Deep facial mycosis due to Trichophyton verrucosum-molecular genetic identification of the dermatophyte in paraffin-embedded tissue-case report and review of the literature.

Deep trichophytosis is relatively uncommon. The infection of the bearded area is also known as sycosis barbae or tinea barbae and can be caused by various fungal species, most often zoophilic fungi. We report on an 80-year-old male patient with severe sycosis barbae who had no animal contact and was treated with systemic antibiosis without improvement. Microbial and mycological investigations using swabs from oozing lesions revealed Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Candida parapsilosis. Histology demonstrated fungal elements in hair follicles. Paraffin-embedded material was subjected to further mycological analysis. For molecular diagnostics DNA was prepared from paraffin sections for real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). For sequencing, DNA was isolated from paraffin-embedded skin tissue and the ITS region of the rDNA was selected. Sequencing of the ITS2 region of rRNA revealed a 100% accordance with Trichophyton (T.) verrucosum. Treatment with oral terbinafine achieved a complete remission. Sycosis barbae is an important differential diagnosis for infections of the bearded area. Nucleic acid amplification techniques (NAAT) are more and more used for direct examination of dermatophytes in clinical samples, eg T. verrucosum. NAAT are also used as culture confirmation tests for identification of rare dermatophytes like T. verrucosum. Today, singleplex and multiplex quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assays for the detection of the most common dermatophytes including T. verrucosum in clinical specimens are available. Recently, an ITS2 PCR assay has been successfully used for direct detection of T. verrucosum in paraffin-embedded formalin-fixed skin tissue. The PCR is fast and highly specific. The sensitivity of direct molecular detection of the dermatophytes both in native clinical material, and in paraffin-embedded skin tissue can been increased.

Painful ANA-positive scleroderma-like disease with acral ulcerations: a case of chronic gangrenous ergotism.

Chronic ergotism is a rare cause of limb ischemia. In this case report, the authors present a 62-year-old woman with history of long-term use of ergotamine alkaloids for the treatment of menstrual pain, who developed a severe painful disease initially misdiagnosed as systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) for 3 decades. She presented with a combination of acral gangrene, foot ulcer, renal obstruction, mild pulmonary fibrosis, and reduced esophageal motility. Right-sided renal obstruction was evident. The condition was extremely painful and had led to muscular contractions and immobility, drug abuse, and anemia. After establishing the diagnosis of chronic gangrenous ergotism, changing drug therapy, mobilization, and treatment of chronic wounds, she showed a remarkable recovery. Eventually the foot ulcer was closed successfully using a mesh graft transplantation, and the patient was able to walk alone. Chronic ergotism is rare but has to be taken into account when presented with painful chronic digital and foot ulcers.

Leg ulcers are a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge.

Leg ulcers are common. They cause a substantial burden to the patient and society. However, there is no need for therapeutic nihilism. The target of leg ulcer therapy is the individual patient. To be treated in a rational and successful way, exact diagnosis of the underlying cause(s) and associated diseases is necessary. This can be done in the most effective way with an interdisciplinary approach. The collection of cases demonstrates the need for careful clinical investigation substantiated and supported by vascular, histopathologic, and microbiologic techniques whenever needed. It is difficult to heal every ulcer completely, but improvement of the medical situation as well as the quality of life of the patient is possible in most cases.