Estimated daily intakes of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) antioxidants in Korea.

The study was conducted to establish the estimated daily intake (EDI) of antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) in Korea. The EDIs were obtained from two sources. One of the estimations was based on the analytical determination of BHA, BHT and TBHQ in 12 food categories (ten food categories for TBHQ) and on individual dietary intake data obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Survey in 1998 (n=11 525, age > 1 year). The other EDIs of BHA, BHT and TBHQ were based on the maximum permitted levels specified in national food standards in Korea and on individual dietary intake data obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Survey in 1998 (n=11 525, age > 1 year). To establish the EDIs based on the analytical determination and on individual dietary intake data, 133 food samples in 12 food categories were selected from the foods considered to be representative sources of BHA, BHT and TBHQ in the Korean diet. Selected samples were analysed by GC with FID. BHA was not detected in any of the samples analysed. BHT and TBHQ were detected in the samples, but the levels were significantly lower than their maximum limits. The EDIs1 of BHT, and TBHQ for average consumers were 0.0156(-3), and 0.0012(-3) mg kg(-1) body weight bw day(-1) and as a proportion of the ADI were 0.0052 and 0.0002%, respectively. For 95th percentile consumers, the EDIs of BHT and TBHQ were 0.0080 and 0.0006 mg kg(-1) bw day(-1), and as a proportion of the ADI were 2.67 and 0.09%, respectively. EDIs for BHA, BHT and TBHQ based on the maximum permitted levels and on individual dietary intake data were 0.04, 0.04 and 0.04 mg kg(-1) bw day(-1), respectively. The EDIs of BHA, BHT and TBHQ for average consumers ranged from 6.00 to 14.42% of the ADI of each antioxidant. According to these results, the EDIs of BHA, BHT and TBHQ in Korea were significantly lower than ADI of these antioxidants established by the JECFA.

The relationship between bispectral index and targeted propofol concentration is biphasic in patients with major burns.

BACKGROUND: Many pathophysiologic alterations in major burns can cause changes in the distribution of, and perhaps response to, drugs commonly used in anesthesia practice. This study was conducted to assess changes in bispectral index (BIS) caused by increasing the target propofol effect-site concentration during a target-controlled infusion (TCI) in major burns. METHODS: Eighteen patients, ASA physical status 2 or 3, aged from 20 to 55 years old, weighing 50-70 kg, with major burns, scheduled for elective early escharectomy less than a week after injury were recruited. A further 18 ASA physical status class 1 or 2, non-burns, age, sex- and weight-matched adult patients scheduled for elective surgery under general anesthesia were recruited as controls. During anesthesia induction, target propofol effect-site concentrations were increased by increments of 0.5 microg ml(-1) up to 4.5 microg ml(-1). The BIS responses to each target concentration using TCI were compared in both groups. RESULTS: In the burns group, significantly greater BIS values relating to increasing propofol TCI were noted at deeper anesthesia when compared with controls; at > or =3.5 microg ml(-1); mean BIS remained at a plateau of about 50. Patients with burns had higher cardiac indices, and lower hemoglobin and albumin concentrations than the controls. They consumed more vecuronium to maintain the same degree of neuromuscular blockade than the controls. CONCLUSIONS: In major burns, the final biphasic BIS responses appeared to be determined by numerous other variables such as BIS algorithm, TCI performance, and altered propofol pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. According to our results the importance of an individually tailored approach, including careful anesthetic titration, based upon the patient's clinical condition and responses can not be overemphasized.

Induction of VX2 carcinoma in rabbit liver: comparison of two inoculation methods.

Direct injection of VX2 cell suspension into the liver is simple and widely used. Implantation of a fragment of VX2 tumour into the liver using a surgical technique has also been developed in the last decade. In this study, we compared these two methods in order to find a better modality for establishing VX2 liver mass. Forty rabbits, each weighing 2.8-3.2 kg, were divided into two groups, 20 rabbits in each. In Group 1, a tumour cell suspension containing 1 x 10(6) cells in a volume of 0.1 ml, was injected slowly into the liver parenchyma using a 27-gauge needle during laparotomy. In Group 2, a 1 mm(3) fragment of VX2 carcinoma was inoculated into the sub-capsule of the left anterior lobe of the liver. In Group 1, three rabbits showed no tumour growth and 10 rabbits showed evidence of leakage and tumour seeding outside of the liver. In Group 2, all but one rabbit showed tumour growth and none showed evidence of tumour seeding. The leakage rates were 50% and 0% for Group 1 and Group 2, respectively. Overall, the success inoculation rate was 35% for Group 1 and 95% for Group 2. In conclusion, to create the VX2 liver tumour model in rabbits, direct implantation of VX2 tumour fragment into the liver achieved better results than injecting cell suspension of VX2 tumour into the liver.