Thermodynamic effects of gas adiabatic index on cavitation bubble collapse.

In this paper, an improved multicomponent lattice Boltzmann model is employed to investigate the impact of the gas properties, specifically the gas adiabatic index, on the thermodynamic effects of cavitation bubble collapse. The study focuses on analyzing the temperature evolution in the flow field and the resulting thermal effects on the surrounding wall. The accuracy of the developed model is verified through comparisons with analytical solutions of the Rayleigh-Plesset equation and the validation of the adiabatic law. Then, a thermodynamic model of cavitation bubble composed of two-mixed gases collapsing near a wall is established to explore the influence of the gas adiabatic index γ on the temperature behavior. Key findings include the observation that the γ affects the temperature of the first collapse significantly, while its influence on the second collapse is minimal. Additionally, the presence of low-temperature regions near the bubble surface during collapse impacts both bubble and wall temperatures. The study also demonstrates that the γ affects maximum and minimum wall temperatures. The results have implications for selecting specific non-condensable gas properties within cavitation bubbles for targeted cooling or heating purposes, including potential applications in electronic component cooling and environmental refrigeration.

Analysis of P wave induced second-order harmonic field at solid-fluid interface with potential matrix algorithm.

Based on the second-order harmonic potential theory, the characteristics of the second-order harmonic field generated at the solid-liquid interface induced by P wave incidence are analyzed. A planar model of the solid-liquid interface is established to study the variation of the second-order displacement field versus the incident angles. The homogeneous solution coefficient matrix, refraction and reflection coefficient matrix are introduced. According to the boundary conditions and Lagrange's various parameters method, the second-order displacement field is obtained, and its dependence on the solid-liquid interface is investigated. The different effects of boundary on the tangential displacement and normal displacement are demonstrated. Numerical simulation shows that the complete solution varies slightly at the incident angle, and the tangential displacement and the normal displacement change sharply at a mutation angle θω due to the boundary effect.

Self-Organized Fractal Structures on Plasma-Exposed Silver Surface.

Planar fractal microstructure is observed on the silver film treated by positive corona discharge for the first time. Due to the abundant positive ions driven by the electrical field of positive polarity, surface modification is mainly induced by the plasma oxidation effect, resulting in a large scale of dendritic pattern with self-similarity and hierarchy. In contrast, negative ions dominate the plasma-film interaction under negative corona discharge condition, leading to a different surface morphology without fractal characteristics. A growth model based on the modified diffusion-limited aggregation (DLA) theory is proposed to describe the formation of the dendritic fractal structure, whilst the physics behind is attributed to the electric field directed diffusion of the positive ions around the surface roughness. Numerical simulation verifies the high density of the hot spot in the dendritic pattern, which may enable potential applications in fractal photonic metamaterials.

Thermodynamic of collapsing cavitation bubble investigated by pseudopotential and thermal MRT-LBM.

The thermodynamic of cavitation bubble collapsing is a complex fundamental issue for cavitation application and prevention. The pseudopotential and thermal multi-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann method (MRT-LBM) is adopted to investigate the thermodynamic of collapsing cavitation bubble in this paper. The simulation results satisfy the maximum temperature equation of the bubble collapse, which derived from the Rayleigh-Plesset (R-P) equation. The validity of thermal MRT-LBM in simulating the collapse process of cavitation bubble is verified. It shows that the temperature evolution of vapor-liquid phase is well captured. Furthermore, the two-dimensional (2D) temperature, velocity and pressure field of the bubble near a solid wall are analyzed. The maximum temperature inside the bubble and wall temperature under different position offset parameters are discussed in details.

A novel weighting method for multi-linear MPC control of Hammerstein systems based on included angle.

A novel included angle based weighting method is proposed for multi-linear model predictive control (MPC) of Hammerstein systems. It makes full use of the special structure of the Hammerstein models, and thus it is intuitive and simple. Moreover, there is only one tuning parameter and the weights can be calculated offline and stored in a look-up table. Therefore, online computational load is largely reduced. Most important of all, it schedules local controllers properly and effectively. A Lab-tank system which can be modeled into a Hammerstein model is investigated. Comparisons are made among the nonlinearity inversion control method, the proposed weighting method and traditional weighting methods, e.g., Trapezoidal and Gaussian weighting methods. Simulations confirm that the proposed weighting method is superior to traditional methods.

A Compact and Low Power RO PUF with High Resilience to the EM Side-Channel Attack and the SVM Modelling Attack of Wireless Sensor Networks.

Authentication is a crucial security service for the wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in versatile domains. The deployment of WSN devices in the untrusted open environment and the resource-constrained nature make the on-chip authentication an open challenge. The strong physical unclonable function (PUF) came in handy as light-weight authentication security primitive. In this paper, we present the first ring oscillator (RO) based strong physical unclonable function (PUF) with high resilience to both the electromagnetic (EM) side-channel attack and the support vector machine (SVM) modelling attack. By employing an RO based PUF architecture with the current starved inverter as the delay cell, the oscillation power is significantly reduced to minimize the emitted EM signal, leading to greatly enhanced immunity to the EM side-channel analysis attack. In addition, featuring superior reconfigurability due to the conspicuously simplified circuitries, the proposed implementation is capable of withstanding the SVM modelling attack by generating and comparing a large number of RO frequency pairs. The reported experimental results validate the prototype of a 9-stage RO PUF fabricated using standard 65 nm complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) process. Operating at the supply voltage of 1.2 V and the frequency of 100 KHz, the fabricated RO PUF occupies a compact silicon area of 250 µ m 2 and consumes a power as low as 5.16 µ W per challenge-response pair (CRP). Furthermore, the uniqueness and the worst-case reliability are measured to be 50.17% and 98.30% for the working temperature range of -40∼120 ∘ C and the supply voltage variation of ±2%, respectively. Thus, the proposed PUF is applicable for the low power, low cost and secure WSN communications.

Design of wedge structure with non-dispersive wedge wave propagation.

This paper focuses on designing a structure using a laser ultrasound technique, wherein wedge waves can propagate without dispersion. First, the impact of curvature radius and truncations on the wedge waves are investigated using finite element method, and the dispersion curves are obtained using a two-dimensional Fourier transformation method. Subsequently, the propagation of non-dispersive wedge waves is realized via a special wedge shape, which was designed with a unique relationship between the curvature radius and truncation, and its correctness is validated using numerical simulation. Finally, experiments are performed to detect the wedge waves, wherein a pulsed laser is coupled with optical fiber excitation, and the waves are detected using an optical vibrometer.

Drying-mediated optical assembly of silica spheres in a symmetrical metallic waveguide structure.

We describe the optical trapping application of a simple metallic slab optical waveguide structure, and demonstrate the influence of the excited guided modes on the aggregation behavior of silica particles during the irreversible evaporation process. Periodic horizontal stripes are formed by the highly ordered assemblies of the silica spheres, which is explained via the interference effect between the forward propagating modes and its reflection at the solvent surface. Particularly, several layers consisting of high-density particles are discernible in the stripe zones due to the optical binding, while no particles locate between these stripes. Completely different from the self-assembly patterns in the evaporating solvent without excitation of optical modes, this Letter demonstrates the versatility in the possible patterns of the optical assembly by a coupling waveguide with more complex structures.

Propagation characteristics of interface waves between a porous medium and a sediment-containing two-phase fluid.

Based on the modified Biot theory of Johnson, the propagation characteristics of the various interface waves at an interface between a semi-infinite fluid and a porous medium were studied. First, based on the characteristic equations of open-pore and sealed-pore, which were derived from the wave equations, time-domain waveforms at the interface were obtained by inverse Fourier transform. The effects of the longitudinal frame modulus on the interface waves were investigated. For open-pore and sealed-pore, the effect of porosity on the propagation of the interface waves was studied; the porosity was found to strongly influence the true surface wave. Based on four ultrasonic suspension models-Utrick, Utrick-Ament (UA), Harker-Temple (HT) and McClement, the pseudo-Stoneley wave propagation characteristics were analyzed at the interface between the sediment-containing two-phase fluid and the porous medium solid. The effects of volume fraction and particle diameter on the phase velocity, attenuation coefficient and dispersion for the pseudo-Stoneley and true surface wave were discussed, and the results demonstrated that the properties of the fluid strongly impacted the pseudo-Stoneley wave but exerted very little effect on the true surface wave. The conclusions drawn in this paper could contribute to elucidate the parameters of sediment and porous media.

Quantitative measurement of acoustic pressure in the focal zone of acoustic lens-line focusing using the Schlieren method.

This paper proposes a theory and method for quantitative measurement of the acoustic lens-line focusing ultrasonic (ALLFU) field in its focal spot size and acoustic pressure using the Schlieren imaging technique. Using Fourier transformation, the relationship between the brightness of the Schlieren image and the acoustic pressure was introduced. The ALLFU field was simulated using finite element method and compared with the Schlieren acoustic field image. The measurement of the focal spot size was performed using the Schlieren method. The acoustic pressure in the focal zone of the ALLFU field and the transducer-transmitting voltage response were quantitatively determined by measuring the diffraction light fringe intensity. The results show that the brightness of the Schlieren image is a linear function of the acoustic intensity when the acousto-optic interaction length remains constant and the acoustic field is weak.

Optical-assembly periodic structure of ferrofluids in a liquid core/metal cladding optical waveguide.

We present a novel and simple mechanism for the fabrication of periodic microstructure based on a ferrofluids core/metal cladding optical waveguide chip. The ultrahigh-order modes excited in the millimeter scale guiding layer lead to the ordered particle aggregates in ferrofluids without applying a magnetic field. Since the absorption of photons by the extremely dilute ferrofluids is extremely small and the Soret effect is not noticeable, a tentative explanation in terms of the optical trapping effect is proposed. Furthermore, this scheme exhibits all-optically tunable reflectivity and lateral Goos-Hänchen shift, which potentially may be for practical use in novel optical devices.