The current status of neglected tropical diseases in Japan: A scoping review.

Little attention has been paid to neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) in high-income countries and no literature provides an overview of NTDs in Japan. This scoping review aims to synthesize the latest evidence and information to understand epidemiology of and public health response to NTDs in Japan. Using three academic databases, we retrieved articles that mentioned NTDs in Japan, written in English or Japanese, and published between 2010 and 2020. Websites of key public health institutions and medical societies were also explored. From these sources of information, we extracted data that were relevant to answering our research questions. Our findings revealed the transmission of alveolar echinococcosis, Buruli ulcer, Chagas disease, dengue, foodborne trematodiases, mycetoma, scabies, and soil-transmitted helminthiasis as well as occurrence of snakebites within Japan. Other NTDs, such as chikungunya, cystic echinococcosis, cysticercosis, leishmaniasis, leprosy, lymphatic filariasis, rabies, and schistosomiasis, have been imported into the country. Government agencies tend to organize surveillance and control programs only for the NTDs targeted by the Infectious Disease Control Law, namely, echinococcosis, rabies, dengue, and chikungunya. At least one laboratory offers diagnostic testing for each NTD except for dracunculiasis, human African trypanosomiasis, onchocerciasis, and yaws. No medicine is approved for treatment of Chagas disease and fascioliasis and only off-label use drugs are available for cysticercosis, opisthorchiasis, human African trypanosomiasis, onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis, and yaws. Based on these findings, we developed disease-specific recommendations. In addition, three policy issues are discussed, such as lack of legal frameworks to organize responses to some NTDs, overreliance on researchers to procure some NTD products, and unaffordability of unapproved NTD medicines. Japan should recognize the presence of NTDs within the country and need to address them as a national effort. The implications of our findings extend beyond Japan, emphasizing the need to study, recognize, and address NTDs even in high-income countries.

Strategies to integrate oral health into primary care: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: Integration of oral health into primary care has been proposed as a primary healthcare approach for efficient and sustainable delivery of oral health services, and the effective management of oral diseases. This paper aimed to synthesise evidence on the effectiveness of strategies to integrate oral health into primary care. DESIGN: Systematic review. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, Scopus, ProQuest, Cochrane and Google Scholar were searched without date limits until the third week of June 2022. Reference lists of eligible studies were also searched. Experts in the field and existing professional networks were consulted. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Only studies that evaluated integration strategies were included in the review. Eligibility was restricted to English language studies published in academic peer-reviewed journals. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Two reviewers independently extracted data and performed the risk of bias assessments. A narrative synthesis approach was used to report review findings. Heterogeneity among included studies precluded a meta-analysis. RESULTS: The search identified 8731 unique articles, of which 49 were included in the review. Majority of the studies explored provision of oral healthcare by primary care professionals in primary care settings, where integration was primarily via training/education and/or policy changes. Most studies reported results favouring the integration strategy, such as improvements in referral pathways, documentation processes, operating efficiencies, number of available health staff, number of visits to non-dental primary care professionals for oral health issues, proportion of children receiving fluoride varnish applications/other preventive treatment, proportion of visits to an oral health professional and dental caries estimates. CONCLUSION: The findings from this review demonstrate that the majority of identified strategies were associated with improved outcomes and can be used to inform decision-making on strategy selection. However, more research and evaluation are required to identify best practice models of service integration. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42020203111.

Effectiveness of oral health promotion interventions for people with type 2 diabetes delivered by non-dental health care professionals: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Oral health problems among people with diabetes mellitus are an emerging public health problem. Despite the rising concerns of oral health and diabetes mellitus comorbidity, there is a lack of dental health care professionals such as dentists, to address this problem, especially at the primary care level in low- and middle-income countries. OBJECTIVE: This review systematically synthesizes the current evidence in terms of the involvement of non-dental health care professionals in promoting oral health among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus and assessed the effectiveness of such programs. METHODS: Six electronic databases (CINAHL, Cochrane, Embase, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Scopus) and Google Scholar were systematically searched. The inclusion criteria were: 1) had an intervention promoting oral health; 2) targeted but not limited to people with type 2 diabetes mellitus; 3) intervention led but not limited to by non-dental health care professionals; 4) published in English language between January 2000 and July 2021. This review was registered in PROSPERO (#CRD42021248213). RESULTS: A total of five studies from four countries (Finland, Thailand, Iran, and the Netherlands) met the inclusion criteria. The interventions included oral health education, a dental care reminder system, and the implementation of oral health care protocols in general practices, all of which were mainly implemented by nurses. All interventions improved clinical outcomes, including decreased probing depth, attachment loss, and plaque index scores, and non-clinical outcomes such as enhanced knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. Three studies also reported an improvement in diabetes mellitus outcomes. CONCLUSION: This review suggests that non-dental health care professionals play a promising role in promoting oral health among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Our findings support the potential for integrating oral health promotion programs in primary health care, as such programs could bring better oral health and diabetes mellitus outcomes.

Dentists' situation and their needs during the COVID-19 pandemic in Nepal: an online questionnaire survey.

BACKGROUND: During the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, ordinary dental services were sustained in Nepal. Because a dental practice is considered to involve a high risk of infection, the needs of dentists should be identified, and demand-driven support should be provided. The purpose of this study was to investigate the situation and needs of dentists during the COVID-19 pandemic in order to guide demand-driven support. First, we investigated how the situation of Nepali dentists differed according to their types of practices between private clinics and university/government hospitals. Second, we assessed the characteristics of dentists demanding four types of support: financial, material, technical, and guidelines/guidance support. METHODS: A cross-sectional online questionnaire survey was conducted between July 28th and August 7th 2020. Closed-ended questions were prepared regarding behavior, material availability, economic and psychological impacts, training, and the main support dentists wanted to receive. The situation of dentists between private clinics and university/government hospitals was determined using a chi-squared test for each variable. To examine the association between the characteristics of dentists and four types of support, multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) for each variable. RESULTS: There were 352 dentists (137 males and 215 females) included in the analysis. Private clinic dentists experienced a bigger economic impact and demanded financial support that 45.5% of them did not receive a salary, compared to 18.9% in university/government hospitals. On the contrary, university/government hospitals experienced lack of PPE and demanded material support that 79.8% had personal protective equipment, compared to 92.5% in private clinics. Financial support was demanded significantly more by male than female dentists (ORs = 5.56; 95% CI = 2.96-10.45). Material support was demanded significantly more by dentists who received training regarding COVID-19 management (ORs = 1.96; 95% CI = 1.01-3.81). Technical support was demanded significantly less by male dentists (ORs = 0.44; 95% CI = 0.23-0.83). Guideline/guidance support was demanded significantly more by dentists who answered that Nepal Dental Association provided appropriate support (ORs = 2.21; 95% CI = 1.25-3.91). CONCLUSION: This study articulated the diverse needs of Nepali dentists during the COVID-19 pandemic. Demand-driven support should be provided in the future.

Adherence to UNRWA's anaemia treatment guidelines in the Jerash Camp Health Centre, Jordan: a retrospective observational study.

OBJECTIVE: The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) provides primary healthcare to 2.2 million Palestinian refugees in Jordan. This study aimed to measure patient and doctor adherence to the UNRWA guidelines for the prevention and treatment of iron deficiency anaemia in moderate to severe anaemia children, defined as haemoglobin (Hb) level <10.0 g/L. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: A retrospective observational study was conducted by analysing the electronic health records of 717 children (353 boys and 364 girls) children aged 12 months old in 2018 in the Jerash Camp Health Centre, Jordan. OUTCOME: Patient adherence to the UNRWA guidelines was calculated by the proportion of health centre visits and doctor adherence by the proportions of Hb tests and iron supplementation among moderate to severe anaemia children at screening, first, second and third follow-up visits, respectively using STATA. RESULTS: The prevalence of moderate to severe anaemia was 15.6% among 12-month-old children. After 1 month of iron supplementation, 83.7% of anaemic children improved their Hb status: mean±SD from 9.1±0.6 g/L to 10.1±1.0 g/L. Patient and doctor adherence to the UNRWA guidelines was above 80% at the screening visit but progressively decreased at follow-up visits, especially patient adherence at the third follow-up visit of 34.4%. The analysis revealed unnecessary health centre visits and iron supplementation being given to mildly anaemic children (Hb level=10.0 g/L-10.9 g/L). Additionally, children visited the health centre at an age significantly later compared with that recommended by the UNRWA guidelines for the screening, first and second follow-up visits (p-value<0.05). CONCLUSION: Adherence to the UNRWA guidelines was above 80% at screening but much lower at follow-up visits. Urgent action is needed to improve adherence at follow-up visits and to minimise any unnecessary health centre visits and iron supplementation to mildly anaemic children.

Analyzing the Implementation of Policies and Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Type 2 Diabetes at Primary Health Care Level in Nepal.

BACKGROUND: Nepal, in recent years, is witnessing an increasing problem of type 2 diabetes that has resulted significant premature deaths and disability. Prevention and management of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) including diabetes have been prioritized in the national policies and guidelines of the Nepal Government. However, research looking at the overview of the implementation of the existing policies and guidelines for diabetes prevention and control is scarce. Hence, this study reviewed diabetes related existing policies and its implementation process at the primary health care level in Nepal. METHODS: This study involved two phases: Phase I: situation analyses through review of documents and Phase II: qualitative exploratory study. In phase I, four databases (Medline, Web of Science, Embase and PubMed) were systematically searched using key search terms related to diabetes care and policies between January 2000 and June 2021. Also, relevant gray literature was reviewed to understand the trajectory of policy development and its translation with regards to diabetes prevention and management at primary health care level in Nepal. Following the phase I, we conducted in-depth interviews (IDI) and key informant interviews (KII) with health care providers, policy makers, and managers (IDI = 13, and KII = 7) at peripheral and central levels in Kavrepalanchowk and Nuwakot districts of Nepal. The in-depth interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, and coded. The triangulation of data from document review and interviews was done and presented in themes. RESULTS: Four key themes were identified through triangulating findings from the document review and interviews including (i) limited implementation of policies into practices; (ii) lack of coordination among the different levels of service providers; (iii) lack of trained human resources for health and inadequate quality services at the primary health care level, and (iv) inadequate access and utilization of diabetes care services at primary health care level. Specifically, this study identified some key pertinent challenges to the implementation of policies and programs including inadequate resources, limited engagement of stakeholders in service design and delivery, lack of trained health care providers, lack of financial resources to strengthen peripheral health services, fragmented health governance, and weak reporting and monitoring systems. CONCLUSION: This study revealed that the policies, plans, and strategies for prevention and management of NCDs in Nepal recognized the importance of diabetes prevention and control. However, a major gap remains with adequate and lack of clarity in terms of implementation of available policies, plans, strategies, and programs to address the problem of diabetes. We suggest the need for multisectoral approach (engaging both health and non-health sectors) at central as well as peripheral levels to strengthen the policies implementation process, building capacity of health care providers, ensuring adequate financial and non-financial resources, and improving quality of services at primary health care levels.

Gender-dependent associations between occupational status and untreated caries in Japanese adults.

The aim of this study was to examine whether the presence of untreated caries is different across occupational status among Japanese adults. This was a cross-sectional survey of 1,342 individuals (990 males and 352 females) aged 40-64 yr who underwent medical and dental checkups at a healthcare center in 2011. Oral examination was performed by a dentist and the presence of untreated caries was defined as having at least one untreated decayed tooth. Data regarding current occupational status were obtained using a self-administered questionnaire; the participants were classified into five groups: professionals and managers, clerical and related workers, service and salespersons, agricultural, forestry, and fishery workers, and homemakers and unemployed. Gender-specific odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of occupational status for the presence of untreated caries were estimated using logistic regression. After adjusting for potential confounders, female professionals and managers (OR=3.51, 95% CI=1.04-11.87) and service and salespersons (OR=5.29, 95% CI=1.39-20.11) had greater risks of the presence of untreated caries than female homemakers and unemployed. However, this tendency was not observed among males. In conclusion, there was a significant difference in risk of the presence of untreated caries by occupational status among females.

Design and evaluation of novel natriuretic peptide derivatives with improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties.

C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) and its receptor, natriuretic peptide receptor B (NPR-B), are potent positive regulators of endochondral bone growth, making the CNP pathway one of the most promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of growth failure. However, the administration of exogenous CNP is not fully effective, due to its rapid clearance in vivo. Modification of CNP to potentially druggable derivatives may result in increased resistance to proteolytic degradation, longer plasma half-life (T1/2), and better distribution to target tissues. In the present study, we designed and evaluated CNP/ghrelin chimeric peptides as novel CNP derivatives. We have previously reported that the ghrelin C-terminus increases peptide metabolic stability. Therefore, we combined the 17-membered, internal disulfide ring portion of CNP with the C-terminal portion of ghrelin. The resultant peptide displayed improved biokinetics compared to CNP, with increased metabolic stability and longer plasma T1/2. Repeated subcutaneous administration of the chimeric peptide to mice resulted in a significant acceleration in longitudinal growth, whereas CNP(1-22) did not. These results suggest that the ghrelin C-terminus improves the stability of CNP, and the chimeric peptide may be useful as a novel therapeutic agent for growth failure and short stature.

High prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents with Williams-Beuren syndrome.

BACKGROUND: A high incidence of cardiovascular (CV) risk factors has been reported in adults with Williams-Beuren syndrome (WS). However, the prevalence of these factors in children and adolescents with WS is unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of CV risk factors in these patients. METHODS: Thirty-two WS patients aged <18 years were enrolled in the study. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein levels (n = 32), oral glucose tolerance test results (n = 20), plasma renin and aldosterone levels (n = 31), 24-h ambulatory blood pressure (ABP; n = 24), carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT; n = 15), and brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (FMD; n = 15) were measured and analyzed. RESULTS: The lipid profile revealed hypercholesterolemia in 22% and elevated oxidized low-density lipoprotein levels in 94% of the patients. Glucose metabolism abnormalities were found in 70% of the patients. Insulin resistance was observed in 40% of the patients. High plasma renin and aldosterone levels were detected in 45 and 39% of the patients, respectively. A mean systolic blood pressure above the 90th percentile was noted in 29% of patients. High IMT (>0.65 mm) and low FMD (<9%) were detected in 80 and 73% of patients, respectively. CONCLUSION: In patients with WS, CV risk factors are frequently present from childhood. In children with WS, screening tests for the early detection of CV risk factors and long-term follow-up are required to determine whether long-term exposure to these factors increases the risk for CV events in adulthood.