Chimeric Exosomes Functionalized with STING Activation for Personalized Glioblastoma Immunotherapy.

A critical challenge of existing cancer vaccines is to orchestrate the demands of antigen-enriched furnishment and optimal antigen-presentation functionality within antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Here, a complementary immunotherapeutic strategy is developed using dendritic cell (DC)-tumor hybrid cell-derived chimeric exosomes loaded with stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonists (DT-Exo-STING) for maximized tumor-specific T-cell immunity. These chimeric carriers are furnished with broad-spectrum antigen complexes to elicit a robust T-cell-mediated inflammatory program through direct self-presentation and indirect DC-to-T immunostimulatory pathway. This chimeric exosome-assisted delivery strategy possesses the merits versus off-the-shelf cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) delivery techniques in both the brilliant tissue-homing capacity, even across the intractable blood-brain barrier (BBB), and the desired cytosolic entry for enhanced STING-activating signaling. The improved antigen-presentation performance with this nanovaccine-driven STING activation further enhances tumor-specific T-cell immunoresponse. Thus, DT-Exo-STING reverses immunosuppressive glioblastoma microenvironments to pro-inflammatory, tumoricidal states, leading to an almost obliteration of intracranial primary lesions. Significantly, an upscaling option that harnesses autologous tumor tissues for personalized DT-Exo-STING vaccines increases sensitivity to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy and exerts systemic immune memory against post-operative glioma recrudesce. These findings represent an emerging method for glioblastoma immunotherapy, warranting further exploratory development in the clinical realm.

Bacteria-Based Backpacks to Enhance Adoptive Macrophage Transfer against Solid Tumors.

Adoptive cell therapy has emerged as a promising approach for cancer treatment. However, the transfer of macrophages exhibits limited efficacy against solid tumors due to the dynamic cellular phenotypic shift from antitumor to protumor states within the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. In this study, a strategy of attaching bacteria to macrophages (Mø@bac) is reported that endows adoptively infused macrophages with durable stimulation by leveraging the intrinsic immunogenicity of bacteria. These attached bacteria, referred to as backpacks, are encapsulated with adhesive nanocoatings and can sustainably control the cellular phenotypes in vivo. Moreover, Mø@bac can repolarize endogenous tumor-associated macrophages, leading to a more robust immune response and thus reducing the tumor progression in a murine 4T1 cancer model without any side effects. This study utilizing bacteria as cellular backpacks opens a new avenue for the development of cell therapies.

Schisandra chinensis regulates drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters via activation of Nrf2-mediated signaling pathway.

Drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) and drug transporters are regulated via epigenetic, transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and translational and posttranslational modifications. Phase I and II DMEs and drug transporters play an important role in the disposition and detoxification of a large number of endogenous and exogenous compounds. The nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is a critical regulator of a variety of important cytoprotective genes that are involved in disposition and detoxification of xenobiotics. Schisandra chinensis (SC) is a commonly used traditional Chinese herbal medicine that has been primarily used to protect the liver because of its potent antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. SC can modulate some DMEs and drug transporters, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. In this study, we aimed to explore the role of Nrf2 in the regulatory effect of SC extract (SCE) on selected DMEs and drug transporters in human hepatocellular liver carcinoma cell line (HepG2) cells. The results showed that SCE, schisandrin A, and schisandrin B significantly increased the expression of NAD(P)H: Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate-oxidase or:quinone oxidoreductase 1, heme oxygenase-1, glutamate-cysteine ligase, and glutathione S-transferase A4 at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. Incubation of HepG2 cells with SCE resulted in a significant increase in the intracellular level of glutathione and total glutathione S-transferase content. SCE significantly elevated the messenger ribonucleic acid and protein levels of P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 and 4, whereas the expression of organic anion transporting peptide 1A2 and 1B1 was significantly downregulated by SCE. Knockdown of Nrf2 by small interfering ribonucleic acid attenuated the regulatory effect of SCE on these DMEs and drug transporters. SCE significantly upregulated Nrf2 and promoted the translocation of Nrf2 from cytoplasm to the nuclei. Additionally, SCE significantly suppressed the expression of cytosolic Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (the repressor of Nrf2) and remarkably increased Nrf2 stability in HepG2 cells. Taken together, our findings suggest that the hepatoprotective effects of SCE may be partially ascribed to the modulation of DMEs and drug transporters via Nrf2-mediated signaling pathway. SCE may alter the pharmacokinetics of other coadministered drugs that are substrates of these DMEs and transporters and thus cause unfavorable herb-drug interactions.