Pre- and postgraduate education in international health--secondary publication.

The aim of this article is to provide information about possibilities for medical students and doctors to obtain knowledge about international health. Increasing globalisation requires knowledge about international health in such a way that Danish doctors are able to diagnose and treat patients, regardless of the patient's nationality and ethnic background. Denmark has a global responsibility towards low and middle income countries to increase the standard of health. Increased knowledge and research in these countries are important both at an undergraduate and postgraduate level.

Basal ganglia volumes in drug-naive first-episode schizophrenia patients before and after short-term treatment with either a typical or an atypical antipsychotic drug.

The present study examined basal ganglia volumes in drug-naive first-episode schizophrenic patients before and after treatment with either a specific typical or atypical antipsychotic compound. Sixteen antipsychotic drug-naive and three minimally medicated first-episode schizophrenic patients and 19 matched controls participated. Patients were randomly assigned to treatment with either low doses of the typical antipsychotic drug, zuclopenthixol, or the atypical compound, risperidone. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were obtained in patients before and after 12 weeks of exposure to medication and in controls at baseline. Caudate nucleus, nucleus accumbens, and putamen volumes were measured. Compared with controls, absolute volumes of interest (VOIs) were smaller in patients at baseline and increased after treatment. However, with controls for age, gender and whole brain or intracranial volume, the only significant difference between patients and controls was a Hemisphere x Group interaction for the caudate nucleus at baseline, with controls having larger left than right caudate nuclei and patients having marginally larger right than left caudate volumes. Within patients, the two medication groups did not differ significantly with respect to volume changes after 3 months of low dose treatment in any of the VOIs. Nevertheless, when medication groups were examined separately, a significant volume increase in the putamen was evidenced in the risperidone group. The altered asymmetry in caudate volume in patients suggests intrinsic basal ganglia pathology in schizophrenia, most likely of neurodevelopmental origin.

Delayed early proprioceptive information processing in schizophrenia.

It was first suggested that disordered proprioception was a core feature of schizophrenia by Sandor Rado in 1953. Using a recently designed proprioceptive event-related potential paradigm based on a change of load, we studied 12 unmedicated male out-patients with schizophrenia and 24 controls. In the patients, the early contralateral parietal activity was delayed and later central activity had increased amplitude, but gating was unaffected. The results could be understood within the "deficiency of corollary discharge" model of schizophrenia but not within the "filtering" theory. Further studies, including psychiatric controls, are necessary to verify the specificity of the abnormality.

[Undergraduate and postgraduate education in international health]. / Prae- og postgraduat uddannelse i international sundhed.

The aim of this article is to provide information about possibilities for medical students and doctors to obtain knowledge about international health. Increasing globalisation requires knowledge about international health in such way that Danish doctors are able to diagnose and treat patients, regardless of the patient's nationality and ethnic background. Denmark has a global responsibility towards low and middle income countries to increase the standard of health. Increased knowledge and research in these countries is important both at an undergraduate and postgraduate level.

Cognitive deficits and levels of IQ in adolescent onset schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders.

Cognitive deficits have been found to be prevalent in early onset schizophrenia. Whether these deficits also characterise other early onset psychotic disorders to a similar degree is unclear, as very few comparative studies have been done. The primary purpose of this study was to compare the profile and severity of cognitive impairments in first-episode early onset psychotic patients who received the schizophrenia diagnosis to those diagnosed with other non-organic, non-affective psychotic disorders. The secondary purpose was to examine whether the profile of cognitive deficits, in terms of intelligence, executive functions, memory, attention and processing speed was global or specific. First-episode psychotic adolescents (N = 39) between the ages 11 and 17 years were included, 18 of whom were diagnosed with schizophrenia, and 21 with other non-organic, non-affective psychoses, using ICD-10 criteria. A healthy control group (N = 40) was included, matched on gender and age. Cognitive functions were assessed using WISC-III/R, the CANTAB battery, WCST, Trail Making B, fluency tasks, and Buschke's selective reminding task. A similar profile and level of impairment was found on measures of attention, executive functions, reaction time, and memory in the schizophrenic and psychotic adolescent groups. However, analyses of WISC-III factor profiles suggested that early onset schizophrenia patients may have more global IQ deficits than non-organic, non-affective psychoses when examined recently after illness onset. Compared to the deficits of adult schizophrenia described in the literature, the results suggest relatively spared simple reaction times in early onset patients.

Validation of a digital video tracking system for recording pig locomotor behaviour.

We are introducing a system for automatically tracking pig locomotor behaviour. Transposing methods for the video-based tracking of rodent behaviour engenders several problems. We have therefore improved existing methods, based on image-subtraction, to offer increased flexibility and accuracy in tracking large-sized animals in situations with a constantly changing background. The improved tracking algorithms introduce a reference frame, which does not include the animal and is automatically updated, and implementation of an automatic threshold detection algorithm. This makes the system more robust to the tracking environment, which could even be of the same colour as the animal, and allows the tracking environment to change during recording. We validated the system by estimating the repeatability, accuracy, and basic noise level, and tested the system in different levels of animal activity evoked by administration of apomorphine (APO) to minipigs in an open field test. Seven pigs each received the vehicle and three doses of APO (0.05, 0.1, and 0.3 mg/kg i.m.), and the locomotor behaviour of each session was recorded for 60-min. The calculated coefficient of repeatability was 0.6%, indicating high repeatability and the basic noise level of the tracking system was estimated to be 2%. Administration of the two lowest doses of APO was accompanied by increased locomotor activity of the pigs. Thus, this digital video-based tracking system for automatically tracking the spontaneous locomotor behaviour of pigs is highly reliable and accurate, and was able to detect well-known effects of APO in pig locomotor activity.

Prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex in pigs and its disruption by d-amphetamine.

Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle reflex is an operational measure of sensorimotor gating. The dopamine receptor agonist-mediated disruption of PPI in rats is widely used as a model of the sensorimotor gating deficiencies demonstrated in schizophrenia patients. As a possible tool for validation of a pig model of psychosis, we wished to verify the existence of PPI in landrace pigs and investigate the potential disruption of PPI by d-amphetamine (AMPH) in these animals. PPI of the acoustic startle reflex and its potential disruption by AMPH were investigated using three doses 0.5-1.5mg/kg with a paradigm including two levels of prepulses (82 and 88dB) and a prepulse (PP) interval of 60 and 120ms. We found an average PPI of the startle reflex of 25.6% and both of the investigated PP intensities and PP intervals were equally effective in this PP-inhibitive paradigm. AMPH significantly disrupted PPI and, in spite of only the 0.5mg/kg dose proved statistically significant, the results indicate this to be dose-related. We have demonstrated the phenomenon of PPI of the startle reflex in landrace pigs and its disruption by d-amphetamine. Studies of sensorimotor gating defects could be a valuable additional tool in assessing pig models of neuropsychiatric disorders.

Normal p50 gating in unmedicated schizophrenia outpatients.

OBJECTIVE: The hypothesis of a sensory gating defect in schizophrenia has been supported by studies demonstrating deficient auditory P50 gating in patients. P50 gating is the relative attenuation of P50 amplitude in the auditory evoked potential following the second auditory stimulus of a stimulus pair. METHOD: Auditory evoked potentials of 12 unmedicated male patients with schizophrenia and 24 healthy men were recorded during three runs of 40 click pairs. Three alternative waveform-processing strategies were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Regardless of strategy used, the differences between subject groups regarding P50 amplitude and gating were nonsignificant. CONCLUSIONS: The P50 gating in the patient group was normal. The results do not support the concept of the P50 gating defect as a general trait marker of schizophrenia.