RESUMO
Important resistance patterns in Gram-negative pathogens include active efflux of antibiotics out of the cell via a cellular pump and decreased membrane permeability. A 3-arylpiperidine derivative (1) has been identified by high-throughput assay as a potentiator with an IC(50) approximately 90 microM. This report details the evaluation of the tether length, aryl substitution and the importance of the fluorine on antibiotic accumulation. Evaluation of various tether lengths demonstrated that the two-carbon tethered analogues are optimal. Removal of the fluorine has a modest effect on antibiotic accumulation and the defluorinated analogue 17 is equally potent to the original lead 1.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/efeitos dos fármacos , Piperidinas/farmacologia , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Antibacterianos/síntese química , Transporte Biológico Ativo/fisiologia , Resistência a Medicamentos , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Flúor/química , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/patogenicidade , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/normas , Permeabilidade , Piperidinas/síntese químicaRESUMO
A high-volume screen for anthelmintic microbial metabolites with an avermectinlike mode of action was developed. The primary screen used the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans in a whole-organism assay. The specificity for avermectinlike compounds resides in the secondary screen, which takes advantage of the chloride channel-opening properties of the avermectins. By using standard microelectrode techniques, membrane conductance changes following exposure to extracts of microbial cultures were measured in the walking leg stretcher muscle fibers of the lined shore crab Pachygrapsus crassipes. The avermectins and related milbemycins give a characteristic response of rapid loss of membrane resistance coupled with a slight hyperpolarization of the membrane. This is partially (near 50%) reversible with the chloride channel blocker picrotoxinin. Four morphologically similar cultures that produced avermectinlike activities were identified by this screen. Isolation of the active components from one of these cultures (strain UC 8984) followed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy resulted in the identification of milbemycins alpha 1 and alpha 3. These metabolites are members of a large family of milbemycins produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. aureolacrimosus NRRL 5739. Systematic studies revealed that strain UC 8984 is also a S. hygroscopicus strain, but which is taxonomically distinct from NRRL 5739.