A transthyretin-like protein acts downstream of miR397 and LACCASE to regulate grain yield in rice.

Increasing grain yield is a major goal of breeders due to the rising global demand for food. We previously reported that the miR397-LACCASE (OsLAC) module regulates brassinosteroid (BR) signaling and grain yield in rice (Oryza sativa). However, the precise roles of laccase enzymes in the BR pathway remain unclear. Here, we report that OsLAC controls grain yield by preventing the turnover of TRANSTHYRETIN-LIKE (OsTTL), a negative regulator of BR signaling. Overexpressing OsTTL decreased BR sensitivity in rice, while loss-of-function of OsTTL led to enhanced BR signaling and increased grain yield. OsLAC directly binds to OsTTL and regulates its phosphorylation-mediated turnover. The phosphorylation site Ser226 of OsTTL is essential for its ubiquitination and degradation. Overexpressing the dephosphorylation-mimic form of OsTTL (OsTTLS226A) resulted in more severe defects than did overexpressing OsTTL. These findings provide insight into the role of an ancient laccase in BR signaling and suggest that the OsLAC-OsTTL module could serve as a target for improving grain yield.

Insights into the roles of long noncoding RNAs in the communication between plants and the environment.

In addition to coding proteins, RNA molecules, especially long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), have well-established functions in regulating gene expression. The number of studies focused on the roles played by different types of lncRNAs in a variety of plant biological processes has markedly increased. These lncRNA roles involve plant vegetative and reproductive growth and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this review, we examine the classification, mechanisms, and functions of lncRNAs and then emphasize the roles played by these lncRNAs in the communication between plants and the environment mainly with respect to the following environmental factors: temperature, light, water, salt stress, and nutrient deficiencies. We also discuss the consensus among researchers and the remaining challenges and underscore the exciting ways lncRNAs may affect the biology of plants.

Genome-wide analysis and functional annotation of chromatin-enriched noncoding RNAs in rice during somatic cell regeneration.

BACKGROUND: Plants have the remarkable ability to generate callus, a pluripotent cell mass that acquires competence for subsequent tissue regeneration. Global chromatin remodeling is required for this cell fate transition, but how the process is regulated is not fully understood. Chromatin-enriched noncoding RNAs (cheRNAs) are thought to play important roles in maintaining chromatin state. However, whether cheRNAs participate in somatic cell regeneration in plants has not yet been clarified. RESULTS: To uncover the characteristics and functions of cheRNAs during somatic cell reprogramming in plants, we systematically investigate cheRNAs during callus induction, proliferation and regeneration in rice. We identify 2284 cheRNAs, most of which are novel long non-coding RNAs or small nucleolar RNAs. These cheRNAs, which are highly conserved across plant species, shuttle between chromatin and the nucleoplasm during somatic cell regeneration. They positively regulate the expression of neighboring genes via specific RNA motifs, which may interact with DNA motifs around cheRNA loci. Large-scale mutant analysis shows that cheRNAs are associated with plant size and seed morphology. Further detailed functional investigation of two che-lncRNAs demonstrates that their loss of function impairs cell dedifferentiation and plant regeneration, highlighting the functions of cheRNAs in regulating the expression of neighboring genes via specific motifs. These findings support cis- regulatory roles of cheRNAs in influencing a variety of rice traits. CONCLUSIONS: cheRNAs are a distinct subclass of regulatory non-coding RNAs that are required for somatic cell regeneration and regulate rice traits. Targeting cheRNAs has great potential for crop trait improvement and breeding in future.

The parent-of-origin lncRNA MISSEN regulates rice endosperm development.

The cereal endosperm is a major factor determining seed size and shape. However, the molecular mechanisms of endosperm development are not fully understood. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) function in various biological processes. Here we show a lncRNA, MISSEN, that plays an essential role in early endosperm development in rice (Oryza sativa). MISSEN is a parent-of-origin lncRNA expressed in endosperm, and negatively regulates endosperm development, leading to a prominent dent and bulge in the seed. Mechanistically, MISSEN functions through hijacking a helicase family protein (HeFP) to regulate tubulin function during endosperm nucleus division and endosperm cellularization, resulting in abnormal cytoskeletal polymerization. Finally, we revealed that the expression of MISSEN is inhibited by histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) modification after pollination. Therefore, MISSEN is the first lncRNA identified as a regulator in endosperm development, highlighting the potential applications in rice breeding.

Ubiquitin-dependent Argonauteprotein MEL1 degradation is essential for rice sporogenesis and phasiRNA target regulation.

MEIOSIS ARRESTED AT LEPTOTENE1 (MEL1), a rice (Oryza sativa) Argonaute (AGO) protein, has been reported to function specifically at premeiotic and meiotic stages of germ cell development and is associated with a novel class of germ cell-specific small noncoding RNAs called phased small RNAs (phasiRNAs). MEL1 accumulation is temporally and spatially regulated and is eliminated after meiosis. However, the metabolism and turnover (i.e. the homeostasis) of MEL1 during germ cell development remains unknown. Here, we show that MEL1 is ubiquitinated and subsequently degraded via the proteasome pathway in vivo during late sporogenesis. Abnormal accumulation of MEL1 after meiosis leads to a semi-sterile phenotype. We identified a monocot-specific E3 ligase, XBOS36, a CULLIN RING-box protein, that is responsible for the degradation of MEL1. Ubiquitination at four K residues at the N terminus of MEL1 by XBOS36 induces its degradation. Importantly, inhibition of MEL1 degradation either by XBOS36 knockdown or by MEL1 overexpression prevents the formation of pollen at the microspore stage. Further mechanistic analysis showed that disrupting MEL1 homeostasis in germ cells leads to off-target cleavage of phasiRNA target genes. Our findings thus provide insight into the communication between a monocot-specific E3 ligase and an AGO protein during plant reproductive development.

Reproductive phasiRNAs regulate reprogramming of gene expression and meiotic progression in rice.

Plant spermatogenesis is a complex process that directly affects crop breeding. A rapid change in gene abundance occurs at early meiosis prophase, when gene regulation is selective. However, how these genes are regulated remains unknown. Here, we show that rice reproductive phasiRNAs are essential for the elimination of a specific set of RNAs during meiotic prophase I. These phasiRNAs cleave target mRNAs in a regulatory manner such that one phasiRNA can target more than one gene, and/or a single gene can be targeted by more than one phasiRNA to efficiently silence target genes. Our investigation of phasiRNA-knockdown and PHAS-edited transgenic plants demonstrates that phasiRNAs and their nucleotide variations are required for meiosis progression and fertility. This study highlights the importance of reproductive phasiRNAs for the reprogramming of gene expression during meiotic progression and establishes a basis for future studies on the roles of phasiRNAs with a goal of crop improvement.

OsmiR528 regulates rice-pollen intine formation by targeting an uclacyanin to influence flavonoid metabolism.

The intine, the inner layer of the pollen wall, is essential for the normal development and germination of pollen. However, the composition and developmental regulation of the intine in rice (Oryza sativa) remain largely unknown. Here, we identify a microRNA, OsmiR528, which regulates the formation of the pollen intine and thus male fertility in rice. The mir528 knockout mutant aborted pollen development at the late binucleate pollen stage, significantly decreasing the seed-setting rate. We further demonstrated that OsmiR528 affects pollen development by directly targeting the uclacyanin gene OsUCL23 (encoding a member of the plant-specific blue copper protein family of phytocyanins) and regulating intine deposition. OsUCL23 overexpression phenocopied the mir528 mutant. The OsUCL23 protein localized in the prevacuolar compartments (PVCs) and multivesicular bodies (MVBs). We further revealed that OsUCL23 interacts with a member of the proton-dependent oligopeptide transport (POT) family of transporters to regulate various metabolic components, especially flavonoids. We propose a model in which OsmiR528 regulates pollen intine formation by directly targeting OsUCL23 and in which OsUCL23 interacts with the POT protein on the PVCs and MVBs to regulate the production of metabolites during pollen development. The study thus reveals the functions of OsmiR528 and an uclacyanin during pollen development.

Effect of Pulsed Electric Field on Drought Resistance of Maize Seedling Based on Delayed Fluorescence Induced with LED.

Effect of pulsed electric field on the drought resistance of crops is an important topic in biological effect of electric field. The changes in the photosynthetic system of leaf cells can be sensitively reflected by the kinetics parameters of delayed fluorescence. In order to reveal the effect of pulsed electric field and its mechanism on drought resistance of crop seedling, the germinating maize seeds were treated by pulsed electric field with electric field strength 200 kV·m-1, frequency 1Hz and pulse width 80ms. Then, PEG-6000 solution with -0.1 MPa osmotic potential to was used to form physiological drought of maize seedlings, the changes of dry leaf mass and the kinetics parameters, induced by LED were studied in this paper. The result showed that the dry leaf mass gradually increased under drought stress after applied with the electric field, which was significantly higher than that without external field, the relative growth rate was 45.6% (p<0.01). Besides, during the processes, the relative growth rate was between 5.8%～18.7%, the difference was significant (p<0.05) when there was no electric field, which indicated that the pulsed electric field promoted the leaf growth of maize seedling. The analysis of delayed fluorescence kinetic about leaf of maize seedling showed that the value of delayed fluorescence kinetics parameters, initial photon number I0, coherence time τ, decay factor ß and integral intensity I(T), under drought stress, showed fluctuation, These changes were response to drought stress made by leaf cells. The study also found that pulsed electric field increased delayed fluorescence kinetics parameters and the integrated intensity of leaf cells, which indicated that the pulsed electric field could improve the photosynthesis potential and the organize sequence of photosynthetic electron transport system in leaf cells, as the interaction between functional molecules was strengthened, the leaf photosynthetic capacity was enhanced under drought stress. The result of this study provides a reference to explain clearly the effect of the pulsed electric field on drought resistance of plants seedlings.

PEG-conjugated PAMAM dendrimers mediate efficient intramuscular gene expression.

Generations 5 and 6 (G5 and G6) poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers have been shown to be highly efficient nonviral carriers in in vitro gene delivery. However, their high toxicity and unsatisfied in vivo efficacy limit their applications. In this study, to improve their characteristics as gene delivery carriers, polyethylene glycol (PEG, molecular weight 5,000) was conjugated to G5 and G6 PAMAM dendrimers (PEG-PAMAM) at three different molar ratios of 4%, 8%, and 15% (PEG to surface amine per PAMAM dendrimer molecular). Compared with unconjugated PAMAM dendrimers, PEG conjugation significantly decreased the in vitro and in vivo cytotoxicities and hemolysis of G5 and G6 dendrimers, especially at higher PEG molar ratios. Among all of the PEG-PAMAM dendrimers, 8% PEG-conjugated G5 and G6 dendrimers (G5-8% PEG, G6-8% PEG) resulted in the most efficient muscular gene expression when polyplexes were injected intramuscularly to the quadriceps of neonatal mice. Consistent with the in vivo results, these two 8% PEG-conjugated PAMAM dendrimers could also mediate the highest in vitro transfection in 293A cells. Therefore, G5-8% PEG and G6-8% PEG possess a great potential for gene delivery both in vivo and in vitro.