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Background: Since today cervical cancers are growing, there is an increasing need to use screening and examination methods. Meanwhile, liquid-based Pap smear test is a common screening method for women, which is widely applied today. Studies have found that use of lubricant gel in this test can affect the pathology and cytology results. Accordingly, the authors intended to evaluate the effect of use of lubricant gel on the Pap smear test results. Methods: This study was of single-blind clinical trial, the study population consisted of candidate patients for screening in terms of cervical pathology, for whom liquid-based Pap smear was done. In this study, 506 patients participated, divided into two groups of 253. One group used lubricant gel during the Pap smear, while the other group underwent this test without lubricant. The data were analyzed by SPSS 21. Results: The study results indicated that once the two groups were compared in terms of age, interval of menstruation time and intercourse time from the sampling, no significant relationship was found between the two groups (P>0.05). It was also found that use of lubricant did not affect the cytology and pathology results of patients (P>0.05). Conclusion: The use of lubricant gel in patients can reduce pain in patients during examination and testing, but does not affect the cytological and pathological results of patients.
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Introduction: Fetal health and a receptive and healthy endometrium are two essential factors in achieving successful implantation. If the endometrium is unreceptive, postponing the transfer cycle to a suitable time can enhance the chances of pregnancy. This study aims to assess the impact of endometrial and sub-endometrial blood flows measured by Doppler ultrasound, as well as endometrial volume, on endometrial receptivity in frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycles. Methods: 112 patients with a mean age of 33.93 ± 4.93 years underwent in vitro fertilization (IVF). Serum ß-hCG level was used to confirm pregnancy, and among the participants, 50 (44.6%) achieved pregnancy after IVF. Results: The study results revealed a significant difference in endometrial blood flow between the pregnant and non-pregnant groups, with a higher pregnancy rate observed in participants exhibiting multi-focal and spare endometrial blood flows (p < 0.05). Furthermore, there was a notable association between endometrial blood flow and pregnancy outcome, as indicated by higher ongoing pregnancy rates in those with multi-focal and spare endometrial blood flows (p < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed in endometrial variables such as volume, length, width, thickness, and pattern between the pregnant and non-pregnant groups. Additionally, contextual parameters showed no significant relationship with pregnancy outcome (p > 0.05). The study also found that endometrial measurement indices did not have a significant impact on pregnancy outcomes, with no significant differences observed between the groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, endometrial blood flow is crucial for a successful pregnancy after IVF, while the predictive value of the endometrial volume is limited for pregnancy outcomes.
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Background: The efficiency of in vitro fertilization is improved by growth hormone (GH) during ovarian stimulation. Additionally, patients with diabetes experience impaired insulin resistance and compromised glucose tolerance, which further exacerbate their condition. Due to these side effects, in this study, the duration of GH treatment was compared in IVF/ICSI cycles among poor ovarian responders. Methods: In this study, POSEIDON criteria were used to choose patients. Subcutaneous administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist was done beginning on the sixth day of the cycle and continuing through the day of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) injection. In one group, GH was administered 4 units/day from the 2nd day of the cycle until hCG injection, and in another group, the first dose was administered on the 6th day of the cycle. Following the administration of hCG, which lasted from 24 to 36 hr, oocytes were retrieved with the support of B-mode sonography. Results: In our analysis, no significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of the number of retrieved oocytes, metaphase II oocytes, and quality of grade A and B embryos. The results show that the treatment or conditions did not have a significant impact on the outcomes among the studied groups. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that a shorter duration of GH administration can yield similar outcomes compared to a longer duration in IVF/ICSI cycles involving poor ovarian responders. This result holds the potential for a more cost-effective and patient-friendly approach in managing assisted reproductive technology procedures. It may lead to reduced side effects and improved adherence to medication regimens in patients.
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BACKGROUND: Hysterosalpingography (HSG) is considered as a primary test in infertility work up worldwide due to its reliability in evaluating abnormalities related to the uterus and fallopian tubes. OBJECTIVES: To assess the efficacy of applying eutectic mixture of local anesthetics (lidocaine-prilocaine cream) (EMLA) on the uterine cervix in reducing pain during HSG. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eighty patients undergoing HSG as part of infertility evaluation were randomly allocated to groups receiving either EMLA (N = 40) or placebo cream (N = 40) in a double-blinded prospective study. Fifteen minutes before HSG, 5 grams of 5% cream was applied to the uterine cervix using a cervical applicator. The degree of pain experienced by the patient was evaluated during and after HSG at five predefined steps on a visual analogue scale (VAS). RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the efficacy between EMLA and placebo creams in pain perception during the entire procedure. There was no significant difference in long term pain perception half an hour after the HSG performance. CONCLUSIONS: This study does not support the use of EMLA for HSG.
