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INTRODUCTION: Oral health is an integral part of general health and well being. Poor oral health can affect a person physiologically and psychologically irrespective of age group. AIM: To assess the oral health status and treatment needs of urban and rural population of Gurgaon Block, Gurgaon District, Haryana, India. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 810 urban and rural subjects belonging to index age groups of 5, 12, 15, 35-44 and 65-74 years as recommended by WHO, in the city of Gurgaon, Haryana. The World Health Organization Oral Health Assessment Form (1997) was used for data collection in which clinical examination, soft and hard tissue findings as well as dentofacial anomalies were recorded. The subjects were selected by multistage random sampling and examined throughout the area by a house to house survey. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The data was collected and subjected to analysis through SPSS 21. Chi-square was used for compilation of results. RESULTS: Of the total population 44.9% had dental caries with a mean DMFT of 1.61. Prevalence of periodontal diseases was 65%; 46% of the population suffered from malocclusions of which 21.19 % had the severe type. Dental fluorosis was found to be highly prevalent (46%) out of which 11.23% had moderate and 9.6% had severe type of fluorosis. Treatment was found to be required among 83% of population. CONCLUSION: The dental health care needs are very high both in rural and urban areas in spite of basic facilities available in urban areas. Hence professional and administrative attention is required both in urban and rural areas. Gurgaon Block can be used as a model district to find the effectiveness of programs in bringing down the oral diseases and maintenance of the oral health of the people on a long term basis.
RESUMO
The greatest disease-producing product known to man is tobacco. It is a cause of many oral diseases and adverse oral conditions. In India, tobacco is available in smokeless and smoking form. Tobacco contains nicotine which metabolises to form a toxic alkaloid i.e. cotinine. It stimulates autonomic ganglia and central nervous system. Cotinine is the best indicator of tobacco smoke exposure. Various methods are used to measure cotinine level in blood, saliva and urine such as high performance liquid chromatography, colorimetric assay, gas chromatography, NicAlert saliva test, etc. Thus such wide range of methods for cotinine detection in tobacco users requires a detailed discussion regarding their utility. This review will help readers to compare various methods for cotinine detection and enable them to make scientifically informative decision.
RESUMO
Sarcomatoid carcinoma is a rare and peculiar biphasic malignant neoplasm that occurs mainly in the upper aerodigestive tract. Sarcomatoid carcinoma is an unusual biphasic tumor composed of both malignant epithelial and malignant mesesnchymal component in association with, and usually dominated by, an abundant dysplastic-appearing spindle cells. This tumor consistently poses a significant diagnostic challenge to pathologists. Despite of several immunohistochemical, electron microscopic and genetic studies, precise histogenesis of sarcomatoid carcinoma is quite controversial. Here we are describing a case of sarcomatoid carcinoma in a 40 yr old male patient with special emphasis on immunohistochemical analysis. Here, we are describing a case of sarcomatoid carcinoma in a 40-year-old male who presented with a small swelling & pain in hard palate along with immunohistochemical analysis.
