful stroke therapy. One of the most relevant factors is elevated blood pressure. It has been shown that long-term blood pressure treatment leads to a significant reduction in mortality of almost 10 % over a 5-year period. Additionally, a large meta-analysis in almost 1 million patients confirmed that blood pressure reduction leads to a constant reduction in secondary cerebrovascular events by 40 %, both in primary and secondary prevention. The preventive effect was stronger as the blood pressure reduction increased. Interactions between proton-pump inhibitors and the antiplatelet agent clopidogrel did not receive scientific confirmation. There is no reason to avoid this combination. Patients suffering from atrial fibrillation and stroke should, whenever possible, be treated by oral anticoagulation. In cases in which this treatment is abandoned, the combination of aspirin and clopidogrel offers some marginal benefits over aspirin alone (higher stroke risk reduction, but increase in brain haemorrhages). Dabigatran is a new direct oral thrombin antagonist. It has the advantage compared to the oral vitamin K antagonists that it acts immediately after intake and does not need further regular coagulation test controls. The huge RELY study revealed that dabigatran is safer with the same efficacy in the lower dose, but more effective with the same safety in the higher dose, compared to oral vitamin K antagonists. It will be licensed in 2010. Statins seem to be beneficial for as long as 10 years after a cerebrovascular accident. Carotid stenosis treatment seems to be better done by operation as revealed by the International Carotid Stenosis Stenting study. A patent foramen ovale is a slight risk factor with an OR of 1.1. Therefore, any aggressive treatment options in patients with stroke and pfo seem to be unjustified.

[Acute stroke treatment - an update]. / Schlaganfall akut - ein Update.

An optimised prehospital management is important for acute stroke patients. A structured admittance to a stroke centre increases the rate of thrombolysis four-fold. To achieve short door-to-needle-times (< 30 min) a multi-disciplinary approach is necessary. Elderly stroke patients benefit from stroke unit therapy as do the younger patients. Blood pressure management is important during the first 24 hours after thrombolysis. Systolic blood pressures between 140 - 150 mmHg correlate with low bleeding rates. A subgroup analysis of the ECASS III study shows that a broad range of patients can be treated safely and efficiently in the 3 - 4.5 hour time window. Endovascular recanalisation therapy achieves high recanalisation rates. Whether these will be responsible for a significantly better outcome has to be shown in future randomised trials.