Efficacy of nanoparticles as nanofertilizer production: a review.

Owing to the ever-increasing demand for food, the growing global population has forced farmers to increase fertilizer use. The overall use of fertilizers increased by 13 times between 1950 and 2020, from 15 to 194 million tons. Due to the resource shortages of chemical fertilizers on the market, agricultural costs are rising drastically every day because they cause an adverse impact on the environment by releasing chemical particulates and run-off agriculture. Biofertilizers have thus become a safer supplement to increase crop production without doing any harm to the environment, as they are produced industrially from a selected community of microorganisms that either develop a mutually beneficial relationship with plants or are part of their rhizosphere. They still have some drawbacks, which led to the development of a new avenue for the application of nanotechnology-mediated nanofertilizers. Nanotechnology recommends significant prospects for tailoring nanofertilizer production. They are typically coated with desired chemical composition having controlled release and targeted delivery of effective nanoscale ingredients, ability to improve plant productivity and to minimize environmental pollutants. The present review focuses primarily on the usefulness of nanofertilizers, as well as its environmental and safety concerns. The research would also include useful knowledge related to the introduction of different forms of nanoparticles within the agricultural field, contributing to the opening of a new route to nanorevolution.

Phyllanthus virgatus forst extract and it's partially purified fraction ameliorates oxidative stress and retino-nephropathic architecture in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy are questionably the most dreaded complications of diabetes; contribute to serious morbidity and mortality. The current study was undertaken with the aim of exploring the anti-lipoperoxidative and antioxidant status including nephroprotective and retinoprotective potential of Phyllanthus virgatus methanolic extract and its partially purified fraction in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic stressed rats. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of Streptozotocin (60mg/kg B. Wt of rat). Among all the treatment groups, P. virgatus methanolic extract and its partially purified fraction at a dose of 50mg/kg (PET-1) and 0.5mg/kg (CT-1), respectively, showed significant protection against STZ-induced diabetic oxidative stress in rats with marked amelioration in lipid peroxidation byproducts level, antioxidant enzymes, nephroprotective and retinoprotective effects and plasma total antioxidant levels after treatment of 28 days. The combined results demonstrated significant protection against STZ-induced oxidative stress, nephropathy and retinopathy condition by P. virgatus methanolic extract and its bioactive compound.

Alleviation of hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia by Phyllanthus virgatus forst extract and its partially purified fraction in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats.

Since, we previously demonstrated that sequentially extracted methanolic fraction showed marked antioxidant and antidiabetic property in vitro, the present study was design to evaluate the beneficial effects of Phyllanthus virgatus methanolic extract and its partially purified fraction on hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. The plant extract was subjected to repeated thin layer chromatographic fractionation followed by GC-MS analysis of active fraction. TLC data illustrated the presence of six prominent bands and the prelimnary screening of these bands against α-amylase inhibitory activity showed that the band with Rf value 0.514 has marked inhibitory property (IC50, 48 µg/ml). The diabetic rats were treated for four weeks with methanolic extract of P. virgatus (50 and 10 mg/rat/day), partially isolated active fraction (0.5 and 0.1 mg/rat/day) and glibenclamide (0.1 mg/rat/day). The level of fasting blood glucose (FBG), hemoglobin, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and insulin were significantly alleviated in plant extract and partially purified fraction treated group after 28 days of administration. Moreover, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-C) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were also markedly ameliorated in the entire treatment group, with a maximum restoration observed in group treated with partially purified fraction (0.5 mg/rat/day). The results demonstrate a strong antidiabetic and hypolipidemic impact of plant extract and its partially purified fraction coupled with their potent antioxidative property, which can provide additional benefits in the inhibition of oxidative stress and hence in the prevention and treatment of diabetes as well as diabetes linked hyperlipidemia.

Antioxidant and α -amylase inhibitory property of phyllanthus virgatus L.: an in vitro and molecular interaction study.

The present study on Phyllanthus virgatus, known traditionally for its remedial potential, for the first time provides descriptions of the antioxidant and inhibition of α -amylase enzyme activity first by in vitro analyses, followed by a confirmatory in silico study to create a stronger biochemical rationale. Our results illustrated that P. virgatus methanol extract exhibited strong antioxidant and oxidative DNA damage protective activity than other extracts, which was well correlated with its total phenolic content. In addition, P. virgatus methanol extract strongly inhibited the α -amylase activity (IC50 33.20 ± 0.556 µ g/mL), in a noncompetitive manner, than acarbose (IC50 76.88 ± 0.277 µ g/mL), which showed competitive inhibition. Moreover, this extract stimulated the glucose uptake activity in 3T3-L1 cells and also showed a good correlation between antioxidant and α -amylase activities. The molecular docking studies of the major bioactive compounds (9,12-octadecadienoic acid, asarone, 11-octadecenoic acid, and acrylic acid) revealed via GC-MS analysis from this extract mechanistically suggested that the inhibitory property may be due to the synergistic effect of these bioactive compounds. These results provide substantial basis for the future use of P. virgatus methanol extract and its bioactive compound in in vivo system for the treatment and management of diabetes as well as in the related condition of oxidative stress.