Radiographic evaluation of vascularity in scaphoid nonunions: A review.

Scaphoid fractures, particularly those that occur more proximally, are unreliable in achieving union due to the retrograde blood supply of the scaphoid bone. Vascular compromise is associated with the development of nonunions and avascular necrosis of the proximal pole. Due to the tenuous blood supply of the scaphoid, it is imperative that the vascularity be assessed when creating diagnostic and treatment strategies. Early detection of vascular compromise via imaging may signal impending nonunion and allow clinicians to perform interventions that aid in restoring perfusion to the scaphoid. Vascular compromise in the scaphoid presents a diagnostic challenge, in part due to the non-specific findings on plain radiographs and computed tomography. Magnetic resonance imaging techniques have dramatically improved our ability to assess the blood supply to the scaphoid and improve time to intervention. This review aims to summarize these advances and highlights the importance of imaging in assessing vascular compromise in scaphoid nonunion and in reperfusion following surgical intervention.

Imaging and management of fibroepithelial breast lesions on percutaneous core needle biopsy.

The purpose of this study is to review the clinical presentation, multi-modality appearance, and management of the most common benign and malignant fibroepithelial lesions of the breast. Fibroepithelial lesions of the breast may exhibit characteristic features on mammography, ultrasound, and MRI, although definitive diagnosis most often requires biopsy and at times, surgical excision. Knowledge of the imaging features can assist in refining the differential diagnosis and guiding appropriate management.

A case of tri-segmental cranial nerve V herpes zoster.

Varicella-zoster is the causative virus underlying varicella or "chickenpox" and herpes zoster or "shingles." Cases of disseminated disease have been widely reported in immunocompromised patients. We describe an interesting case of tri-segmental cranial nerve V herpes zoster here with discussion of the salient clinical features as well as brief discussion about ongoing trials for herpes zoster ophthalmicus prophylaxis. This case also highlights the importance of timely treatment and diagnosis, as the patient presented 6 days prior to hospitalization with a mild vesicular facial rash but was lost to follow up without filling a prescription for acyclovir, returning with severe facial involvement.

FDG-Avid Focal Liver Reaction From Proton Therapy in a Patient With Primary Esophageal Adenocarcinoma.

A 25-year-old man with IgA deficiency was treated with 2 months of chemotherapy and proton therapy for gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma. Restaging PET/CT 18 days posttherapy demonstrated 2 new foci of increased FDG uptake in the left hepatic lobe, which were favored to represent radiation injury as opposed to new metastases. Follow-up MRI with contrast 2 weeks later demonstrated hypoenhancement and T1/T2 hypointensity in the liver, without restricted diffusion, which correlated with the dominant FDG-avid focus. The hepatic lesions resolved on subsequent FDG PET/CT and MRI studies, confirming the diagnosis of acute radiation injury.

Dairy farm wastewater treatment and lipid accumulation by Arthrospira platensis.

Dairy cattle treated wastewaters are potential resources for production of microalgae biofuels. A study was conducted to evaluate the capability of Arthrospira platensis cultivated in dairy farm wastewater for biodiesel production. The biomass of Arthrospira platensis was found to be 4.98 g L-1 and produced 30.23 wt% lipids to dry biomass cultivated in wastewater which was found nitrogen stressed in photo bioreactor. The extracted lipid displayed a suitable fatty acid profile for biodiesel, although the content of linolenic acid was found a little higher than the standard EN14214. It was found that nitrogen stressed medium increase the total lipid content but temperature and intensities of light were the most important factors to control the quantity of linolenic acid and hence the quality of biodiesel, while the optimum CO2 helped to achieve maximum biomass and triacylglycerols. The Arthrospira platensis offer a good option for the treatment of wastewater before final discharge.

Simultaneous removal of potent cyanotoxins from water using magnetophoretic nanoparticle of polypyrrole: adsorption kinetic and isotherm study.

Cyanotoxins, microcystins and cylindrospermopsin, are potent toxins produced by cyanobacteria in potable water supplies. This study investigated the removal of cyanotoxins from aqueous media by magnetophoretic nanoparticle of polypyrrole adsorbent. The adsorption process was pH dependent with maximum adsorption occurring at pH 7 for microcystin-LA, LR, and YR and at pH 9 for microcystin-RR and cylindrospermopsin (CYN). Kinetic studies and adsorption isotherms reflected better fit for pseudo-second-order rate and Langmuir isotherm model, respectively. Thermodynamic calculations showed that the cyanotoxin adsorption process is endothermic and spontaneous in nature. The regenerated adsorbent can be successfully reused without appreciable loss of its original capacity.

Three stage cultivation process of facultative strain of Chlorella sorokiniana for treating dairy farm effluent and lipid enhancement.

Reserve lipids of microalgae are promising for biodiesel production. However, economically feasible and sustainable energy production from microalgae requires optimization of cultivation conditions for both biomass yield and lipid production of microalgae. Biomass yield and lipid production in microalgae are a contradictory problem because required conditions for both targets are different. Simultaneously, the mass cultivation of microalgae for biofuel production also depends extremely on the performance of the microalgae strains used. In this study a green unicellular microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana (DS6) isolated from the holding tanks of farm wastewater treatment plant using multi-step screening and acclimation procedures was found high-lipid producing facultative heterotrophic microalgae strain capable of growing on dairy farm effluent (DFE) for biodiesel feedstock and wastewater treatment. Morphological features and the phylogenetic analysis for the 18S rRNA identified the isolated strains. A novel three stage cultivation process of facultative strain of C. sorokiniana was examined for lipid production.

Gross and Morphometric Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System of Bats (Eidolon helvum).

The present study aimed at examining the gross and morphometry of the reproductive tract of the male bats (Eidolon helvum). Thirty male bats (adults n = 17 and juveniles n = 13) were captured using net, weighed, aged using relative ossification of the wing bone, and dissected for gross examination. Morphologically, the mean body weight and forearm length in both adults and juveniles were 235.31 ± 6.30 g, 12.14 ± 0.19 cm and 69.54 ± 7.68 g, 7.77 ± 0.29 cm, respectively. The testicles were completely descended in adults with the penis projected cranially. The epididymides were found at the median border of the testis and continues as vas deferens. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed between right and left testicular weights in both adults and juveniles and also in lengths of different parts of the reproductive segments in both age groups assessed, respectively. This work has documented the gross anatomy of the male reproductive tract in bats. Ultrastructure and histochemistry are recommended for further insight into the reproductive biology.

Telangiectatic hyperplastic nodule associated with vascular malformation in a patient with chronic hepatitis B: radiologic and pathologic features.

Recognizing hepatocellular nodules that cannot be classified as typical for hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatocellular adenoma, or focal nodular hyperplasia is important, especially in a patient with high risk for hepatocellular carcinoma. The authors report a case of a 53-year-old man with chronic hepatitis B, who was referred to the hospital with a liver mass found on routine imaging follow-up. Abdominal ultrasound revealed a 2.4-cm hypoechoic lesion. Contrast computed tomography showed homogeneous arterial enhancement and mild hyperdensity on portal venous phase images. Due to the high risk for hepatocellular carcinoma, the patient underwent laparoscopic left lateral segmentectomy that revealed a 2.2-cm poorly defined red-brown lesion. The nodule was diagnosed as a hypervascular/telangiectatic hyperplastic hepatocellular nodule based on histopathologic findings and immunostaining profile with negative glutamine synthetase, diffuse positive CD34 highlighting hyperplastic endothelial cells along the telangiectatic sinusoids and dilated vascular channels, and CK7 and CK19 reactive normal bile ducts within the lesion.