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OBJECTIVE: Subtle changes in memory, attention, and spatial navigation abilities have been associated with preclinical Alzheimer disease (AD). The current study examined whether baseline AD biomarkers are associated with self- and informant-reported decline in memory, attention, and spatial navigation. METHOD: Clinically normal (Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR®) = 0) adults aged 56-93 (N = 320) and their informants completed the memory, divided attention, and visuospatial abilities (which assesses spatial navigation) subsections of the Everyday Cognition Scale (ECog) annually for an average of 4 years. Biomarker data was collected within (±) 2 years of baseline (i.e., cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) p-tau181/Aß42 ratio and hippocampal volume). Clinical progression was defined as CDR > 0 at time of final available ECog. RESULTS: Self- and informant-reported memory, attention, and spatial navigation significantly declined over time (ps < .001). Baseline AD biomarkers were significantly associated with self- and informant-reported decline in cognitive ability (ps < .030), with the exception of p-tau181/Aß42 ratio and self-reported attention (p = .364). Clinical progression did not significantly moderate the relationship between AD biomarkers and decline in self- or informant-reported cognitive ability (ps > .062). Post-hoc analyses indicated that biomarker burden was also associated with self- and informant-reported decline in total ECog (ps < .002), and again clinical progression did not significantly moderate these relationships (ps > .299). CONCLUSIONS: AD biomarkers at baseline may indicate risk of decline in self- and informant-reported change in memory, attention, and spatial navigation ability. As such, subjectively reported decline in these domains may have clinical utility in tracking the subtle cognitive changes associated with the earliest stages of AD.
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Doença de Alzheimer , Disfunção Cognitiva , Navegação Espacial , Humanos , Doença de Alzheimer/psicologia , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Proteínas tau/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Biomarcadores/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Progressão da Doença , Atenção , Disfunção Cognitiva/etiologia , Disfunção Cognitiva/líquido cefalorraquidianoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Preclinical Alzheimer disease (AD) has been associated with subtle changes in memory, attention, and spatial navigation abilities. The current study examined whether self- and informant-reported domain-specific cognitive changes are sensitive to AD-associated biomarkers. METHOD: Clinically normal adults aged 56-93 and their informants completed the memory, divided attention, and visuospatial abilities (which assesses spatial navigation) subsections of the Everyday Cognition Scale (ECog). Reliability and validity of these subsections were examined using Cronbach's alpha and confirmatory factor analysis. Logistic regression was used to examine the ability of ECog subsections to predict AD-related biomarkers (cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ptau181/Aß42 ratio (N = 371) or hippocampal volume (N = 313)). Hierarchical logistic regression was used to examine whether the self-reported subsections continued to predict biomarkers when controlling for depressive symptomatology if available (N = 197). Additionally, logistic regression was used to examine the ability of neuropsychological composites assessing the same or similar cognitive domains as the subsections (memory, executive function, and visuospatial abilities) to predict biomarkers to allow for comparison of the predictive ability of subjective and objective measures. RESULTS: All subsections demonstrated appropriate reliability and validity. Self-reported memory (with outliers removed) was the only significant predictor of AD biomarker positivity (i.e., CSF ptau181/Aß42 ratio; p = .018) but was not significant when examined in the subsample with depressive symptomatology available (p = .517). Self-reported memory (with outliers removed) was a significant predictor of CSF ptau181/Aß42 ratio biomarker positivity when the objective memory composite was included in the model. CONCLUSIONS: ECog subsections were not robust predictors of AD biomarker positivity.
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Doença de Alzheimer , Disfunção Cognitiva , Navegação Espacial , Humanos , Doença de Alzheimer/psicologia , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Proteínas tau/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Biomarcadores/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Atenção , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Disfunção Cognitiva/psicologiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Neuronal health as a potential underlying mechanism of the beneficial effects of exercise has been understudied in humans. Furthermore, there has been limited consideration of potential moderators (e.g., cardiovascular health) on the effects of exercise. METHODS: Clinically normal middle-aged and older adults completed a validated questionnaire about exercise engagement over a 10-year period (n = 75; age 63 ± 8 years). A composite estimate of neuronal injury was formulated that included cerebrospinal fluid-based measures of visinin-like protein-1, neurogranin, synaptosomal-associated protein 25, and neurofilament light chain. Cardiovascular risk was estimated using the Framingham Risk Score. RESULTS: Cross-sectional analyses showed that greater exercise engagement was associated with less neuronal injury in the group with lower cardiovascular risk (p = 0.008), but not the group with higher cardiovascular risk (p = 0.209). DISCUSSION: Cardiovascular risk is an important moderator to consider when examining the effects of exercise on cognitive and neural health, and may be relevant to personalized exercise recommendations. HIGHLIGHTS: We examined the association between exercise engagement and neuronal injury. Vascular risk moderated the association between exercise and neuronal injury. Cardiovascular risk may be relevant to personalized exercise recommendations.
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In order to increase engagement in physical activity, it is important to determine which factors contribute to physical activity engagement in older adults. The current study examined the relative predictive ability of several potential determinants, in terms of both the concurrent level as well as longitudinal trajectories. Clinically normal adults aged 61-92 completed the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (n = 189 for cross-sectional models; n = 214 for longitudinal models). Potential determinants included age, gender, education, physical health, sensory health, mood, cardiovascular health, cognitive status, and biomarkers of Alzheimer disease (AD). We observed a novel finding that both concurrent physical health (p < 0.001) and change in physical health (p < 0.001) were significant predictors above and beyond other determinants. Concurrent mood predicted levels of physical activity (p = 0.035), particularly in females. These findings suggest that poor physical health and low mood might be important to consider as potential barriers to physical activity engagement in older adults.
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Doença de Alzheimer , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Transversais , Doença de Alzheimer/psicologia , Exercício Físico , Depressão , AfetoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Advanced age is associated with prominent impairment in allocentric navigation dependent on the hippocampus. This study examined whether age-related impairment in allocentric navigation and strategy selection was associated with sleep disruption or circadian rest-activity fragmentation. Further, we examined whether associations with navigation were moderated by perceived stress and physical activity. METHOD: Sleep fragmentation and total sleep time over the course of 1 week were assayed in younger (n = 42) and older (n = 37) adults via wrist actigraphy. Subsequently, participants completed cognitive mapping and route learning tasks, as well a measure of spontaneous navigation strategy selection. Measurements of perceived stress and an actigraphy-based index of physical activity were also obtained. Circadian rest-activity fragmentation was estimated via actigraphy post-hoc. RESULTS: Age was associated with reduced cognitive mapping, route learning, allocentric strategy use, and total sleep time (ps < .01), replicating prior findings. Novel findings included that sleep fragmentation increased with advancing age (p = .009) and was associated with lower cognitive mapping (p = .022) within the older adult cohort. Total sleep time was not linearly associated with the navigation tasks (ps > .087). Post-hoc analyses revealed that circadian rest-activity fragmentation increased with advancing age within the older adults (p = .026) and was associated with lower cognitive mapping across the lifespan (p = .001) and within older adults (p = .005). Neither stress nor physical activity were robust moderators of sleep fragmentation associations with the navigation tasks (ps > .113). CONCLUSION: Sleep fragmentation and circadian rest-activity fragmentation are potential contributing factors to age effects on cognitive mapping within older adults.
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Privação do Sono , Navegação Espacial , Humanos , Idoso , Ritmo Circadiano , Sono , Actigrafia , Estilo de VidaRESUMO
Importance: Episodic memory and executive function are essential aspects of cognitive functioning that decline with aging. This decline may be ameliorable with lifestyle interventions. Objective: To determine whether mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), exercise, or a combination of both improve cognitive function in older adults. Design, Setting, and Participants: This 2 × 2 factorial randomized clinical trial was conducted at 2 US sites (Washington University in St Louis and University of California, San Diego). A total of 585 older adults (aged 65-84 y) with subjective cognitive concerns, but not dementia, were randomized (enrollment from November 19, 2015, to January 23, 2019; final follow-up on March 16, 2020). Interventions: Participants were randomized to undergo the following interventions: MBSR with a target of 60 minutes daily of meditation (n = 150); exercise with aerobic, strength, and functional components with a target of at least 300 minutes weekly (n = 138); combined MBSR and exercise (n = 144); or a health education control group (n = 153). Interventions lasted 18 months and consisted of group-based classes and home practice. Main Outcomes and Measures: The 2 primary outcomes were composites of episodic memory and executive function (standardized to a mean [SD] of 0 [1]; higher composite scores indicate better cognitive performance) from neuropsychological testing; the primary end point was 6 months and the secondary end point was 18 months. There were 5 reported secondary outcomes: hippocampal volume and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex thickness and surface area from structural magnetic resonance imaging and functional cognitive capacity and self-reported cognitive concerns. Results: Among 585 randomized participants (mean age, 71.5 years; 424 [72.5%] women), 568 (97.1%) completed 6 months in the trial and 475 (81.2%) completed 18 months. At 6 months, there was no significant effect of mindfulness training or exercise on episodic memory (MBSR vs no MBSR: 0.44 vs 0.48; mean difference, -0.04 points [95% CI, -0.15 to 0.07]; P = .50; exercise vs no exercise: 0.49 vs 0.42; difference, 0.07 [95% CI, -0.04 to 0.17]; P = .23) or executive function (MBSR vs no MBSR: 0.39 vs 0.31; mean difference, 0.08 points [95% CI, -0.02 to 0.19]; P = .12; exercise vs no exercise: 0.39 vs 0.32; difference, 0.07 [95% CI, -0.03 to 0.18]; P = .17) and there were no intervention effects at the secondary end point of 18 months. There was no significant interaction between mindfulness training and exercise (P = .93 for memory and P = .29 for executive function) at 6 months. Of the 5 prespecified secondary outcomes, none showed a significant improvement with either intervention compared with those not receiving the intervention. Conclusions and Relevance: Among older adults with subjective cognitive concerns, mindfulness training, exercise, or both did not result in significant differences in improvement in episodic memory or executive function at 6 months. The findings do not support the use of these interventions for improving cognition in older adults with subjective cognitive concerns. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02665481.
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Envelhecimento Cognitivo , Disfunção Cognitiva , Terapia por Exercício , Meditação , Atenção Plena , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Cognição/fisiologia , Função Executiva/fisiologia , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Exercício Físico/psicologia , Meditação/métodos , Meditação/psicologia , Atenção Plena/métodos , Memória Episódica , Terapia por Exercício/métodos , Terapia por Exercício/psicologia , Envelhecimento Cognitivo/fisiologia , Envelhecimento Cognitivo/psicologia , Estilo de Vida Saudável/fisiologia , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde/fisiologia , Estresse Psicológico/fisiopatologia , Estresse Psicológico/prevenção & controle , Estresse Psicológico/terapia , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Disfunção Cognitiva/diagnóstico , Disfunção Cognitiva/fisiopatologia , Disfunção Cognitiva/psicologia , Disfunção Cognitiva/terapia , Imageamento por Ressonância MagnéticaRESUMO
Subtle changes in objective spatial navigation ability have been observed in the preclinical stage of Alzheimer disease (AD) cross-sectionally and have been found to predict clinical progression. However, longitudinal change in self-reported spatial navigation ability in preclinical AD has yet to be examined. The current study examined whether AD biomarkers suggestive of preclinical AD at baseline spatial navigation assessment and APOE genotype predicted decline in self-reported spatial navigation ability and whether APOE genotype moderated the association of AD biomarkers with change in self-reported spatial navigation. Clinically normal (Clinical Dementia Rating Scale=0) adults aged 56 to 90 completed the Santa Barbara Sense of Direction Scale (SBSOD) annually for an average of 2.73 years. Biomarker data was collected within +/-2 years of baseline (ie, cerebrospinal fluid Aß42, p-tau181, p-tau181/Aß42 ratio, positron emission tomography imaging with Florbetapir or Pittsburgh Compound-B, and hippocampal volume). APOE genotyping was obtained for all participants. SBSOD demonstrated a nonsignificant trend toward a decline over time (P=0.082). AD biomarkers did not predict change in self-reported spatial navigation (all Ps>0.163). APOE genotype did not moderate the relationship between AD biomarkers and self-reported spatial navigation in planned analyses (all Ps>0.222). Results suggest that self-reported spatial navigation ability, as estimated with the SBSOD, may be limited as a measure of subtle cognitive change in the preclinical stage of AD.
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Doença de Alzheimer , Navegação Espacial , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Doença de Alzheimer/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Doença de Alzheimer/genética , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Biomarcadores/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Autorrelato , Proteínas tau/líquido cefalorraquidianoRESUMO
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Age-related cognitive decline is a pervasive problem in our aging population. To date, no pharmacological treatments to halt or reverse cognitive decline are available. Behavioral interventions, such as physical exercise and Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction, may reduce or reverse cognitive decline, but rigorously designed randomized controlled trials are needed to test the efficacy of such interventions. METHODS: Here, we describe the design of the Mindfulness, Education, and Exercise study, an 18-month randomized controlled trial that will assess the effect of two interventions-mindfulness training plus moderate-to-vigorous intensity exercise or moderate-to-vigorous intensity exercise alone-compared with a health education control group on cognitive function in older adults. An extensive battery of biobehavioral assessments will be used to understand the mechanisms of cognitive remediation, by using structural and resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging, insulin sensitivity, inflammation, and metabolic and behavioral assessments. RESULTS: We provide the results from a preliminary study (n = 29) of non-randomized pilot participants who received both the exercise and Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction interventions. We also provide details on the recruitment and baseline characteristics of the randomized controlled trial sample (n = 585). CONCLUSION: When complete, the Mindfulness, Education, and Exercise study will inform the research community on the efficacy of these widely available interventions improve cognitive functioning in older adults.
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Disfunção Cognitiva/terapia , Exercício Físico , Educação em Saúde/métodos , Atenção Plena/métodos , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto/métodos , Idoso , Cognição , Envelhecimento Cognitivo , Disfunção Cognitiva/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Memória , Projetos Piloto , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Associations of physical exercise with Alzheimer disease (AD) biomarkers and cognitive functioning have been observed cross-sectionally. However, the effects of exercise on longitudinal change in AD biomarkers have not been thoroughly investigated. The current study examined whether individuals with higher baseline exercise exhibited less longitudinal change in AD biomarkers and cognitive functioning, and whether APOE and/or brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) genotypes moderated the effects of exercise on longitudinal changes. METHODS: Clinically normal individuals completed a questionnaire on physical exercise over the prior 10-year period at baseline. Ninety-five individuals had serial cerebrospinal fluid samples collected to examine Aß42, ptau181 and total tau; 181 individuals underwent multiple assessments of amyloid positron emission tomography imaging with Pittsburgh Compound-B; 327 individuals underwent multiple cognitive assessments, including measures of episodic memory, executive functions, verbal fluency, and processing speed. RESULTS: Greater exercise was associated with less steep decline in processing speed. Baseline exercise did not robustly impact longitudinal change for any other outcomes. Neither APOE nor BDNF genotype robustly moderated the effect of exercise on trajectories of AD biomarkers or cognitive decline. INTERPRETATION: Results suggest that self-reported physical exercise may be limited as a moderator of changes in AD biomarkers.
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Biomarcadores/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Cognição/fisiologia , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Inquéritos e Questionários/estatística & dados numéricos , Idoso , Doença de Alzheimer/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Doença de Alzheimer/diagnóstico , Doença de Alzheimer/genética , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Apolipoproteínas E/genética , Fator Neurotrófico Derivado do Encéfalo/genética , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Testes Neuropsicológicos/estatística & dados numéricos , Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons , Proteínas tau/líquido cefalorraquidianoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Spatial navigation deficits are observed in Alzheimer's disease cross-sectionally, but prediction of longitudinal clinical decline has been less examined. METHODS: Cognitive mapping (CM) was assessed in 95 participants and route learning (RL) was assessed in 65 participants at baseline. Clinical progression over an average of 4 to 5 years was assessed using the clinical dementia rating (CDR) scale. Relative predictive ability was compared to episodic memory, hippocampus, and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers (phosphorylated tau/amyloid ß 42 (ptau181 /Aß42 ) ratio). RESULTS: CM and RL were predictors of clinical progression (P's < 0.032). All measures, except RL-Learning remained predictors with episodic memory in models (P's < 0.048). Only RL-Retrieval remained a predictor when ptau181 /Aß42 was included (P < 0.001). CM interacted with hippocampus and ptau181 /Aß42 in prediction (P's < 0.013). CM, RL, and episodic memory evidenced strong diagnostic accuracy (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.894, 0.794, and 0.735, respectively); CM tended to perform better than episodic memory (P = 0.056). DISCUSSION: Baseline spatial navigation performance may be appropriate for assessing risk of clinical progression.
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Demência , Progressão da Doença , Testes de Estado Mental e Demência/estatística & dados numéricos , Desempenho Psicomotor/fisiologia , Navegação Espacial/fisiologia , Idoso , Biomarcadores/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Demência/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Demência/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Memória EpisódicaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: There remains a need for a non-invasive and cost-effective screening measure that could be administered prior to the provision of a lumbar puncture or positron emission tomography scan for the detection of preclinical Alzheimer disease (AD). Previous findings suggest that a hippocampally-based spatial navigation task may be effective for screening individuals for the preclinical AD continuum (i.e., low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Aß42). Unfortunately, this task took 1.5-2 hours to administer, which would be time-prohibitive in a clinical setting. Therefore, the goal of this study was to compare psychometric properties of six spatial navigation-related tasks in order to take the next steps in developing a clinically appropriate screening measure. METHODS: Psychometric properties (i.e., reliability, diagnostic accuracy, validity) of a modified version of the cognitive mapping task, two binding tasks, a visual perspective taking task, and self- and informant report versions of a questionnaire were examined in a sample of 91 clinically normal (CN) individuals. CSF Aß42 and ptau181 were available for 30 individuals. RESULTS: The learning phase of the cognitive mapping task and the self-report questionnaire were sensitive to identifying individuals in the preclinical AD continuum (93% and 87% sensitivity, 60% and 67% specificity, respectively). These two measures also demonstrated good test-retest stability (intraclass correlation coefficients = .719 and .838, respectively) and internal consistency (Cronbach's αs = .825 and .965, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that a self-report questionnaire and aspects of a cognitive mapping task may be particularly appropriate for development as screening tools for identifying individuals in the preclinical AD continuum.
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Doença de Alzheimer/diagnóstico , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Sintomas Prodrômicos , Navegação Espacial , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Doença de Alzheimer/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Feminino , Humanos , Aprendizagem , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Testes Neuropsicológicos/normas , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Psicometria , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Inquéritos e Questionários , Proteínas tau/líquido cefalorraquidianoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Emerging evidence shows that cognitively normal older adults with preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD) make more errors and are more likely to receive a marginal/fail rating on a standardized road test compared to older adults without preclinical AD, but the extent to which preclinical AD impacts everyday driving behavior is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To examine self-reported and naturalistic longitudinal driving behavior among persons with and without preclinical AD. METHOD: We prospectively followed cognitively normal drivers (aged 65â+âyears) with (nâ=â10) and without preclinical AD (nâ=â10) for 2.5 years. Preclinical AD was assessed using amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) with Pittsburgh Compound B. The Driving Habits Questionnaire assessed self-reported driving outcomes. Naturalistic driving was captured using a commercial GPS data logger plugged into the on-board diagnostics II port of each participant's vehicle. Data were sampled every 30 seconds and all instances of speeding, hard braking, and sudden acceleration were recorded. RESULTS: Preclinical AD participants went to fewer places/unique destinations, traveled fewer days, and took fewer trips than participants without preclinical AD. The preclinical AD group reported a smaller driving space, greater dependence on other drivers, and more difficulty driving due to vision difficulties. Persons with preclinical AD had fewer trips with any aggression and showed a greater decline across the 2.5-year follow-up period in the number of days driving per month and the number of trips between 1-5 miles. CONCLUSION: Changes in driving occur even during the preclinical stage of AD.
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Doença de Alzheimer/psicologia , Condução de Veículo/psicologia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Doença de Alzheimer/diagnóstico por imagem , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons , Sintomas Prodrômicos , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Longer periods are needed to examine how biomarker changes occur relative to incident sporadic cognitive impairment. We evaluated molecular (CSF and imaging), structural, and cognitive biomarkers to predict incident cognitive impairment and examined longitudinal biomarker changes before and after symptomatic onset. Data from participants who were cognitively normal, underwent amyloid imaging using Pittsburgh compound B and/or CSF studies, and at least two clinical assessments were used. Stepwise Cox proportional hazards models tested associations of molecular (Pittsburgh compound B; CSF amyloid-ß42, tau, ptau181, tau/amyloid-ß42, ptau181/amyloid-ß42), structural (normalized hippocampal volume, normalized whole brain volume), and cognitive (Animal Naming, Trail Making A, Trail Making B, Selective Reminding Test - Free Recall) biomarkers with time to Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) > 0. Cognitively normal participants (n = 664), aged 42 to 90 years (mean ± standard deviation = 71.4 ± 9.2) were followed for up to 16.9 years (mean ± standard deviation = 6.2 ± 3.5 years). Of these, 145 (21.8%) participants developed a CDR > 0. At time of incident cognitive impairment, molecular, structural, and cognitive markers were abnormal for CDR > 0 compared to CDR = 0. Linear mixed models indicated rates of change in molecular biomarkers were similar for CDR = 0 and CDR > 0, suggesting that the separation in values between CDR = 0 and CDR > 0 must have occurred prior to the observation period. Rate of decline for structural and cognitive biomarkers was faster for CDR > 0 compared to CDR = 0 (P < 0.0001). Structural and cognitive biomarkers for CDR > 0 diverged from CDR 0 at 9 and 12 years before incident cognitive impairment, respectively. Within those who developed CDR > 0, a natural separation occurred for Pittsburgh compound B values. In particular, CDR > 0 who had at least one APOE É4 allele had higher, and more rapid increase in Pittsburgh compound B, while APOE É2 was observed to have slower increases in Pittsburgh compound B. Of molecular biomarker-positive participants followed for at least 10 years (n = 16-23), â¼70% remained CDR = 0 over the follow-up period. In conclusion, conversion from cognitively normal to CDR > 0 is characterized by not only the magnitude of molecular biomarkers but also rate of change in cognitive and structural biomarkers. Findings support theoretical models of biomarker changes seen during transition to cognitive impairment using longitudinal data and provide a potential time for changes seen during this transition. These findings support the use of molecular biomarkers for trial inclusion and cognitive/structural biomarkers for evaluating trial outcomes. Finally, results support a potential role for APOE É in modulating amyloid accumulation in CDR > 0 with APOE É4 being deleterious and APOE É2 protective.
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Doença de Alzheimer , Disfunção Cognitiva , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Doença de Alzheimer/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Doença de Alzheimer/diagnóstico por imagem , Doença de Alzheimer/epidemiologia , Doença de Alzheimer/genética , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Compostos de Anilina , Apolipoproteínas E/genética , Biomarcadores , Disfunção Cognitiva/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Disfunção Cognitiva/diagnóstico por imagem , Disfunção Cognitiva/epidemiologia , Disfunção Cognitiva/genética , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Incidência , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Estudos Longitudinais , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons , Psicometria , TiazóisRESUMO
PURPOSE: Older adults experience impaired driving performance, and modify their driving habits, including limiting amount and spatial extent of travel. Alzheimer disease (AD)-related pathology, as well as spatial navigation difficulties, may influence driving performance and driving behaviors in clinically normal older adults. We examined whether AD biomarkers [cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of Aß42, tau, and ptau181] were associated with lower self-reported spatial navigation abilities, and whether navigation abilities mediated the relationship of AD biomarkers with driving performance and extent. METHODS: Clinically normal older adults (n=112; aged 65+) completed an on-road driving test, the Santa Barbara Sense of Direction scale (self-report measure of spatial navigation ability), and the Driving Habits Questionnaire for an estimate of driving extent (composite of driving exposure and driving space). All participants had a lumbar puncture to obtain CSF. RESULTS: CSF Aß42, but not tau or ptau181, was associated with self-reported navigation ability. Lower self-reported navigation was associated with reduced driving extent, but not driving errors. Self-reported navigation mediated the relationship between CSF Aß42 and driving extent. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that cerebral amyloid deposition is associated with lower perceived ability to navigate the environment, which may lead older adults with AD pathology to limit their driving extent.
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Doença de Alzheimer , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Condução de Veículo , Biomarcadores/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Navegação Espacial , Idoso , Doença de Alzheimer/genética , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Proteínas tau/líquido cefalorraquidianoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: With 36 million older adult U.S. drivers, safety is a critical concern, particularly among those with dementia. It is unclear at what stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD) older adults stop driving and whether preclinical AD affects driving cessation. METHODS: Time to driving cessation was examined based on Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) and AD cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers. 1795 older adults followed up to 24 years received CDR ratings. A subset (591) had cerebrospinal fluid biomarker measurements and was followed up to 17 years. Differences in CDR and biomarker groups as predictors of time to driving cessation were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional models. RESULTS: Higher CDR scores and more abnormal biomarker measurements predicted a shorter time to driving cessation. DISCUSSION: Higher levels of AD biomarkers, including among individuals with preclinical AD, lead to earlier driving cessation. Negative functional outcomes of preclinical AD show a nonbenign phase of the disease.
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Condução de Veículo , Biomarcadores/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Demência/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Progressão da Doença , Idoso , Disfunção Cognitiva/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Fatores de Tempo , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Previous research indicates age-related impairments in learning routes from a start location to a target destination. There is less research on age effects on the ability to reverse a learned path. The method used to learn routes may also influence performance. This study examined how encoding methods influence the ability of younger and older adults to recreate a route in a virtual reality environment in forward and reverse directions. Younger (n = 50) and older (n = 50) adults learned a route either by self-navigation through the virtual environment or through studying a map. At test, participants recreated the route in the forward and reverse directions. Older adults in the map study condition had greater difficulty learning the route in the forward direction compared to younger adults. Older adults who learned the route by self-navigation were less accurate in traversing the route in the reverse compared to forward direction after a delay. In contrast, for older adults who learned via map study there were no significant differences between forward and reverse directions. Results suggest that older adults may not as readily develop and retain a sufficiently flexible representation of the environment during self-navigation to support accurate route reversal. Thus, initially learning a route from a map may be more difficult for older adults, but may ultimately be beneficial in terms of better supporting the ability to return to a start location. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Aprendizagem em Labirinto/fisiologia , Percepção Espacial/fisiologia , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Envelhecimento/psicologia , Sinais (Psicologia) , Meio Ambiente , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Rememoração Mental/fisiologia , Orientação , Comportamento Espacial , Interface Usuário-Computador , Adulto JovemRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Links between preclinical AD and driving difficulty onset would support the use of driving performance as an outcome in primary and secondary prevention trials among older adults (OAs). We examined whether AD biomarkers predicted the onset of driving difficulties among OAs. METHODS: 104 OAs (65+ years) with normal cognition took part in biomarker measurements, a road test, clinical and psychometric batteries and self-reported their driving habits. RESULTS: Higher values of CSF tau/Aß42 and ptau181/Aß42 ratios, but not uptake on PIB amyloid imaging (p=.12), predicted time to a rating of Marginal or Fail on the driving test using Cox proportional hazards models. Hazards ratios (95% confidence interval) were 5.75 (1.70-19.53), p=.005 for CSF tau/Aß42; 6.19 (1.75-21.88) and p=.005 for CSF ptau181/Aß42. DISCUSSION: Preclinical AD predicted time to receiving a Marginal or Fail rating on an on-road driving test. Driving performance shows promise as a functional outcome in AD prevention trials.
RESUMO
We examined whether neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) interact with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers (amyloid-ß42 [Aß42], tau, phosphorylated tau181 [ptau181], tau/Aß42, and ptau181/Aß42) of Alzheimer's disease pathology to predict driving decline among cognitively-normal older adults (Nâ=â116) aged ≥65. Cox proportional hazards models examined time to receiving a rating of marginal or fail on the driving test. Age, education, and gender were adjusted in the models. Participants with more abnormal CSF (Aß42, tau/Aß42, ptau181/Aß42) and NPS were faster to receive a marginal/fail on the road test compared to those without NPS. NPS interact with abnormal CSF biomarkers to impact driving performance among cognitively-normal older adults.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Doença de Alzheimer/psicologia , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Proteínas tau/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Afeto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Condução de Veículo , Biomarcadores/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Fosforilação , Modelos de Riscos ProporcionaisRESUMO
Postmortem brain studies of older drivers killed in car accidents indicate that many had Alzheimer disease (AD) neuropathologic changes. We examined whether AD biomarkers are related to driving performance among cognitively normal older adults. Individuals with normal cognition, aged 65+ years, and driving at least once per week, were recruited. Participants (N=129) took part in clinical assessments, a driving test, and positron emission tomography imaging with Pittsburgh compound B (PIB) and/or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collection. General linear models tested whether the number of driving errors differed as a function of each of the biomarker variables (mean cortical binding potential for PIB, and CSF Aß42, tau, ptau181, tau/Aß42, ptau181/Aß42). Higher ratios of CSF tau/Aß42, ptau181/Aß42, and PIB mean cortical binding potential, were associated with more driving errors (P<0.05). Preclinical AD may have subtle cognitive and functional effects, which alone may go unnoticed. However, when combined, these changes may impact complex behaviors such as driving.
Assuntos
Doenças Assintomáticas , Condução de Veículo , Encéfalo/fisiologia , Idoso , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Compostos de Anilina , Biomarcadores/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons/métodos , Tiazóis , Proteínas tau/líquido cefalorraquidianoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The Adult Children Study (ACS) at the Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center is a longitudinal investigation designed to identify and validate potential biomarkers of preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD) in cognitively normal individuals with and without a family history of AD. The purpose of the current study was to validate the proposed latent structure of the ACS psychometric battery. METHOD: Confirmatory factor analyses of baseline data in a sample of 229 (75 men) cognitively normal middle-aged to older adult individuals assessed a hypothesized 4-factor model of cognitive performance. Measurement invariance was investigated as a function of family history of AD and apolipoprotein E (APOE) status. RESULTS: This study confirmed a priori hypotheses of 4 latent cognitive domains in a unique longitudinal sample of cognitively normal adults. In addition, there was evidence of a similar factor structure for family history and APOE status groups. CONCLUSION: These robust indicators of a broad range of cognitive domains will be used in future investigations to track the influence of family history of AD on cognitive performance over time. In addition, associations with fluid, structural, and molecular biomarkers of preclinical AD will be further examined, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally in this sample.