Excitability-Independent Memory Allocation for Repeated Event.

How memory is organized in cell ensembles when an event is repeated is not well-understood. Recently, we found that retraining 24 h after the initial fear conditioning (FC) event induces turnover of neurons in the lateral amygdala (LA) that encodes fear memory. Excitability-dependent competition between eligible neurons has been suggested as a rule that governs memory allocation. However, it remains undetermined whether excitability is also involved in the allocation of a repeated event. By increasing excitability in a subset of neurons in the LA before FC, we confirmed that these neurons preferentially participated in encoding fear memory as previously reported. These neurons, however, became unnecessary for memory recall after retraining 24 h following initial FC. Consistently, the initial memory-encoding neurons became less likely to be reactivated during recall. This reorganization in cell ensembles, however, was not induced and memory was co-allocated when retraining occurred 6 h after the initial FC. In 24-h retraining condition, artificially increasing excitability right before retraining failed to drive memory co-allocation. These results suggest a distinct memory allocation mechanism for repeated events distantly separated in time.

Long-term treatment of acid mine drainage by alkali diffusion ceramic reactor: Simultaneous metal removal mechanisms.

A novel alkali diffusion reactor using ceramic porous media (ceram-ADR) was designed for the long-term remediation of acid mine drainage (AMD) without external energy. The filling material was newly applied to improve the ceram-ADR for intensive long-term treatment of acidity and metals in AMD. Activated carbon (AC), polyurethane (PU), or MgO-incorporated polyurethane (PU-MgO) were inserted as filling materials into ceram-ADR. NaHCO3 was used as the alkaline chemical. PU did not enhance the neutralizing capacity of ADR and metal removal efficiency. Although the ceram-ADR with PU-MgO showed long-term removal efficiency for all metals up to 545 bed volumes (BVs), the effluent pH complied with the mineral mining and processing effluent guidelines during 45 BVs. Ceram-ADR with AC enhanced the long-term treatment (up to a year) of metals and acidity in AMD. Mn concentration in the effluent discharged from ceram-ADR exceeded the mineral mining and processing effluent guidelines, followed by Zn, Al, and Fe. The main removal mechanism for metals was precipitation as a metal hydroxide or metal carbonate. The ion exchange of metal ions on the surface of ceramic porous media and AC can influence the adsorption behavior, which is responsible for 15.3% of the total removal of metals. The ceram-ADR with AC could be reused at least five times with no appreciable loss in activity. These results highlight the hybrid operation of ADR for the best performance in mining areas where the passive and active system are insufficient because of low efficiency, budget limitations, and geological sites.

Mechanistic insights into Cd(II) and As(V) sorption on Miscanthus biochar at different pH values and pyrolysis temperatures.

Biochar has received great attention as a biosorbent, but explanations of the underlying sorption mechanisms are still unclear. Here, batch sorption of cadmium (Cd(II)) and arsenate (As(V)) to Miscanthus biochar at different pH values and pyrolysis temperatures and the sorption mechanisms were comprehensively investigated. The maximum sorption capacities for both Cd(II) and As(V) were observed under alkaline conditions. Physisorption was identified as a common sorption mechanism for both Cd(II) and As(V) irrespective of pH; however, inner-sphere complexation with acidic functional groups (AFGs) and crystallized precipitation as otavite predominate at higher pH values for Cd(II), while hydrophobic attraction of arsenite and metallic As and electrostatic bridging with multivalent ions at deprotonated AFGs are presumed to be dominant sorption mechanisms for As(V). Inner-sphere complexes of Cd(II) (98.6%) and electrostatic bridging complexes of As(V) (89.5%) were the dominant sorption forms for B400, while inner-sphere complexes (45.9%) and precipitates (50.5%) of Cd(II) and physisorption and hydrophobic interactions of As (63.7%) were abundant. The results challenge the widely held notion that the sorption of anions decreases as pH increases, while that of cations increases with increasing pH. This unexpected phenomenon can be explained by reduction of As(V) and by the difference in the charge densities between As(V) and basic functional groups of the biochar. Such biochar-induced reduction would cause an unexpected risk of exposing human health and ecosystems to reduceable pollutants. These findings contribute to a better explanation for the environmental fate and behavior of inorganic pollutants in biochar applications.

Turnover of fear engram cells by repeated experience.

A sparse population of neurons active during a learning event has been identified as memory engram cells. However, cells that are recruited to support memory when experience is repeated have been scarcely explored. Evidence from previous studies provides contradictory views. To address these questions, we employed learning-dependent cell labeling in the lateral amygdala (LA) and applied electrophysiological recording, spine imaging, and optogenetic tools to the labeled neurons with or without retraining. We found that engram cells established from original fear learning became dispensable for memory retrieval specifically with relearning, and this correlated with a reduction of synaptic transmission and loss of dendritic spines in these neurons. Despite such decreased connectivity, direct activation of these neurons resulted in fear-memory recall. We further identified that repeated memory was encoded in neurons active during relearning. These results suggest a shift in neuronal ensembles encoding fear memory in the LA by relearning through disconnection of the existing engram neurons established from original experience.

Source apportionment and human health risk assessment of trace metals and metalloids in surface soils of the Mugan Plain, the Republic of Azerbaijan.

The Mugan Plain is the most productive area in the Republic of Azerbaijan, but a previous study confirmed trace metal and metalloid (TM&M) contamination with Cr, Ni and Pb, and the potential ecological risk of As was estimated. However, no industrial activity was previously reported in this area; thus, a source apportionment model using positive matrix factorization (PMF) was employed to identify pollution sources, and a human health risk assessment was conducted to evaluate noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks. Surface soil samples were collected from 349 sites, and six major elements (Si, Ca, Cl, P, S and Sr) and 8 TM&Ms (As, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence and employed for further apportionment and risk assessment. As a result, the PMF model showed 7 factors, assigned to natural activity (12.9%), dry riverbed (13.6%), surface accumulation (3.1%), desalinization activity (3.2%), residential activity (12.3%), fossil fuel combustion (35.5%) and agricultural activity (19.3%). The PMF model characterized certain areas with desalinization activity in the previous Soviet period and with surface accumulation of salt, and these findings were confirmed by additional field surveys and historical Landsat satellite images. The risk assessment results showed that there was no risk for the adults, while for children, there was a noncarcinogenic risk, but no carcinogenic risk. Dermal contact was estimated to be the primary pathway, and Ni and As were identified as the most problematic TM&Ms for noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks, respectively. According to the results, fossil fuel combustion associated with heating and vehicle transportation was estimated to be the main source of pollution, contributing 42.6% of the noncarcinogenic and 48.0% of the carcinogenic risks. These results can provide scientific guidance to understand and prevent the risk of TM&Ms on the Mugan Plain.

Performance of Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS) for Predicting In-Hospital Mortality in Traumatic Brain Injury Patients.

The present study aimed to analyze and compare the prognostic performances of the Revised Trauma Score (RTS), Injury Severity Score (ISS), Shock Index (SI), and Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS) for in-hospital mortality in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). This retrospective observational study included severe trauma patients with TBI who visited the emergency department between January 2018 and December 2020. TBI was considered when the Abbreviated Injury Scale was 3 or higher. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. In total, 1108 patients were included, and the in-hospital mortality was 183 patients (16.3% of the cohort). Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were performed for the ISS, RTS, SI, and MEWS with respect to the prediction of in-hospital mortality. The area under the curves (AUCs) of the ISS, RTS, SI, and MEWS were 0.638 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.603-0.672), 0.742 (95% CI, 0.709-0.772), 0.524 (95% CI, 0.489-0.560), and 0.799 (95% CI, 0.769-0.827), respectively. The AUC of MEWS was significantly different from the AUCs of ISS, RTS, and SI. In multivariate analysis, age (odds ratio (OR), 1.012; 95% CI, 1.000-1.023), the ISS (OR, 1.040; 95% CI, 1.013-1.069), the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score (OR, 0.793; 95% CI, 0.761-0.826), and body temperature (BT) (OR, 0.465; 95% CI, 0.329-0.655) were independently associated with in-hospital mortality after adjustment for confounders. In the present study, the MEWS showed fair performance for predicting in-hospital mortality in patients with TBI. The GCS score and BT seemed to have a significant role in the discrimination ability of the MEWS. The MEWS may be a useful tool for predicting in-hospital mortality in patients with TBI.

Spatial distribution of salinity and heavy metals in surface soils on the Mugan Plain, the Republic of Azerbaijan.

The Republic of Azerbaijan suffers from low agricultural productivity caused by soil salinization and erosion, and limited and insufficient soil data are available for economic and political reasons. In this study, soil salinity and heavy metal levels were assessed. Environmental risk assessment was conducted to evaluate the potential risk posed by soils to human health. Soil guideline values were proposed to monitor soil pollution in the Republic of Azerbaijan. Water extraction and spatial variability analysis were conducted to understand soil salinization and heavy metal pollution. Among the 20 studied elements, the elements Ca, Cl, and S and the heavy metals Cr, Ni, and Pb were classified as problematic on the basis of the geoaccumulation index, and As was also identified as posing a possible risk on the basis of the potential ecological risk index. Based on the developed soil guideline values for agricultural soil, the As, Cr, and Ni in the soil samples exceeded their respective guidelines by 31.3, 41.8, and 61.6%, respectively. Water extraction results confirmed that 99% of the leached ions were cationic salts, and the most problematic ion was Na, followed by Ca, Cl, and S. The extractability values of Cr and Ni were significantly lower than those of other heavy metals, which implies that their actual leaching potential may be overestimated. The linear regression and spatial variability analysis confirmed that leachable salts have accumulated in lowland areas due to the capillary rise of water and evaporation, but the distribution of heavy metals confirmed that As, Cr, and Ni were abundant in agricultural soils. Our results clearly showed that heavy metal soil contamination and high salinity levels are major problems that should be considered when assessing food safety and health hazards in the Mugan Plain of Azerbaijan. Therefore, future studies should be performed for additional environmental risk assessment, detailed hazard identification, and health risk assessment.

Comparison of dental radiography and computed tomography: measurement of dentoalveolar structures in healthy, small-sized dogs and cats.

BACKGROUND: Dental diseases are common in dogs and cats, and accurate measurements of dentoalveolar structure are important for planning of treatment. The information that the comparison computed tomography (CT) with dental radiography (DTR) is not yet reported in veterinary medicine. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to compare the DTR with CT of dentoalveolar structures in healthy dogs and cats, and to evaluate the CT images of 2 different slice thicknesses (0.5 and 1.0 mm). METHODS: We included 6 dogs (2 Maltese and 1 Spitz, Beagle, Pomeranian, mixed, 1 to 8 years, 4 castrated males, and 2 spayed female) and 6 cats (6 domestic short hair,8 months to 3 years, 4 castrated male and 2 spayed female) in this study. We measured the pulp cavity to tooth width ratio (P/T ratio) and periodontal space of maxillary and mandibular canine teeth, maxillary fourth premolar, mandibular first molar, maxillary third premolar and mandibular fourth premolar. RESULTS: P/T ratio and periodontal space in the overall dentition of both dogs and cats were smaller in DTR compared to CT. In addition, CT images at 1.0 mm slice thickness was generally measured to be greater than the images at 0.5 mm slice thickness. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that CT with thin slice thickness provides more accurate information on the dentoalveolar structures. Additional DTR, therefore, may not be required for evaluating dental structure in small-sized dogs and cats.

Successful adjunctive treatment of compartment syndrome due to acute isocyanate inhalation using hyperbaric oxygen therapy: case report.

Introduction: Isocyanates are the raw materials that make up all polyurethane products. Isocyanate is a powerful irritant to the mucosal membrane of the respiratory tract, eyes and skin. Pulmonary symptoms, especially occupational asthma, are predominant manifestations of isocyanate toxicity. Case report: We report mental changes and compartment syndrome complicated with rhabdomyolysis as an extraordinary manifestation of acute isocyanate toxicity observed in a patient during the waterproofing of a water tank. A 58-year-old man recovered consciousness after six hours in the emergency department and complained of severe pain in the lower leg. The results of his laboratory test showed that his serum creatine kinase (15,250 IU/L) level had increased. The tissue pressure in both the lower legs had increased to 180 mmHg/170 mmHg (right/left). We performed fasciotomy on the second day of hospitalization. The patient was provided hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) therapy of 2.0 ATA for 90 minutes twice a day for seven days. His condition gradually improved over five months, and he did not require amputation. He had a mild neurological disorder in his foot and was transferred to a rehabilitation center five months after hospitalization. Conclusion: It is important to note that when working with isocyanate, non-specific complications such as a change in consciousness as well as compartment syndrome with rhabdomyolysis can occur in a confined space or high-temperature environment. In addition, we found that compartment syndrome caused by isocyanate toxicity can be effectively treated with fasciotomy and HBO2 therapy.

Ankle exercise with functional electrical stimulation affects spasticity and balance in stroke patients.

Stroke patients have limited motor function due to ankle spasticity, and various interventions are applied to solve this problem. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of functional electrical stimulation (FES) with ankle exercise on spinal cord motor neuron excitability and balance in stroke patients. Twenty-five stroke patients were divided into the three groups. For the intervention, the control group applied general physiotherapy, the experimental group I applied a sham FES with ankle exercise, and the experimental group II applied a FES with ankle exercise. All groups applied the intervention for 30 min per session, 5 times a week, for a total of 8 weeks. The functional reaching test (FRT), Timed Up and Go test was used to measure balance ability, and H-reflex was used to measure spinal motor neuron excitability. All tests were measured before and after the intervention. In the ankle exercise with FES group, spinal motor neuron excitability significantly decreased (P<0.05), and FRT was significantly increased (P<0.05). Therefore, FES with ankle exercise for stroke patients could be suggested as an effective intervention for improving motor function.

Minor ginsenoside F1 improves memory in APP/PS1 mice.

Ginseng has been shown to produce a cognitive improvement effect. The key molecular components in ginseng that produce pharmacological effects are ginsenosides. Previous studies reported a memory improvement effect of a few major ginsenosides. However, the identity of specific minor ginsenosides mediating such function remains unknown. Here, we report that a minor ginsenoside F1 improves memory function in APPswe/PSEN1dE9 (APP/PS1) double-transgenic Alzheimer's disease (AD) model mice. After 8-wk oral administration of F1 jelly, we observed that spatial working memory, but not context-dependent fear memory, was restored in AD mice. To search for a possible underlying molecular and cellular mechanism, we investigated the effect of F1 on Aß plaque. We observed F1 administration reduced the Aß plaque area and density in the cortex, but not in the hippocampus of AD mice. Next, we tested for the effect of F1 on the expression level of key molecules involved in learning and memory. Results from Western blot assay revealed that an abnormally reduced level of a phosphorylated form of CREB in the hippocampus of AD mice was restored to a normal level by F1 administration. Moreover, in the same animals, BDNF level was augmented in the cortex. Our results, therefore, suggest that minor ginsenoside F1 constitutes a promising target to develop therapeutic agents for AD.

Characterizing Preferential Adsorption of Phosphate on Binary Sorbents of Goethite and Maghaemite using in situ ATR-FTIR and 2D Correlation Spectroscopy.

Recent developments in analytics using infrared spectroscopy have enabled us to identify the adsorption mechanism at interfaces, but such methods are applicable only for simple systems. In this study, the preferential adsorption of phosphate on binary goethite and maghaemite was investigated. As a result, monodentate and bidentate complexes were the major complexes on goethite and maghaemite, respectively. A shrinking effect in goethite and a swelling effect in maghaemite were identified, and environmental perturbations caused a significant decrease in the integrated absorbance of phosphate complexes on maghaemite, while no effect was observed on goethite, which implies that different adsorption mechanisms were involved. Based on the results, a bridging complex was proposed, and the swelling effect is explained by the negatively charged maghaemite surface resulting from the bidentate complex. The isolation of phosphate by the shrinking effect explains the low phosphate bioavailability in the soil environment, while the colloidal properties of the bidentate complex on maghaemite are the reason for colloidal mobilization. To the best of our knowledge, this study not only addresses the shrinking and swelling properties of iron (hydr)oxide nanoparticles but also demonstrates preferential adsorption on binary sorbents using in situ ATR-FTIR for the first time.

Interpreting competitive adsorption of arsenate and phosphate on nanosized iron (hydr)oxides: effects of pH and surface loading.

Arsenate and phosphate have similar properties due to their electrochemical structures, but their environmental impacts are unique. The abundance and competition of arsenate and phosphate determine their bioavailability and leachability; thus, it is essential to understand their fate in the soil environment. In this study, the effects of pH and surface loading on the competitive adsorption of arsenate and phosphate on four iron (hydr)oxides were evaluated by employing the Langmuir isotherm, competitive sorption ratio (CSR), and competition effect (CE). The stability and transformation of the iron (hydr)oxides were also assessed. Various adsorption patterns were observed in the single and mixed treatments by controlling the addition of oxyanions, pH, surface loading, and type of iron (hydr)oxides. Arsenate was preferentially adsorbed at a low pH, whereas phosphate showed the opposite trend. The CEAs(V),P(V) was close to zero at low surface density (no competition) and sequentially changed to negative or positive values with increasing surface density, indirectly indicating the sequential development of promotive and competitive effects. Transformation in goethite was identified at a high pH with the presence of oxyanions, except that no transformation was observed upon the addition of oxyanions and with pH change. However, the stability of the iron (hydr)oxides decreased at a low pH and with the presence of phosphate, arsenate, or both. The hematite showed a significant promotive effect regardless of the pH. Our study revealed that the pH, surface loading, and type of iron (hydr)oxides are intercorrelated and simultaneously affect the adsorption characteristics of oxyanions and the stability of iron (hydr)oxides.

Identification of Bernalite Transformation and Tridentate Arsenate Complex at Nano-goethite under Effects of Drying, pH and Surface Loading.

The structural configuration of arsenate on iron (hydr)oxide determines its leachability and bioavailability in the soil environment. It is important to understand how the stability of iron hydroxide and the structural configuration of arsenate complexes vary in response to changes in environmental conditions. Therefore, we investigated the effects of drying, pH and surface loadings on the stability of goethite and the structural configuration of arsenate through batch experiments and TEM and XAS measurements with DFT calculation. As a result, we observed no significant transformation of goethite under most conditions, but TEM confirmed the partial formation of bernalite in the presence of arsenate at a pH of 10, and the bernalite showed 2.18 times higher arsenate sorption than the goethite. The linear combination fitting of the EXAFS spectra with DFT calculations revealed that tridentate and bidentate complexes were dominant under low surface loading and pH conditions in the sedimented samples, while monodentate complexes were abundant under high surface loading and pH conditions. Based on our results, we conclude that the formation of arsenic-rich colloids could account for mobilization in the soil environment, and the density of available sorption sites combined with the concentration of solute could cause the change in structural configuration.

Effects of ankle strengthening exercise program on an unstable supporting surface on proprioception and balance in adults with functional ankle instability.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of ankle strengthening exercise applied on unstable supporting surfaces on the proprioceptive sense and balance in adults with functional ankle instability. As for the study method, 30 adults with functional ankle instability were randomly assigned to an ankle strengthening exercise group and a stretching group on unstable supporting surfaces, and the interventions were implemented for 40 min. Before and after the interventions, a digital dual inclinometer was used to measure the proprioceptive sense of the ankle, the Balancia program was used to measure static balance ability, and the functional reach test was used to measure dynamic balance ability. In the results, both proprioceptive sense and static dynamic balance ability were significantly different between before and after the intervention in the experimental group (P<0.05). When such results are put together, it can be seen that ankle strengthening exercise applied on unstable supporting surfaces may be presented as an effective treatment method for enhancing the proprioceptive sense and balance ability in adults with functional ankle instability.

Nitrogen removal through N cycling from sediments in a constructed coastal marsh as assessed by 15N-isotope dilution.

Constructed coastal marsh regulates land-born nitrogen (N) loadings through salinity-dependent microbial N transformation processes. A hypothesis that salinity predominantly controls N removal in marsh was tested through incubation in a closed system with added-15NH4+ using sediments collected from five sub-marshes in Shihwa marsh, Korea. Time-course patterns of concentrations and 15N-atom% of soil-N pools were analyzed. Sediments having higher salinity and lower soil organic-C and acid-extractable organic-N exhibited slower rates of N mineralization and immobilization, nitrification, and denitrification. Rates of denitrification were not predicted well by sediment salinity but by its organic-C, indicating heterotrophic denitrification. Denitrification dominated N-loss from this marsh, and nitrogen removal capacity of this marsh was estimated at 337 kg N day-1 (9.9% of the daily N-loadings) considering the current rooting depth of common reeds (1.0 m). We showed that sediment N removal decreases with increasing salinity and can increase with increasing organic-C for heterotrophic denitrification.

Fluxes of nutrients and trace metals across the sediment-water interface controlled by sediment-capping agents: bentonite and sand.

The effect of bentonite and sand, as natural capping agents, on the fluxes of nutrients and trace metals across the sediment-water interface was studied through sediment incubation, and the ecotoxicological impact was assessed by using Daphnia magna. Bentonite and sand were layered on the sediment at 15, 75, and 225 mg cm(-2), and the concentration of cations, nutrients, and trace metals was measured. Sediment incubation showed that bentonite reduced the N flux but increased the P flux as a result of dissolution of non-crystalline P from bentonite, while sand slightly decreased the N fluxes but not the P flux. The concentration of Na increased in the overlying water with increasing application rates of bentonite, while that of Ca decreased. However, regardless of the rate of sand application, concentrations of all cation species remained unchanged. The concentration of As and Cr increased with bentonite application rate but decreased with sand. Both capping materials suppressed fluxes of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn compared to control, and the extent of suppression was different depending on the trace metal species and capping agents used. During sediment incubation, the survival rate of D. magna significantly decreased in bentonite suspension but began to decrease at the end in sand suspension. Sediment capping of mildly polluted sediments by using bentonite and sand lowered the level of nutrients and trace metals. However, unexpected or undesirable side effects, such as influxes of P and As from bentonite to the overlying water and a possibility of toxic impacts to aquatic ecosystems, were observed, suggesting that capping agents with an adequate assessment of their side effects and toxicity should be predetermined for site-specific sediment management strategies.

Chemical extractability of As and Pb from soils across long-term abandoned metallic mine sites in Korea and their phytoavailability assessed by Brassica juncea.

The chemical extractability of As and Pb (by 5 mM CaCl2, 0.1 M HCl, 0.05 M NH4 (H2PO4), and aqua regia) from soils and their phytoavailability (by Brassica juncea) were assessed using 16 soil samples collected as a function of distance from mine pits across three long-term abandoned metallic mine sites. The total concentrations of As and Pb (17-41,000 and 27-10,047 mg kg(-1), respectively) decreased with increasing separation distance from the mine pits along a declining slope. However, the percentage of chemically leachable As and Pb mass (e.g., by 5 mM CaCl2, 0.1 M HCl, or 0.05 M NH4(H2PO4)) relative to total mass (e.g., by aqua regia) tended to increase exponentially with distance, indicating more chemically labile fractions present in less contaminated downgradient soils. Among soil components, extractable As concentrations were best described by coupling DCB-Al with other Al and Fe oxides. For Pb concentration, pH coupled to DCB-Al or Ox-Al provided a good predictive relationship. The inhibitory growth and uptake by plants were best correlated with the extractable concentrations by 5 mM CaCl2 and 0.1 M HCl. In conclusion, the chemical extractability and phytoavailability of As and Pb are highly influenced by the relative labile fraction in abandoned mine soils, and its distribution in soils is essentially correlated with sampling distance from mine pits.

Effects of therapeutic massage on gait and pain after delayed onset muscle soreness.

Unfamiliar or sudden exercise can induce delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) within 12-24 h. So, several researchers have reported various interventions to treat DOMS. Massage is generally known to eliminate muscle fatigue. However, effect of massage after DOMS is still not clear. We investigated whether the massage is effective on pain and gait after DOMS. The participants were divided into a control group (n= 10) with DOMS and an experimental group (n= 11) with the massage treated after DOMS. We induced DOMS by taking isotonic exercise with going up and down 20 times in 5-story building. We applied the massage and assessment on gastrocnemius of dominant foot. The change of gait and pain was assessed using gaitrite and algometer. In the present results, the massage on gastrocnemius after DOMS showed significant difference in pain (P< 0.05). Also, there was a significant difference in gait (P< 0.05), especially, spatial parameters (distance, step length, stride length) and temporal parameters (ambulation, heel on off time, stride velocity). Moreover, the pain relief after massage-treated in DOMS correlated with gait. These results suggest that the massage on gastrocnemius after DOMS has influence on pain and gait performance. Therefore, massage can be applied as intervention for delayed onset muscle soreness.

Anion exchange of organic carboxylate by soils responsible for positive Km-fc relationship from methanol mixture.

The cosolvency model was not applicable for predicting the sorption of organic carboxylic acids. The reason of inapplicability was investigated by analyzing the solubility (Sm) and sorption (Km) of benzoic acid, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP). The Sm and Km by two iron-rich soils was measured as a function of methanol volume fraction (fc), electrolyte compositions, and pH(app). For 2,4,6-TCP, the Km of both neutral and anion species was well-explainable by the cosolvency model, exemplifying the knowledge of cosolvency power (σ) being sufficient to describe its sorption. However, for benzoic acid and 2,4-D, the Km of organic anions increased with fc, illustrating the organic carboxylate to be responsible for the deviation. The Sm of organic anions was not affected by the ionic valence (Ca(2+) vs. K(+)) of liquid phase. Among hydrophilic quantities of the 2,4-D sorption, the fraction of anion exchange increased with fc while the fraction of Ca-bridge decreased in the same range. Adding solvent in soil-water system is likely to render soil surface charge more positive, fortifying the anion exchange, but opposing the formation of Ca-bridging. Therefore, it can be concluded that the positive Km-fc relationship is due to the anion exchange of organic carboxylate with positively charged soil surface, whose contribution is >50% of overall sorption at solvent-free system and becomes greater with fc up to 82%.