Executive and hierarchical models for participatory response to health emergencies in the workplace: Lessons from COVID-19.

Introduction: Workplaces are high-risk environments for epidemic transmission, and the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the significant impacts that health emergencies can have on both the healthcare system and the economy. This study presents executive and hierarchical models for participatory response to health emergencies in the workplace, with a focus on COVID-19. Methods: The study was conducted in three phases. Content analysis of interviews with 101 stakeholders and national documents was used to identify key themes and dimensions for an executive model. A focus group discussion and review of international documents were then used to refine and expand the executive and hierarchical models. The alignment and trustworthiness of the final models, as well as feedback, were gathered from 117 informants working in various workplaces. Results: The executive model highlighted that context understanding, management commitment, and participation play critical roles in developing tailored prevention and response plans, and adequate support is necessary for successful plan implementation. Monitoring and review processes should be established to ensure proper functioning. The hierarchical model emphasizes the need for collaborative efforts from various stakeholders to effectively implement pandemic prevention and participatory response plans. Conclusion: Overall, the executive and hierarchical participatory models presented in this study provide a framework for effectively controlling pandemics and other health emergencies in the workplace, enhancing both health resilience and the sustainability of economic activities.

Exploration roles and responsibilities of trade unions in preventing and responding to emergencies against epidemics: The case of COVID-19.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The coronavirus disease 209 (COVID-19) pandemic has been affecting various strata of society including different guilds. Each of these segments has its role to play in controlling epidemics. Accordingly, this study aimed to explore trade unions' roles and responsibilities in the prevention and emergency response to epidemic, including the COVID-19 pandemic. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present qualitative research was conducted using directed content analysis. Participants were selected by a purposeful sampling method. Data were collected through semistructured interviews and field notes and validated through Lincoln and Guba's (1985) evaluative criteria. Data were analyzed by MAXQDA software. RESULTS: Data analysis, constant comparison, and class integration provided a total of seven main themes, which were extracted into four domains of Plan, Implementation, Review, and Action. The main themes were categorized into the dimensions of each domain, so that the Plan domain included three dimensions of union/guild contexts, leadership and staff participation, and planning. The Implementation domain included two dimensions of support and operations. The Assessment domain had a performance evaluation dimension, and the Action domain was made up of an improvement dimension. CONCLUSION: Relying on their organizational and social capacities, trade unions can facilitate the leadership and participation of employees and communities for appropriate policies and making resilient decisions to control epidemics and other roles and responsibilities related to health.

Explaining the role and responsibilities of the National Anti-Coronavirus Headquarters in prevention and emergency response to pandemics in the workplace: a qualitative study on COVID-19 experience in Iran.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have greatly affected the safety of life and the economy. Taking rapid measures to reduce these problems requires effective and efficient decisions by various departments and headquarters in a country. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role and responsibilities of the National Anti-Corona Headquarters (NACH) in the workplace during the pandemic. METHODS: This study was a qualitative study conducted using a triangulation approach. Data were obtained through semi-structured interviews with 18 participants with a purposive sampling technique as well as the review of related documents and records in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The inductive and deductive approach was used for the content analysis of data in the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) model of the ISO45001 management system. RESULTS: Based on the results, four themes (plan, do, check, and act) were considered as the main domains. Subthemes include understanding the needs and expectations of interested parties; specific policy-making for organizations/workplaces; leadership and organizational commitment; addressing risks and opportunities; providing resources; competence of individuals and organizations; awareness; communication; information documentation; emergency response; monitoring, analyze, and evaluate performance; management review; non-compliance and corrective action; and improvement in pandemic control. CONCLUSION: To ensure the effectiveness and efficiency of organizations to deal with pandemics, the NACH must implement these responsibilities and play a pivotal role in responding to pandemics and using the participation of other government agencies and society. The findings of this study can be useful from national to local levels.

Correlation of Work Fatigue and Mental Workload in Train Drivers: A Cross-sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Evidence suggests that train drivers experience a high level of fatigue and mental workload. The present study aimed to assess overall, physical, and mental fatigue levels and their correlations with the mental workload in the metro train operation. Study Design: A cross-sectional study. METHODS: This study was conducted on all 1194 train drivers in the Tehran Metro. The train drivers completed the Samn-Perelli Fatigue Scale and the Fatigue Assessment Scales at the beginning and end of the shift. In addition, they completed the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index in the middle and at the end of the shift. Correlation and regression analyses were performed on the data to test the study hypothesis. RESULTS: Overall, physical, and mental fatigue levels increased significantly at the end of the shift compared to the onset of the shift (P<0.001). The mental workload and related dimensions were significantly increased at the end of the shift compared to the middle of the shift (P<0.001). Mental demand was the most important workload problem among the train drivers. The highest correlation was found between overall workload and time pressure (R=0.68, P<0.001). CONCLUSION: The mental workload had a significant correlation with work fatigue in the train drivers. Control measures should be focused on the mental workload and related dimensions, especially mental demand and time pressure.

Factors affecting unsafe behavior in construction projects: development and validation of a new questionnaire.

Introduction. Occupational safety in general, and construction safety in particular, is a complex phenomenon. This study was designed to develop a new valid measure to evaluate factors affecting unsafe behavior in the construction industry. Methods. A new questionnaire was generated from qualitative research according to the principles of grounded theory. Key measurement properties (face validity, content validity, construct validity, reliability and discriminative validity) were examined using qualitative and quantitative approaches. The receiver operating characteristic curve was used to estimate the discriminating power and the optimal cutoff score. Results. Construct validity revealed an interpretable 12-factor structure which explained 61.87% of variance. Good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.94) and stability (intra-class correlation coefficient = 0.93) were found for the new instrument. The area under the curve, sensitivity and specificity were 0.80, 0.80 and 0.75, respectively. The new instrument also discriminated safety performance among the construction sites with different workers' accident histories (F = 6.40, p < 0.05). Conclusion. The new instrument appears to be a valid, reliable and sensitive instrument that will contribute to investigating the root causes of workers' unsafe behaviors, thus promoting safety performance in the construction industry.

Human-based dynamics of mental workload in complicated systems.

As a dynamic system in which different factors affect human performance via dynamic interactions, mental workload needs a dynamic measure to monitor its factors and evidence in a complicated system, an approach that is lacking in the literature. The present study introduces a system dynamics-based model for designing feedback mechanisms related to the mental workload through literature review and content analysis of the previous studies. A human-based archetype of mental workload was detected from the data collection process. The archetype is presented at various stages, including dynamic theory, behavior over time, leverage points and model verification. The real validation of the dynamic model was confirmed in an urban train simulator. The dynamic model can be used to analyze the long-term behavior of the mental workload. Decision-makers can benefit from the developed archetypes in evaluating the dynamic impact of their decisions on accident prevention in the complicated systems.

A qualitative investigation of factors influencing unsafe work behaviors on construction projects.

BACKGROUND: Unsafe behavior is an important component in the chain of accident occurrences, and thus plays a key role in the accident prevention programs in construction sites. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this qualitative research is to study the perception of frontline workers, supervisors, and managers about the preconditions of and contributing factors to unsafe behaviors in civil engineering projects. METHODS: Field observation, in-depth interview, and focus group discussion are conducted with 113 informants from various mega projects during a 2-year time period. Fishbone diagram is applied to describe a conceptual model. RESULTS: The results point to fourteen themes within four categories of the conceptual model - general management, organizational factors, safety supervision and management, and individual characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: General management and organizational culture were introduced as important preconditions and contributing factors resulting in human error and unsafe behavior in the construction sites. The fishbone diagram reveals the sequence and interaction of preconditions and contributing factors. The key contributing factors and their influences on unsafe behaviors are discussed along with recommendations for future directions.

Occupational cognitive failure and its relationship with unsafe behaviors and accidents.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between occupational cognitive failures (OCFs) and unsafe behaviors, accidents and driving offences among municipal bus drivers in Tehran, Iran. METHODS: Systematic random sampling was used to select 190 drivers from 3 transport and traffic Tehran districts. Data were collected with the occupational cognitive failure questionnaire (OCFQ), the driver behavior questionnaire and a data collection form. RESULTS: The mean (SD) numbers of driving-related offences and road traffic accidents were 1.5 (2.6) and 0.37 (1.0), respectively. The mean (SD) numbers of deliberate driving violations, unintended violations, driving slips and mistakes were 6.97 (5.5), 1.61 (1.5), 13.6 (9.0) and 4.53 (3.28), respectively. The mean (SD) number of the OCFs was 28.9 (20.5). A significant correlation was found between occupational cognitive error and unsafe driving behavior subscales. The stepwise logistic regression results showed that, while controlling the effects of confounding factors, the OCF predicts 6%, 9%, 15% and 9% of deliberate violations, unintended violations, driving slips and driving mistakes, respectively. CONCLUSION: The results of this study show that the score of the OCFQ is a predictor of unsafe driving behaviors and its subscales.

Factors influencing unsafe behaviors and accidents on construction sites: a review.

OBJECTIVE: Construction is a hazardous occupation due to the unique nature of activities involved and the repetitiveness of several field behaviors. The aim of this methodological and theoretical review is to explore the empirical factors influencing unsafe behaviors and accidents on construction sites. METHODS: In this work, results and findings from 56 related previous studies were investigated. These studies were categorized based on their design, type, methods of data collection, analytical methods, variables, and key findings. A qualitative content analysis procedure was used to extract variables, themes, and factors. In addition, all studies were reviewed to determine the quality rating and to evaluate the strength of provided evidence. RESULTS: The content analysis identified 8 main categories: (a) society, (b) organization, (c) project management, (d) supervision, (e) contractor, (f) site condition, (g) work group, and (h) individual characteristics. The review highlighted the importance of more distal factors, e.g., society and organization, and project management, that may contribute to reducing the likelihood of unsafe behaviors and accidents through the promotion of site condition and individual features (as proximal factors). CONCLUSION: Further research is necessary to provide a better understanding of the links between unsafe behavior theories and empirical findings, challenge theoretical assumptions, develop new applied theories, and make stronger recommendations.

Modeling the factors affecting unsafe behavior in the construction industry from safety supervisors' perspective.

BACKGROUND: There can be little doubt that the construction is the most hazardous industry in the worldwide. This study was designed to modeling the factors affecting unsafe behavior from the perspective of safety supervisors. METHODS: The qualitative research was conducted to extract a conceptual model. A structural model was then developed based on a questionnaire survey (n=266) by two stage Structural Equation Model (SEM) approach. RESULTS: An excellent confirmed 12-factors structure explained about 62% of variances unsafe behavior in the construction industry. A good fit structural model indicated that safety climate factors were positively correlated with safety individual factors (P<0.001) and workplace safety condition (P<0.001). The workplace safety condition was found to play a strong mediating role in linking the safety climate and construction workers' engagement in safe or unsafe behavior. CONCLUSIONS: In order to improve construction safety performance, more focus on the workplace condition is required.

Structural modeling of safety performance in construction industry.

BACKGROUND: With rapid economic development and industrialization, the construction industry continues to rank among the most hazardous industries in the world. Therefore, construction safety is always a significant concern for both practitioners and researchers. The objective of this study was to create a structural modeling of components that influence the safety performance in construction projects. METHODS: We followed a two-stage Structural Equation Model based on a questionnaire study (n=230). In the first stage, we applied the Structural Equation Model to the proposed model to test the validity of the observed variables of each latent variable. In the next stage, we modified the proposed model. The LISREL 8.8 software was used to conduct the analysis of the structural model. RESULTS: A good-fit structural model (Goodness of Fit Index=0.92; Root Mean Square Residual=0.04; Root Mean Square Error of Approximation=0.04; Comparative Fit Index=0.98; Normalized Fit Index=0.96) indicated that social and organizational constructs influence safety performance via the general component of the safety climate. CONCLUSION: The new structural model can be used to provide better understanding of the links between safety performance indicators and contributing components, and make stronger recommendations for effective intervention in construction projects.