Moving the boundary between wavelength resources in optical packet and circuit integrated ring network.

Optical packet and circuit integrated (OPCI) networks provide both optical packet switching (OPS) and optical circuit switching (OCS) links on the same physical infrastructure using a wavelength multiplexing technique in order to deal with best-effort services and quality-guaranteed services. To immediately respond to changes in user demand for OPS and OCS links, OPCI networks should dynamically adjust the amount of wavelength resources for each link. We propose a resource-adjustable hybrid optical packet/circuit switch and transponder. We also verify that distributed control of resource adjustments can be applied to the OPCI ring network testbed we developed. In cooperation with the resource adjustment mechanism and the hybrid switch and transponder, we demonstrate that automatically allocating a shared resource and moving the wavelength resource boundary between OPS and OCS links can be successfully executed, depending on the number of optical paths in use.

A multi-ring optical packet and circuit integrated network with optical buffering.

We newly developed a 3 × 3 integrated optical packet and circuit switch-node. Optical buffers and burst-mode erbium-doped fiber amplifiers with the gain flatness are installed in the 3 × 3 switch-node. The optical buffer can prevent packet collisions and decrease packet loss. We constructed a multi-ring optical packet and circuit integrated network testbed connecting two single-ring networks and a client network by the 3 × 3 switch-node. For the first time, we demonstrated 244 km fiber transmission and 5-node hopping of multiplexed 14-wavelength 10 Gbps optical paths and 100 Gbps optical packets encapsulating 10 Gigabit Ethernet frames on the testbed. Error-free (frame error rate < 1 × 10(-4)) operation was achieved with optical packets of various packet lengths. In addition, successful avoidance of packet collisions by optical buffers was confirmed.

Development of optical packet and circuit integrated ring network testbed.

We developed novel integrated optical packet and circuit switch-node equipment. Compared with our previous equipment, a polarization-independent 4 × 4 semiconductor optical amplifier switch subsystem, gain-controlled optical amplifiers, and one 100 Gbps optical packet transponder and seven 10 Gbps optical path transponders with 10 Gigabit Ethernet (10GbE) client-interfaces were newly installed in the present system. The switch and amplifiers can provide more stable operation without equipment adjustments for the frequent polarization-rotations and dynamic packet-rate changes of optical packets. We constructed an optical packet and circuit integrated ring network testbed consisting of two switch nodes for accelerating network development, and we demonstrated 66 km fiber transmission and switching operation of multiplexed 14-wavelength 10 Gbps optical paths and 100 Gbps optical packets encapsulating 10GbE frames. Error-free (frame error rate < 1×10(-4)) operation was achieved with optical packets of various packet lengths and packet rates, and stable operation of the network testbed was confirmed. In addition, 4K uncompressed video streaming over OPS links was successfully demonstrated.

[A preliminary study on outpatient relapse prevention program for methamphetamine dependent patients: Serigaya Methamphetamine Relapse Prevention Program (SMARPP)].

Although methamphetamine use disorder has been prevalent in Japan for more than fifty years, there have been hardly any effective medical treatment modalities other than improving methamphetamine-induced psychosis through hospitalization and/or participation in self help groups and private rehabilitation centers. As such limited social resources for recovering methamphetamine dependents are insufficient to prevent patients from relapse, there are growing needs for developing effective outpatient treatment program based on a chronic care perspective. We have developed a relapse prevention program for Japanese methamphetamine abusers, modifying "Matrix" model and incorporating other treatment materials. Then a preliminary study on implementing the program was conducted in an outpatient setting at Kanagawa Psychiatric Center, Serigaya Hospital. Of sixty eight methamphetamine dependent patients who visited the hospital for the first time between September 2006 and February 2007, four agreed to participate in the study. The program was manual- and workbook-based, and we suggested participants to attend to the session three-times per week for two months. Also participants were asked randomly to turn in urine samples once a week. The participants consisted of a female and three males, with an average age of thirty. The length of abstinent period since the last use varied substantially, from five days to more than four years. Three had the experience of serving in prison for violating the Stimulant Drugs Control Law. The results of the present study were that all four completed the program, and presented with negative urine samples throughout the period. However, in terms of treatment retention, two out of the four dropped out of the outpatient treatment within a month after the program termination. These outcomes suggest that a relapse prevention program may successfully be provided for Japanese methamphetamine abusers in an outpatient setting, with a favorable, treatment retaining effect during the program period.

Is "relationship fear" unique to Japan? Symptom factors and patient clusters of social anxiety disorder among the Japanese clinical population.

BACKGROUND: There have been only a limited number of cross-cultural studies of social anxiety disorder (SAD), especially as diagnosed with modern operationalized diagnostic criteria and as measured with recently developed assessment instruments. We examined the symptomatological structure and clinical subtypes of patients with DSM-IV SAD among the Japanese clinical population. METHODS: We performed confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses of the joint Social Interaction Anxiety Scale and Social Phobia Scale from 149 psychiatric patients diagnosed with SAD. Based on the derived symptom factors, we further ran cluster analysis to identify patient subgroups. RESULTS: Factor analyses revealed three factors which were named "scrutiny fears", "conversation fears" and "relationship fears". The first two appeared common to Western clinical populations but the third appeared unique to the Japanese. Cluster analysis based on these three factor scores yielded three subgroups, which were externally validated and which overall corresponded with mild, moderate and pervasive subtypes of social phobia. LIMITATIONS: Both factor analysis and cluster analysis employed in the present study are exploratory in nature. Further empirical examination in different settings and cultures is necessary to provide definitive answers. CONCLUSIONS: It is suggested that we may need three symptom subscales and three subtypes in order to better account for cultural variations in the presentation of SAD.

Reliability, validity and standardization of the Japanese version of the Social Adjustment Scale-Self Report.

The purpose of the present paper was to examine the reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Social Adjustment Scale-Self Report (SAS-SR) and to present its normative data. The SAS-SR was administered to a random sample of all the employees of a large general hospital, together with the General Health Questionnaire (n = 363). It was also administered to a representative subset of first-visit patients at 33 psychiatric hospitals and clinics from all over Japan, along with the semistructured psychiatric interview to ascertain the patients' diagnoses (n = 1581). For the internal consistency reliability of the subscales and the overall scale of the SAS-SR, Cronbach's alpha was between 0.61 and 0.73. The Pearson product-moment correlations between the subscale and overall scale scores with the GHQ score were mostly >0.3. The scores were statistically significantly and substantively different between the normal sample and the patient samples, and were also meaningful, differentiating between various diagnostic subgroups. The reference ranges of the SAS-SR scores for mentally healthy subjects were calculated as 95% prediction intervals; for example, 1.22-2.22 for the overall score. The Japanese version of the SAS-SR has good reliability and satisfactory validity. The present study provided reference ranges for its scores in order to increase their interpretability. With its ease of administration and its rich subscales, the scale promises to offer a psychometrically sound measure with which to assess social adjustment in people with various psychiatric disorders.