RESUMO
AIM: To determine the prevalence of cigarette smoking among New Zealand doctors and nurses and to examine intercensal trends in smoking behaviour. METHODS: The 1996 New Zealand population census included two questions on cigarette smoking. The data for doctors and nurses have been analysed and compared with results from the 1976 and 1981 censuses. RESULTS: There were 7335 doctor respondents and 30,507 nurses. Five percent of male and female doctors smoke cigarettes regularly compared with 15% in 1981, 20% in 1976 and 35% in 1963. Almost 90% of doctors aged less than 30 years have never smoked and reductions in smoking have occurred in all specialties. Eighteen percent of nurses (18% females, 27% males) are smokers compared with 31% of females and 39% of males in 1981. The highest prevalence is among psychiatric nurses (31%) while only 10% of midwives and Plunket nurses are smokers. CONCLUSIONS: Doctors continue to lead the New Zealand community in non-smoking and the goal of a smokefree medical profession by the year 2000 may be achievable. In contrast to 1981, the prevalence of smoking by female nurses (18%) is now less than women in the general New Zealand population (23%). Substantial reductions in smoking have occurred in all categories of the nursing profession.
Assuntos
Enfermeiras e Enfermeiros/estatística & dados numéricos , Médicos/estatística & dados numéricos , Fumar/epidemiologia , Fumar/tendências , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Idoso , Censos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Medicina/estatística & dados numéricos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nova Zelândia/epidemiologia , Enfermeiras e Enfermeiros/psicologia , Médicos/psicologia , Vigilância da População , Prevalência , Fumar/psicologia , Prevenção do Hábito de Fumar , EspecializaçãoAssuntos
Doença das Coronárias/prevenção & controle , Hipercolesterolemia/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Doença das Coronárias/etiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Hipercolesterolemia/sangue , Hipercolesterolemia/complicações , Hipercolesterolemia/terapia , Lipídeos/sangue , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Automated artifact classification of quantified EEG (QEEG) epochs from 9 males using linear discriminant analysis showed greater than 85% agreement with judges' opinions. These results were replicated (n = 600 epochs for each sample). Testing the entire sample (n = 5800) illustrated reliable eye artifact (94%) but reduced muscle artifact classification (70%) accuracy. Agreement was lowest in the case of more subtle forms of muscle artifact (i.e., low amplitude muscle), however, less than 4% of these were wrongly classified as non-artifact. Improved data collection techniques retaining high frequency energies are anticipated to improve muscle artifact recognition. Results indicate that low levels of artifact contamination would result when only those epochs classified as non-artifact were accepted for inclusion in further analysis.