Outbreak of Norovirus Illness Among Wildfire Evacuation Shelter Populations - Butte and Glenn Counties, California, November 2018.

The Camp Fire, California's deadliest wildfire, began November 8, 2018, and was extinguished November 25 (1). Approximately 1,100 evacuees from the fire sought emergency shelter. On November 10, acute gastroenteritis (AGE) was reported in two evacuation shelters; norovirus illness was suspected, because it is commonly detected in shelter-associated AGE outbreaks. Norovirus is highly contagious and resistant to several disinfectants. Butte County Public Health Department (BCPHD), assisted by the California Department of Public Health (CDPH), initiated active surveillance to identify cases, confirm the etiology, and assess shelter infection prevention and control (IPC) practices to guide recommendations. During November 8-30, a total of 292 patients with AGE were identified among nine evacuation shelters; norovirus was detected in 16 of 17 unique patient stool specimens. Shelter IPC assessments revealed gaps in illness surveillance, isolation practices, cleaning, disinfection, and handwashing. CDPH and BCPHD collaborated with partner agencies to implement AGE screening, institute isolation protocols and 24-hour cleaning services, and promote proper hand hygiene. During disasters with limited resources, damaged infrastructure, and involvement of multiple organizations, establishing shelter disease surveillance and IPC is difficult. However, prioritizing effective surveillance and IPC at shelter activation is necessary to prevent, identify, and contain outbreaks.

Does substance use compromise depression treatment in persons with HIV? Findings from a randomized controlled trial.

Depression and substance use are significant obstacles to effective HIV care. Using data derived from a randomized controlled trial of persons with HIV who are homeless or marginally housed, this study assesses the utility of antidepressant treatment among persons with HIV, depression, and active substance use. Participants were diagnosed with depressive disorders and randomly assigned to receive directly observed therapy with fluoxetine or a referral to community mental health treatment. Assessments, conducted at baseline and every 3 months over a 9-month period, included the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, the Beck Depression Inventory II, and self-report of alcohol, crack, cocaine, heroin, or methamphetamine use in the past 90 days. To investigate the effect of antidepressant treatment in the setting of active substance use, the authors fit mixed-effects linear regression models to estimate the effect of directly observed fluoxetine on depressive symptom severity after stratifying by any alcohol use or any illicit drug use. To investigate whether alcohol use or illicit drug use moderated the antidepressant treatment response, the authors examined the interaction terms. The effect of directly observed fluoxetine treatment on depression symptom severity was statistically significant irrespective of alcohol use status. When stratified by illicit drug use status, the effect of directly observed fluoxetine treatment on depression symptom severity was statistically significant only among persons who did not use illicit drugs. The interaction terms were not statistically significant. This study found a benefit of antidepressant treatment in persons with HIV, depression, and alcohol use. In addition, this study found no evidence that either alcohol use or illicit drug use moderates the antidepressant treatment response. Altogether, these findings support the use of antidepressant medication in this population. The public health impact of research in this area is significant given the known adverse effects of depression on HIV-related health outcomes. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00338767.

Does effective depression treatment alone reduce secondary HIV transmission risk? Equivocal findings from a randomized controlled trial.

Depressed mood has been associated with HIV transmission risk behavior. To determine whether effective depression treatment could reduce the frequency of sexual risk behavior, we analyzed secondary outcome data from a 36-week, two-arm, parallel-design, randomized controlled trial, in which homeless and marginally housed, HIV-infected persons with comorbid depressive disorders were randomized to receive either: (a) directly observed treatment with the antidepressant medication fluoxetine, or (b) referral to a local public mental health clinic. Self-reported sexual risk outcomes, which were measured at 3, 6, and 9 months, included: total number of sexual partners, unprotected sexual intercourse, unprotected sexual intercourse with an HIV-uninfected partner or a partner of unknown serostatus, and transactional sex. Estimates from generalized estimating equations regression models did not suggest consistent reductions in sexual risk behaviors resulting from treatment. Mental health interventions may need to combine depression treatment with specific skills training in order to achieve durable impacts on HIV prevention outcomes.

Directly observed antidepressant medication treatment and HIV outcomes among homeless and marginally housed HIV-positive adults: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: We assessed whether directly observed fluoxetine treatment reduced depression symptom severity and improved HIV outcomes among homeless and marginally housed HIV-positive adults in San Francisco, California, from 2002 to 2008. METHODS: We conducted a nonblinded, randomized controlled trial of once-weekly fluoxetine, directly observed for 24 weeks, then self-administered for 12 weeks (n = 137 persons with major or minor depressive disorder or dysthymia). Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score was the primary outcome. Response was a 50% reduction from baseline and remission a score below 8. Secondary measures were Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) score, antiretroviral uptake, antiretroviral adherence (measured by unannounced pill count), and HIV-1 RNA viral suppression (< 50 copies/mL). RESULTS: The intervention reduced depression symptom severity (b = -1.97; 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.85, -3.08; P < .001) and increased response (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.40; 95% CI = 1.86, 3.10; P < .001) and remission (AOR = 2.97; 95% CI = 1.29, 3.87; P < .001). BDI-II results were similar. We observed no statistically significant differences in secondary HIV outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Directly observed fluoxetine may be an effective depression treatment strategy for HIV-positive homeless and marginally housed adults, a vulnerable population with multiple barriers to adherence.

Brief report: Factors associated with depression among homeless and marginally housed HIV-infected men in San Francisco.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prevalence of and factors associated with depression among HIV-infected homeless and marginally housed men. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: Homeless and marginally housed men living with HIV in San Francisco identified from the Research on Access to Care in the Homeless (REACH) Cohort. MEASUREMENTS: The primary outcome was symptoms of depression, as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify associations of sociodemographic characteristics, drug and alcohol use, housing status, jail status, having a representative payee, health care utilization, and CD4 T lymphocyte counts. RESULTS: Among 239 men, 134 (56%) respondents screened positive for depression. Variables associated with depression in multivariate analysis included white race (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=2.2, confidence interval [CI]=1.3 to 3.9), having a representative payee (AOR=2.4, CI=1.3 to 4.2), heavy alcohol consumption (AOR=4.7, CI=1.3 to 17.1), and recently missed medical appointments (AOR=2.6, CI=1.4 to 4.8). CONCLUSIONS: Depression is a major comorbidity among the HIV-infected urban poor. Given that missed medical appointments and alcohol use are likely indicators of depression and contributors to continued depression, alternate points of contact are necessary with many homeless individuals. Providers may consider partnering with payees to improve follow-up with individuals who are HIV-positive, homeless, and depressed.

Low incidence and prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among sexually active non-intravenous drug-using adults, San Francisco, 1997-2000.

BACKGROUND: The rate of sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is debated. GOAL: The goal was to measure the risk of sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in a sexually active population. STUDY DESIGN: Sexual behaviors and HCV antibody status were measured in persons seeking repeat HIV testing in San Francisco from October 1997 through March 2000. RESULTS: Among 981 repeat testers, the prevalence of HCV antibody was 2.5%. Among men who have sex with men who denied intravenous drug use (n=746), factors associated with HCV antibody positivity include age greater than 50 years (odds ratio [OR], 8.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.6-27.7), HIV infection (OR, 5.7; 95% CI, 1.6-20.6), and being nonwhite (OR, 3.3; 95% CI, 1.1-10.0). HCV antibody positivity was not associated with sexual risk behaviors. In 576.6 person-years of observation, no new HCV seroconversions occurred (incidence=0 per 100 person-year; 95% CI, 0-.6), whereas 6 new herpes simplex virus-2 infections (2.8 per 100 person-years) and 10 new HIV infections (1.8 per 100 person-years) occurred. CONCLUSION: The absence of new HCV infections in this sample supports the hypothesis that the risk of sexual transmission of HCV is low.