Constraining effects of aerosol-cloud interaction by accounting for coupling between cloud and land surface.

Aerosol-cloud interactions (ACIs) are vital for regulating Earth's climate by influencing energy and water cycles. Yet, effects of ACI bear large uncertainties, evidenced by systematic discrepancies between observed and modeled estimates. This study quantifies a major bias in ACI determinations, stemming from conventional surface or space measurements that fail to capture aerosol at the cloud level unless the cloud is coupled with land surface. We introduce an advanced approach to determine radiative forcing of ACI by accounting for cloud-surface coupling. By integrating field observations, satellite data, and model simulations, this approach reveals a drastic alteration in aerosol vertical transport and ACI effects caused by cloud coupling. In coupled regimes, aerosols enhance cloud droplet number concentration across the boundary layer more homogeneously than in decoupled conditions, under which aerosols from the free atmosphere predominantly affect cloud properties, leading to marked cooling effects. Our findings spotlight cloud-surface coupling as a key factor for ACI quantification, hinting at potential underassessments in traditional estimates.

Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome as an Adverse Effect of Lenvatinib in a Patient with Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: A Case Report.

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is an uncommon transient neuroradiological phenomenon that develops vasogenic cerebral edema and could be caused by some pharmacological agents, such as molecular-specific target agents. Lenvatinib belongs to the tyrosine kinase inhibitors and was approved in 2015 for progressive locally advanced or metastatic thyroid cancer refractory to radioactive iodine (I-131) treatment. Herein, we present the case of a 65-year-old woman who, while receiving treatment with lenvatinib for radioiodine-refractory metastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma, developed PRES without hypertension at the initial evaluation. Her clinical and radiological findings improved after withdrawing from the mentioned therapy, and later it was possible to re-incorporate lower doses of the medication, as described in the other three case reports found in the worldwide medical literature. The recognition of this entity is essential to timely suspend the drug and avoid greater comorbidity. This is the first paper reporting this kind of adverse event using lenvatinib in a Hispanic population.

HyperCKemia-MB due to macroCK type 1: Case report

HyperCKemia is a rare condition characterized by a persistent increase in serum creatine kinase (CK) levels or some isoenzymes. Usually, there are no clinical, electromyography or histological manifestations, which involves a challenge at the time of diagnosis. The patient in question showed no characteristic signs or symptoms, apart from fatigue and post-exercise myalgia. Assessment was performed by rheumatology and endocrinology, determination of total CK and MB fraction in blood, and electromyography and protein electrophoresis were requested as part of the approach. This case report is considered as novel, interesting, and useful for clinical practice as few similar ones were found in the scientific literature. The difficult etiological diagnosis of this entity, and the algorithm used to arrive at it, are all presented. It is concluded that in those patients with hyperCKemia of unknown etiology, this diagnosis should be kept in mind, and be confirmed by performing a CK electrophoresis.

La hiperCKemia es una condición poco frecuente caracterizada por un aumento persistente de los niveles de creatina quinasa (CK) sérica o de algunas isoenzimas, sin que suelan presentarse manifestaciones clínicas, electromiográficas o histológicas, lo cual implica un desafío a la hora del diagnóstico. El paciente cuyo caso se presenta aquí no mostró signos o síntomas característicos, únicamente fatiga y mialgias posteriores al ejercicio. Se llevó a cabo valoración por reumatología y endocrinología, determinación de CK total y fracción MB en sangre; además, se solicitó electromiografía y electroforesis de proteínas como parte del abordaje. Consideramos que este reporte de caso es novedoso, interesante y de utilidad para la práctica clínica pues se encuentran pocos similares en la literatura científica; adicionalmente, se pone en evidencia el difícil diagnóstico etiológico de esta entidad, así como el algoritmo utilizado para llegar a ella. Se concluye que este diagnóstico debe tenerse en mente en aquellos pacientes con hiperCKemia de etiología desconocida, y para confirmarlo es necesario hacer una electroforesis de CK.

Efficacy and safety of carbohydrate counting versus other forms of dietary advice in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most prevalent chronic noncommunicable diseases globally, and the only way to reduce its complications is good glycaemic control. Insulin remains the only approved treatment for type 1 DM (T1DM) and is used by many with type 2 DM (T2DM). Carbohydrate counting is considered the ideal way to calculate meal-related insulin doses as it allows greater flexibility in diet and could, in some people, reduce the burden of the disease. The primary objective of this systematic review was to assess carbohydrate counting efficacy in reducing glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c ) levels and safety by not increasing hypoglycaemia risk, inducing an increase in body weight or blood lipids, or reducing the quality of life of people with T1DM. METHODS: We included randomised controlled clinical trials with a parallel-group design comparing any carbohydrate counting forms with standard care or other forms of dietary advice or insulin dose calculation in people with T1DM with a follow up period of at least 3 months and with no restrictions in language, age or settings. As a primary outcome, we consider the change of HbA1c levels within at least 3 months. Secondary outcomes were hypoglycaemia events, body weight changes, blood lipids levels, and the total daily insulin dose. We also evaluated health-related quality-of-life changes and questionnaires on satisfaction with treatment of diabetes. RESULTS: Data from 11 studies with 899 patients were retrieved with a mean follow-up of 52 ± 35.5 weeks. Carbohydrate counting is not better in reducing HbA1c levels (SMD-0.24%, 95% CI -0.68 to 0.21) than all dietary advice forms. However, this finding was highly heterogeneous. We identified three studies that account for most of the heterogeneity using clustering algorithms. A second analysis excluding these studies shows a meaningful reduction in HbA1c levels (SMD-0.52%, 95% CI -0.82 to -0.23) with low heterogeneity. In the subgroup analysis, carbohydrate counting significantly reduces HbA1c levels compared with usual diabetes education. Carbohydrate counting does not relate to any substantial change in blood lipids, body weight, hypoglycaemia risk or daily insulin dose. Finally, we analysed the effect of trial duration on reduction in HbA1c levels and found no significant change related to time. CONCLUSIONS: Carbohydrate counting is an efficacious technique to safely reduce the levels of HbA1c in adults and children compared with standard diabetes education, and its effect does not appear to change with prolonged time. Standardisation in reporting important outcomes such as hypoglycaemia and quality of life are vital to produce comparable evidence in carbohydrate counting clinical trials. This systematic review was registered in PROSPERO under code: CRD42020218499.

[Medication errors in pediatrics]. / Errores de medicación en pediatría.

INTRODUCTION: Medication errors (ME) are preventable incidents of inappropriate use of medications by health per sonnel or by the patient. These events can occur at any stage of drug use generating significant costs to the health system and, in some cases, these can even lead to death. The pediatric population is con sidered susceptible to ME with a prevalence 3 times higher than adult patients. OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence of medication errors in hospitalized pediatric patients, as well as their classification according to the stage of use of the medication when they occurred. METHOD: A literature review of ME in pediatrics was carried out through a Pubmed / Medline search using Mesh terms ("Medication Errors" and "Pediatrics") in the last 10 years. Three investigators reviewed independently the identi fied articles considering the STROBE checklist for observational studies. RESULTS: 192 bibliographic references were identified, 22 of them were eligible for review and data collection. Studies reported an error rate between 1% and 58% of the evaluated medication indications, with errors reported in different processes of drug use. 9 articles (41%) described errors related only to prescription, mainly associated with incorrect dosage, 6 (27%) errors related to prescription, administration, and other processes, 3 (14%) related to prescription and administration, 2 (9%) related only to administra tion, 1 (4%) article reported errors related to conciliation, and 1 (4%) described errors related to preparation and administration. CONCLUSION: The studies reported different medication errors in the pediatric population. Most of them reported ME related to prescription followed by ME in the administration. Knowing the proportion of ME allows focusing interventions aimed at reducing their prevalence.

COVID-19 y tiroides. Revisión de la literatura y recomendaciones para pacientes con enfermedad tiroidea / Thyroid and COVID-19. Review and recommendations for patients with thyroid disease

Resumen Las enfermedades de la tiroides, tanto benignas como malignas, son altamente prevalentes a nivel mundial, por lo que es muy probable que durante la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 veamos pacientes con ambas enfermedades. Esto exige el conocimiento de las implicaciones potenciales de este nuevo virus en el funcionamiento de la glándula, en los tratamientos usuales para estas enfermedades y en consideraciones especiales para este grupo poblacional. A la fecha no hay evidencia que soporte que las enfermedades tiroideas aumenten el riesgo de infección o severidad de la enfermedad; sin embargo, es posible que durante infecciones severas por SARS-CoV-2 en personas con o sin antecedente de enfermedad tiroidea puedan presentar alteración de las pruebas tiroideas, aunque transitoriamente y sin requerimiento de tratamiento específico. Es fundamental que los pacientes continúen con sus tratamientos ambulatorios y se difiera, en la medida de lo posible, los procedimientos quirúrgicos o la administración de yodo radioactivo hasta que se considere seguro realizarlos.

Abstract Both benign and malignant thyroid diseases are highly prevalent worldwide, so it is highly likely that during the COVID-19 pandemic we will see patients with this comorbidity. This requires knowledge of the potential implications of this new virus in the functioning of the gland, the usual treatments for these diseases and special recommendations in this population. To date, there is no evidence to support that thyroid diseases increase the risk of infection or the disease severity. However, it is possible that during severe SARS-CoV-2 infections in people with or without history of thyroid disease, the thyroid tests may be altered, although transitory and does not require specific treatment. It is essential for patients to continue with their outpatient treatments and defer as far as possible surgical procedures or administration of radioactive iodine until it is considered safe to perform.

COVID-19 y diabetes. Retos, Implicaciones y manejo durante la pandemia / COVID-19 and Diabetes. Challenges, Implications and treatment during the pandemic

Resumen Desde finales del año 2019 un nuevo coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, se extendió desde China hacia el resto del mundo, causando la pandemia de una enfermedad denominada COVID-19. Una enfermedad sistémica que en algunos casos produce neumonía severa que incluso puede progresar a falla respiratoria aguda y finalmente la muerte. Entre las comorbilidades que se han asociado con un aumento en la mortalidad por SARS-CoV-2 se encuentra la diabetes. En general, se estima que tener diabetes aumenta un 18 % el riesgo de infecciones respiratorias, en parte por el impacto que genera sobre la inmunidad innata o adquirida, lo que estaría contribuyendo a una presentación clínica más severa del SARS-CoV-2 al comparar con población sin diabetes. Considerando que existe una asociación entre mal control glucémico y mayor severidad clínica de la infección por COVID-19, se deben hacer importantes consideraciones sobre el manejo farmacológico brindado a los pacientes; el perfilamiento dependerá de las condiciones de cada paciente, de la severidad de la enfermedad y del tipo de manejo instaurado ya sea ambulatorio o intrahospitalario.

Abstract Since the end of the year 2019 a new coronavirus called Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) has spread from China to the rest of the world, causing the pandemic of the disease called COVID-19. A systemic disease that in some cases produces severe pneumonia that can even progress to acute respiratory failure and eventually death. Among the comorbidities that have been associated with an increase in mortality from SARS-CoV-2, diabetes is one of them. In general, it is estimated that having diabetes increases the risk of respiratory infections by 18 %, in part, due to the impact on innate and acquired immunity, which would be contributing to a more severe clinical presentation of SARS-CoV-2 when compared with population without diabetes. Considering that there is an association between worse glycemic control and higher clinical severity of COVID-19 infection, important considerations must be made regarding the type of pharmacological management that is provided to patients; the profiling will depend on the conditions of each patient, the severity of the disease, and the type of management either as outpatient or in-hospital.

Errores de medicación en pacientes pediátricos en un hospital universitario en Medellín Colombia, un estudio de corte transversal / Medication errors in pediatric patients in an academic hospital in Medellin Colombia. A cross-sectional study

Resumen Introducción: Una tercera parte de los Errores en la atención en salud se ha relacionado a Errores de medicación; con una incidencia 3 veces mayor en pediatría con respecto a los pacientes adultos. Una estrategia recomendada para mejorar la gestión describe adoptar un sistema de notificación que permita la detección, identificación de causas e implementación de acciones enfocadas a la prevención. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia y caracterizar los errores de medicación en el servicio de pediatría reportados en el Sistema de notificación y gestión de riesgo clínico de un hospital universitario entre el 2017 y 2018. Metodología: Estudio de corte transversal. Se cuantificó la proporción de errores de medicación en el servicio de pediatría a partir de un informe del Sistema de notificación de riesgo clínico entre el año 2017 y 2018. Los errores de medicación se clasificaron por proceso de ocurrencia, tipo de error, subgrupo y gravedad. Para el análisis se utilizó estadística descriptiva. Resultados: Se generaron 669 reportes de eventos adversos, 376 (56,20%) estaban relacionados con medicamentos. La tasa calculada de errores fue 7,71 por cada 1000 paciente-días. La mayoría de los errores de medicación se clasificaron como Error sin daño (categoría B y C), 176 ambas subcategorías (352 total) para un 93,62% del total de errores. El proceso de prescripción reportó la mayoría de los errores 59,84%. Conclusiones: La mayoría de los errores de medicación reportados se relacionaron con la prescripción, clasificándose principalmente como errores sin daño. MÉD.UIS.2020;33(2):33-40.

Abstract Introduction: A third of medical errors has been related to medication errors. In the pediatric population, an incidence of medication errors 3 times higher compared to adults has been described. A recommended strategy to improve medication errors risk management describes the adoption of a notification system that allows detection, identification of causes and the implementation of activities focused on prevention. Objective: To determine the prevalence and to characterize medication errors in the pediatric service reported in the clinical risk management and notification system of an academic hospital in 2017 and 2018. Methodology: Cross-sectional study. The proportion of medication errors in the pediatric department was quantified from a report of the Clinical Risk notification System for 2017 and 2018. Medication errors were grouped according to process, type of error, subgroup and gravity. Descriptive statistics were used for the analysis. Outcomes: 669 reports of adverse events were generated in the pediatric service, 376 (56,20%) were related to medications. The error rate was 7,71 per-1000 patient days. Most of the errors were classified as Error without damage (category B and C), 176 both subcategories (total 352), representing 93,62 % of the total of errors. The prescription process was the one that most reported errors 59,84%. Conclusions: Most of the reported medication errors were related to the prescription. The main were classified in the errors without damage category. MÉD.UIS.2020;33(2):33-40.

Effects of fireworks on particulate matter concentration in a narrow valley: the case of the Medellín metropolitan area.

The extensive use of fireworks generates large amounts of pollutants, deteriorating air quality and potentially causing adverse health impacts. In Medellín and its metropolitan area, although fireworks are banned during December, their use is widespread during the Christmas season, particularly during the midnight of November 30 (La Alborada) and New Year's Eve (NYE). It is therefore essential to assess the effects of these celebrations on air quality in the region. Air-quality data from the official monitoring network and a low-cost particulate matter (PM) citizen science project, backscattering intensity (BI) retrievals from a ceilometer network, potential temperature from a microwave radiometer, and information from a radar wind profiler provide an excellent platform to study the spatio-temporal distribution of contaminants resulting from the La Alborada and NYE celebrations. Substantial increases in PM2.5 and PM10 mass concentrations due to La Alborada and NYE, ranging in some cases from 50 to 100 µgm-3, are observed in the Aburrá Valley and particularly in the densely populated communes of Medellín, with most concentration changes corresponding to ultrafine and fine particles. The PM increments resulting from fireworks show almost no increase in the net amount of black carbon in the atmosphere. Ceilometer BI profiles show a substantial change immediately after the La Alborada and NYE midnights, confined to the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). Strong thermal inversions lead to fairly homogeneous increments in BI within the ABL, lasting until the onset of the convective boundary layer. In contrast, weak thermal inversions lead to rapid dispersion of aerosols, allowing them to episodically escape above the ABL.

Independent dentists' knowledge on patient safety and reporting of adverse events. Medellín, Colombia, 2017 / Conocimientos de los odontólogos independientes sobre seguridad de los pacientes y reporte de eventos adversos. Medellín, Colombia, 2017

ABSTRACT. Introduction: In Colombia, the Comprehensive Health Services Qualifying System (Sistema Único de Habilitación de Servicios de Salud) has been revised several times. It is currently governed by Resolution 2003 of 2014, which includes dentists as independent professionals who must abide by its content. This regulation considers healthcare quality in relation to patient safety as a key aspect for professional practice. The goal of the present study was to determine the associations between dentists' sociodemographic characteristics, their knowledge on patient safety, and the reporting of adverse events with the patient safety perception by independent providers of the dental services in the city of Medellín. Methods: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional, analytical study in 215 independent dentists from Medellín; an empirical analytical approach was used for data collection, conducting univariate, bivariate, and multivariate statistical analysis. Results: of the population of dentists studied, 52.1% were female and 50% were 41 years or younger. The variables with statistically significant association regarding dentists' perception on patient safety were: pursuing patient safety studies after graduation, having full qualifying standards, and have performed more than one corrective action of adverse events over the past year. Conclusions: Independent dentists generally lack knowledge on adverse events management and patient safety practices. Universities and monitoring and control bodies can promote theoretical and practical activities to improve these aspects and thus the safety of dental patients.

RESUMEN. Introducción: en Colombia, el Sistema Único de Habilitación de Servicios de Salud ha sido renovado en varias ocasiones. Actualmente está regido por la Resolución 2003 de 2014, que incluye a los odontólogos como profesionales independientes que deben acogerse a su contenido. Esta normatividad contempla la calidad de la atención vinculada a la seguridad del paciente, como tema fundamental para el ejercicio profesional. El objetivo del presente estudio consistió en determinar la asociación de las características sociodemográficas de los odontólogos, los conocimientos sobre seguridad del paciente y el reporte de eventos adversos con la percepción de seguridad del paciente por parte de los prestadores del servicio de odontología de manera independiente en Medellín. Métodos: se trata de un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal con intención analítica en 215 odontólogos independientes de Medellín; para la recolección de los datos se utilizó un enfoque empírico analítico y se efectuó análisis estadístico univariado, bivariado y multivariado. Resultados: dentro de la población de odontólogos estudiada, el 52,1% fueron mujeres y el 50% tenían 41 años o menos. Las variables con asociación estadísticamente significativa con respecto a la percepción de los odontólogos sobre seguridad del paciente fueron: haber realizado actualizaciones en seguridad del paciente después de la graduación, tener completos los estándares de habilitación y haber realizado más de una acción correctiva de eventos adversos en el último año. Conclusiones: entre los odontólogos independientes existe desconocimiento sobre la gestión de eventos adversos y prácticas en seguridad del paciente. Las universidades y entes de vigilancia y control podrían generar actividades teórico-prácticas para mejorar estos aspectos y, por ende, la seguridad del paciente en odontología.

Glucagon like peptide 1 receptor agonists: a therapy for diabetes management / Agonistas del receptor péptido 1 similar al glucagon: una terapia para el control de la diabetes

Abstract Introduction: Glucagon-like peptide 1 agonists inhibit glucose-dependent glucagon secretion, decrease gastric emptying and appetite through neural mechanisms, contribute to glucose regulation and show reduction in glycated hemoglobin A. Methods: A bibliographic search was made on Medline® about pharmacology of the agonist glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor, Liraglutide, Lixisenatide, Albiglutide, Exenatide, Exenatide with long-acting release. Results: The GLP1 receptor agonist are agents involved with glycemic balance, weight loss induction and are associated with lower risk of hypoglycemia. They have shown efficacy in the treatment of hypoglycemia in patients with type-2 diabetes. Conclusions: GLP1 receptor agonist are part of the therapies for diabetes that have shown benefits in metabolic control, effectiveness in weight reduction and changes in glycated hemoglobin. More studies are needed to evaluate its long-term safety.

Resumen Introducción: Los agonistas del péptido 1 similar al glucagón inhiben la secreción del glucagón dependiente de glucosa, también disminuyen el vaciamiento gástrico y el apetito a través de mecanismos neurales contribuyen a la regulación de la glucosa y muestran reducción en la hemoglobina A glicada. Métodos: Búsqueda bibliográfica en Medline sobre la farmacología de los agonistas del receptor del péptido 1 similar al glucagón: liraglutide, lixisenatide, albiglutide, exenatide, exenatide con liberación de acción prolongada. Resultados: Los agonistas del receptor del péptido 1 similar al glucagón son agentes involucrados con el equilibrio glucémico, inducen pérdida de peso, se asocian a un menor riesgo de hipoglucemias y han mostrado eficacia en el tratamiento de la hiperglucemia en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2. Conclusiones: Los agonistas del receptor del péptido 1 similar al glucagón forman parte de las terapias para la diabetes que han mostrado beneficios en el control metabólico, efectividad en la reducción de peso y cambios en la hemoglobina A glicosilada. Aún faltan estudios que evalúen su seguridad a largo plazo.

Maternal and perinatal outcomes in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and real time continuous glucose monitoring in two specialized centers in Medellin, Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: We assessed maternal and perinatal outcomes in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes, treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and real time continuous glucose monitoring. METHODS: This is a retrospective study, analyzing the basal characteristics, glycemic control, maternal and perinatal outcomes of pregnant women with type 1 diabetes, who were on an insulin pump with continuous glucose monitoring between 2011 and 2015. RESULTS: Fourteen patients were included. The median age was 33 and disease duration 12 years. Indications for therapy were mainly poor glycemic control and severe hypoglycemia. The median A1c decrease was 1.02% between the first and third trimester. Pregnancies were associated with complications: 7.1% of the patients had diabetic ketoacidosis, 7.1% had an abortion, 28.5% gestational hypertension and 12.2% preeclampsia. The median gestational age at birth was 37 weeks and four days; the frequency of preterm birth was 7.1% and macrosomia 21.4%. There were no congenital malformations or perinatal death. CONCLUSIONS: Baseline characteristics and results of patients in this study were similar to those reported in the previous literature. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion with continuous glucose monitoring is an alternative treatment option for pregnant women with type 1 diabetes before or during pregnancy.

Lactato de Ringer vs. Solución salina normal para trasplante renal. Revisión sistemática y meta-análisis / Lactated Ringer's vs. normal saline solution for renal transplantation: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: The administration of potassium solutions may result in hyperpotassemia during surgery; normal saline solution (NSS) traditionally used in renal transplant may cause hyperchloremic acidosis. Objective: To compare the safety of Lactated Ringer's (LR) against NSS in renal transplantation. Search strategy: A systematic review was completed on Central Cochrane Registry - controlled trials, Medline, Lilacs, EBSCO and Embase, accessing review articles and contacting expert clinicians. There was no language restriction. Selection criteria: Randomized controlled trials on adult patients undergoing renal transplantation. Data collection and analysis: Independent trial selection, quality assessment and data extraction were performed. The mean differentials were estimated with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Heterogeneity was evaluated with statistic I-square(I²) and the fixed and random effect models were used. Results: Four trials with a total of 237 patients were included. At the end of surgery, the potassium differential was non-significant (means difference (MD: -0.26 mEq/L; CI 95%: -0.58 to 0.05 p = 0.10; I² = 75%); the pH was lower in the NSS group (MD: 0.06; CI 95%: 0.05-0.08; p < 0.001; I² = 17%). No difference in Creatinine was identified on the third postoperative day (MD: -0.05; CI 95%: -0.59 to 0.48; p = 0.85; I² = 0%). Condusions: The use of RL vs. NSS during the renal transplantation perioperative period results in lower potassium and chloride levels and a higher pH, with no significant Creatinine changes.

Antecedentes: La administración de soluciones con potasio puede causar hiperpotasemia durante cirugía, la Solución Salina Normal (SSN), usada tradicionalmente en trasplante renal, puede generar acidosis hiperclorémica. Objetivo: Comparar la seguridad del Lactato de Ringer (LR) con SSN en trasplante renal. Estrategia de búsqueda: Se realizó una revisión sistemática en el Registro Cochrane Central de ensayos controlados, Medline, Lilacs, EBSCO y Embase, en artículos de revisión y contactando clínicos expertos. No hubo restricción de idioma. Criterios de selección: Se incluyeron ensayos controlados aleatorios en pacientes adultos sometidos a trasplante renal. Recogida y análisis de datos: De forma independiente se realizó selección de estudios, evaluación de la calidad y extracción de datos. Se calculó diferencia de medias con su intervalo de confianza del 95% (IC 95%). Se evaluó la heterogeneidad con el estadístico I-cuadrado (I²). Se usaron los modelos de efectos fijos y aleatorios. Resultados: Se incluyeron cuatro estudios con un total de 237 pacientes. Al final de cirugía la diferencia de potasio no fue significativa (Diferencia de Medias (DM: -0,26 mEq/L; IC 95%: -0,58 a 0,05 p = 0,10; I² = 75%), el pH fue menor en el grupo de SSN (DM: 0,06; IC 95%: 0,05 a 0,08; p < 0,001; 12:17%). No hubo diferencia en la creatinina al tercer día posoperatorio (DM: -0,05; IC 95%: -0,59 a 0,48; p = 0,85; I² = 0%). Conclusiones: El uso de LR comparado con SSN en el perioperatorio de trasplante renal genera menores niveles de potasio y cloro y mayor pH, sin cambios significativos en la creatinina.

Sitagliptina versus insulina en pacientes hospitalizados con diabetes tipo 2. Estudio comparativo de costos / Sitagliptin vs insulin in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes: a comparative cost analysis

Introducción: tradicionalmente, el paciente hospitalizado con diabetes tipo 2 (DT2) se trata con insulina en un esquema basal/bolo, pero han surgido investigaciones en las que se muestra similar control metabólico con agentes orales, como sitagliptina. Basado en un ensayo clínico aleatorizado en el que se pudo comprobar esta hipótesis se plantea en este estudio las consecuencias en el costo para instituciones en Colombia de esta alternativa. Objetivo:determinar, a partir de un ensayo clínico aleatorizado publicado, los costos derivados de la utilización de sitagliptina o sitagliptina más insulina basal o insulina basal/bolo, en pacientes hospitalizados con diagnóstico de diabetes tipo 2. Métodos: partiendo de un ensayo clínico aleatorizado de referencia se evaluaron tres brazos: 1) sitagliptina + correcciones, 2) sitagliptina + basal + correcciones y, 3) insulina basal/bolo. Se diseñó una matriz de costos con casos tipo para cada brazo. Se tuvo en cuenta la posibilidad de fallo terapéutico y la necesidad de correcciones con insulina de acción rápida. Se realizó un análisis de sensibilidad de una vía, evaluando la influencia de los cambios en el costo de sitagliptina. Resultados: en el caso base, se observó una diferencia de COL $2 cuando se comparó sitagliptina + correcciones contra insulina basal/bolo. El modelo fue sensible al cambio de precio de la sitagliptina. La estrategia sitagliptina + basal siempre se comportó como la más costosa. Conclusión: en los escenarios evaluados no existen diferencias entre el uso de sitagliptina + correcciones o el esquema basal/bolo en pacientes con diabetes hospitalizados y que ingresan sin medicación, usando un agente oral o usando dosis de insulina inferiores a 0,4 UI/kg. El modelo es sensible al cambio en el costo de sitagliptina.

Patients with type 2 diabetes admitted to the hospital have traditionally been treated with basal/bolus insulin. A study published by Umpierrez et al., has shown that the same glucose control can be achieved with Sitagliptin (DPP IV inhibitor) compared to insulin glargine and glulisine. Based on this data a cost analysis was made to assess if this strategy would change inpatient diabetic care in Colombia. Objectives: To determine, from a published randomized clinical trial, the cost of utilizing Sitagliptin or Sitagliptin and basal insulin or basal / bolus insulin in patients hospitalized with a diagnosis of T2DM. Methods: The study evaluated three arms: 1) Sitagliptin + supplemental insulin, 2) Sitagliptin + basal insulin + supplemental insulin and 3) Insulin basal / bolus + supplemental insulin. A Cost matrix was designed with type cases for each arm. It took into account the possibility of therapeutic failure and the need for corrections with a fast-acting insulin. A sensitivity analysis was performed in a platform, evaluating the influence of changes in the cost of Sitagliptin. Results: In the base case, a difference of $2 COP (Colombian pesos) was observed between the use of Sitagliptin + supplemental insulin compared with the basal/bolus + supplemental insulin strategy. The model is sensitive to the change in price of Sitagliptin. The Sitagliptin + Basal insulin strategy was the most expensive. Conclusion: In the 3 scenarios analyzed there was no difference between using Sitagliptin + supplemental insulin or basal / bolus + supplemental insulin in diabetic patients admitted to the hospital who were being treated with diet and exercise, oral agents or insulin at doses less than 0.4 IU / kg. The model is sensitive to changes in the cost of Sitagliptin.

Rivaroxaban frente a heparinas de bajo peso molecular para la prevención de la tromboembolia venosa posterior al reemplazo total de cadera o rodilla: revisión sistemática de la literatura y metaanálisisis / Rivaroxaban versus low weight heparins for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis after major hip and knee arthroplasty: systematic review and metaanalysis

Objetivo: evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de la tromboprofilaxis con rivaroxaban comparada con las heparinas de bajo peso molecular en cirugía mayor de cadera o rodilla. Métodos: revisión sistemática en Central Cochrane Database, MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, CINAHL y artículos referenciados. Solo se consideraron ensayos clínicos controlados. La búsqueda se realizó hasta octubre 31 de 2011.Dos revisores evaluaron de forma independiente la calidad metodológica de los artículos y extrajeron los datos. Resultados: se estudiaron 15.638 pacientes (nueve estudios) programados para reemplazo total de cadera o rodilla. Comparada con la enoxaparina, la tromboprofilaxis con rivaroxaban se asoció a menor incidencia de trombosis venosa profunda, tromboembolia pulmonar y muerte por cualquier causa posterior a cirugía ortopédica mayor tanto de cadera (5.475, riesgo relativo [RR]: 0,37; intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC 95%]: 0,29-0,48]) como de rodilla (2.878, RR: 0,65; IC 95%: 0,50-0,84) sin diferencias en los eventos hemorrágicos (sangrado mayor en cirugía de cadera: 7.684, RR: 1,79; IC 95%: 0,78-4,11; y de rodilla: 5.700, RR: 1,59; IC 95%: 0,77-3,27). Conclusión: el rivaroxaban usado para tromboprofilaxis de pacientes sometidos a cirugía ortopédica mayor es más eficaz que la enoxaparina y al menos tan seguro como ella.

Objective: To assess the efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban thromboprophylaxis versus low weight heparins in major hip and knee arthroplasty. Methods: Systematic review in Central Cochrane Database, MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, CINAHL, and referenced articles. Only randomized clinical trials were considered. The search was made until October 31, 2011. Two independent reviewers assessed the quality of articles and extracted the information. Results: 15.638 patients who underwent major orthopedic surgery were studied (nine trials). Compared with enoxaparin, thromboprophylaxis with rivaroxaban was associated with lower incidence of deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism and death from any cause after major hip surgery (5.351, relative risk [RR]: 0.37; confidence interval 95% [IC 95%]: 0.29-0.48) and knee surgery (2.878, RR: 0.65; IC 95%: 0.50-0.84) without differences in bleeding events (major bleeding events in hip surgery: 7.684, RR: 1.79; IC 95%: 0.78-4.11) and knee surgery: 5.700, RR: 1.59; IC 95%: 0.77-3.27). Conclusion: Rivaroxaban thromboprophylaxis in major hip and knee arthroplasty is more effective than enoxaparin and as safe as the latter.

Hepatopatía crónica: sangrado vs. trombosis / Chronic hepatopathy: bleeding vs. thrombosis

Las alteraciones de la coagulación en pacientes con enfermedad hepática crónica son frecuentes; aunque clásicamente se ha descrito como un fenómeno de "autoanticoagulación" los cambios en la hemostasia son amplios y difusos, incluyen alteraciones en sustancias procoagulantes y anticoagulantes, modificaciones hemodinámicas, disfunción endotelial y alteraciones plaquetarias, que son responsables de diferentes presentaciones clínicas, desde el extremo de eventos hemorrágicos hasta trombóticos. Dado lo complejo de estas alteraciones, las pruebas de laboratorio se correlacionan poco con los eventos clínicos. El manejo de estos pacientes es controversial; en la actualidad no tenemos métodos objetivos que nos indiquen hacia qué lado de la balanza se encuentra el paciente con enfermedad hepática crónica (sangrado vs. trombosis); adicionalmente, en la literatura médica no se encuentran guías de manejo en esta población especial, más aún teniendo en cuenta que el riesgo de trombosis pone de manifiesto la necesidad de considerar el uso de tromboprofilaxis.

Coagulation alterations in patients with chronic liver disease occur frequently, although they are usually described as auto-anticoagulation phenomena. Changes in hemostasis are broad and diffuse. They include changes in procoagulant and anticoagulant substances, hemodynamic modifications, endothelial dysfunction and platelet malfunction which are the causes of different clinical conditions varying from hemorrhaging to thrombosis. Given the complexity of theses alterations, laboratory tests do not correlate well with the clinical events. Treatment for these patients has been controversial. Currently we do not have objective methods for determining the hemostatic balance between bleeding and thrombosis in patients with chronic liver disease. In addition to this, the medical literature does not include guidelines for dealing with this special population. Also, the risk of thrombosis indicates the need to consider the use of thromboprophylaxis.

Principales hallazgos en el programa de crecimiento y desarrollo de los niños hasta los 60 meses de edad en ASSBASALUD ESE (Manizales, Colombia) entre los años 2002-2007 / Main findings of the program of children growth and development till 60 months old, at the ASSBASALUD ESE clinic (Manizales, Colombia) between 2002-2007

Antecedentes: La consulta de crecimiento y desarrollo es ofrecida para controlar niños saludables buscando que sigan sanos, gracias a una supervisión apropiada. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal. La población de estudio consistió en seiscientos cuarenta niños del programa de crecimiento y desarrollode la clínica ASSBASALUD ESE (Manizales, Colombia). Resultados: Comparadas las medianas encontrados de las variables antropométricas (peso, talla y perímetro cefálico) en el presente estudio y comparadas con las reportadas por Correa, Gómez y Posada en Medellín en el 2006; se encuentra, peso al momento del nacimiento es de 3.500 gramos y en este estudio fue de 3.300 gramos. En la variable de perímetro cefálico al nacimiento se encontró que no hay casilla de registro en las historias revisadas. La mediana de perímetro cefálico a los 24 meses esde 47,0 centímetros y en el estudio mencionado es de 48,5 centímetros. Se encontró relación significativa entre grado de nutrición y medidas antropométricas y lactancia materna y enfermedades respiratorias (p=0,014). Conclusiones: Se encuentra que en esta muestra infantil de Manizales, tanto el grado deficiente de nutrición como aspectos fenotípicos, afectan de manera negativalos índices de talla, peso y perímetro cefálico, encontrándose por debajo de la media poblacional estándar. Fueron demasiadas las historias excluidas por ausencia de la información completa; hay falencias en el diligenciamiento de las historias clínicas en el programa de crecimiento y desarrollo de ASSBASALUD ESE que ameritan ser solucionadas...

Tricoepiteliomas multiples / Multiple trichoepithelioma

El tricoepitelioma múltiple es un hamartoma del aparato pilosebáceo, que se adquiere en forma autosómica dominante. Aparece durante la niñez o la pubertad y se caracteriza por pápulas pequeñas de aspecto perlado, principalmente en la cara y ocasionalmente en otras partes del cuerpo. Generalmente, el tratamiento es por motivos estéticos, seguido la mayoría de las veces por recidivas. A continuación presentamos el caso de una paciente de sexo femenino en la tercera década de la vida, a la cual se le diagnosticó tricoepiteliomas múltiples.

Multiple trichoepithelioma is a hamartoma of pilosebaceus apparatus and is autosomical dominant. It begins in childhood or puberty, is characterized by small papules specially in face andoccasionally in other parts of the body.Treatment is only generally for esthetical reasons and relapses are frecuent. In this article a case of a female in its third decade of life is presented with a diagnosis of multiple trichoepithelioma.