Immunoregulation of Inflammatory and Inhibitory Cytokines by Vitamin D3 in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of idiopathic, chronic and relapsing inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal tract, caused by an aberrant and exaggerated immunological response in the gut. Supplementation of vitamin D3 in patients with IBD exerts both direct and indirect regulatory roles on the naïve T cells, thereby maintaining a balance between inflammatory and inhibitory cytokines. The direct actions of vitamin D3 on naïve T cells result in the proliferation of more regulatory T cells and inhibitory cytokines such as IL-4, IL-10 and IL-5. The binding of vitamin D to dendritic cells (DCs) through vitamin D receptors inhibits the action of IL-12 on DCs, resulting in the downregulation of Th1 and Th17. On the other hand, this interaction favours Th2 and Treg upregulation and facilitates the maintenance of immune homoeostasis between inflammatory and inhibitory cytokines which is essentially significant in the management of patients with IBD. The aim of this review was to explore the current and mounting scientific evidence on the roles of vitamin D3 in immunoregulation of inflammatory and inhibitory cytokines in patients with IBDs. An extensive literature search was conducted using keywords such as Vitamin D3*, IBD*, inflammatory cytokines*, inhibitory cytokines*, naïve-T-cells* and antigen presenting cells* through PubMed, SCOPUS and MEDLINE search engines. The results of the accumulated bodies of research that have been conducted demonstrate that vitamin D3 plays a major role not only in the immunoregulation of cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of IBDs but also in many other inflammatory disorders.

Lipid accumulation product and metabolic syndrome: a population-based study in northern Iran, Amol.

PURPOSE: Lipid accumulation product (LAP) demonstrated a strong predictive accuracy for metabolic syndrome (MetS) in previous studies. This study was conducted to determine the predictive performance of LAP compared to obesity indexes. Moreover, the optimal cutoff point of LAP based on the study population waist circumference threshold was estimated in both men and women. METHODS: 5797 subjects with an average age of 44.77 ± 16.77 years for men and 43.78 ± 15.43 years for women were included in the present study. The ROC analysis was performed to assess the predictive accuracy of LAP in the diagnosis of MetS. The optimal cutoff point of LAP was determined according to maximal Youden index in both men and women. RESULTS: The optimal cutoff points determined for LAP were 49.71 (sensitivity = 85.2 %, specificity = 82.3 %) for women and 39.89 (sensitivity = 86 %, specificity = 79.6 %) for men. Based on the assigned cutoff points, the prevalence of high LAP was obtained 44.1 % in men and 45.1 % in women. LAP also showed a significantly higher predictive performance for MetS compared to obesity measures and also TG. CONCLUSION: LAP has a strong and reliable diagnostic accuracy for MetS in Iranian population in the north of Iran. LAP showed a better predictability than other obesity indexes assessed in the present study.