Engaging carers in neuropsychological rehabilitation for brain cancer survivors: The "I'm aware: Patients And Carers Together" (ImPACT) program.

BACKGROUND: Cognitive impairment is a common late effect in child and adult brain cancer survivors (BCS). Still, there is a dearth of research aimed at therapeutic interventions and no standard treatment options for most BCS. OBJECTIVE: To describe 1) a novel neuropsychological rehabilitation program for BCS - the "I'm aware: Patients And Carers Together" (ImPACT) program, and 2) two studies that aim to assess the feasibility of the ImPACT program in child and adult BCS, respectively. The program adapts the holistic neuropsychological approach pioneered by Leonard Diller and Yehuda Ben-Yishay to an outpatient setting. METHODS: Two feasibility studies are described: 1) A single-armed study with 15 child BCS (10-17 years) (ImPACT Child); and 2) a randomized waitlist-controlled trial with 26 adult BCS (>17 years) (ImPACT Adult). In both studies, patients will undergo an 8-week program together with a cohabiting carer. Primary outcomes (i.e., cognitive and neurobehavioral symptoms), and secondary outcomes (i.e., behavioral and psychological symptoms, e.g., quality of life, fatigue) will be assessed at four time points: pre-, mid-, and post intervention, and 8 weeks follow-up. Adult waitlist controls will be assessed at equivalent time points and will be included in the intervention group after all study assessments. Semi-structured interviews will be conducted at follow-up. EXPECTED OUTCOMES: Results will provide feasibility data in support of future larger scale trials. DISCUSSION: The findings could potentially improve the management of cognitive impairment in BCS and transform available services. The program can be delivered in-person or remotely and harnesses existing resources in patients' lives.

Addressing Domestic Violence in Antenatal Care Environments in Nepal (ADVANCE) - study protocol for a randomized controlled trial evaluating a video intervention on domestic violence among pregnant women.

BACKGROUND: Domestic violence (DV) prior to, and during pregnancy is associated with increased risks for morbidity and mortality. As pregnant women routinely attend antenatal care this environment can be used to offer support to women experiencing DV. We have developed a video intervention that focuses on the use of behavioral coping strategies, particularly regarding disclosure of DV experiences. The effectiveness of this intervention will be evaluated through a randomized controlled trial (RCT) and a concurrent process evaluation. METHODS: All pregnant women between 12-22 weeks of gestation attending routine antenatal care at two tertiary level hospitals in Nepal are invited to participate. DV is measured using the Nepalese version of the Abuse Assessment Screen (N-AAS). Additionally, we measure participants' mental health, use of coping strategies, physical activity, and food security through a Color-coded Audio Computer Assisted Self Interview (C-ACASI). Irrespective of DV status, women are randomized into the intervention or control arm using a computer-generated randomization program. The intervention arm views a short video providing information on DV, safety improving actions women can take with an emphasis on disclosing the violence to a trusted person along with utilizing helplines available in Nepal. The control group watches a video on maintaining a healthy pregnancy and when to seek healthcare. The primary outcome is the proportion of women disclosing their DV status to someone. Secondary outcomes are symptoms of anxiety and depression, coping strategies, the use of safety measures and attitudes towards acceptance of abuse. Follow-up is conducted after 32 weeks of gestation, where both the intervention and control group participants view the intervention video after completing the follow-up questionnaire. Additionally, a mixed methods process evaluation of the intervention will be carried out to explore factors influencing the acceptability of the intervention and the disclosure of DV, including a review of project documents, individual interviews, and focus group discussions with members of the research team, healthcare providers, and participants. DISCUSSION: This study will provide evidence on whether pregnant women attending regular antenatal visits can enhance their safety by disclosing their experiences of violence to a trusted person after receiving a video intervention. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study is registered in ClinicalTrial.gov with identifier NCT05199935.

Factors associated with the level of physical activity in a multi-ethnic pregnant population - a cross-sectional study at the time of diagnosis with gestational diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Regular physical activity during pregnancy can prevent several adverse health outcomes during this period of a woman's life. Previous studies have shown that many women do not meet national recommendations for physical activity. This study aims to examine factors associated with sufficient leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) in a multicultural sample of pregnant women recently diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study among 238 pregnant women. The women were recruited at diabetes outpatient clinics in the Oslo region of Norway from October 2015 to April 2017. The participants reported their activity levels using the Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire (PPAQ). Pearson's chi-square tests were used to assess differences in socio-demographic, health and pregnancy-related characteristics in relation to sufficient and insufficient LTPA, and logistic regression modelling was employed to predict the likelihood of insufficient LTPA. RESULTS: Less than half of the women in the sample (44.5%) had sufficient LTPA according to the minimum of ≥600 Met minutes per week. The majority of women were motivated to be physically active during pregnancy (84.9%). A low joint family income and being over 38 years of age increased the odds of not having sufficient LTPA. Women with sufficient LTPA had significantly higher scores of perceived health (p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: The study indicates that pregnant women need to be better informed about the positive effects of physical activity on individually perceived health. To address the low levels of LTPA among pregnant women, communication strategies must be tailored towards women with low socio-economic backgrounds. TRIAL REGISTRATION: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02588729.

Delineation atlas of the Circle of Willis and the large intracranial arteries for evaluation of doses to neurovascular structures in pediatric brain tumor patients treated with radiation therapy.

BACKGROUND: Survivors of pediatric brain tumors are susceptible to neurovascular disease after radiotherapy, with dose to the chiasm or Circle of Willis (CW) as risk factors. The aims of this study were to develop a delineation atlas of neurovascular structures, to investigate the doses to these structures in relation to tumor location and to investigate potential dose surrogates for the CW dose. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An atlas of the CW, the large intracranial arteries and the suprasellar cistern (SC) was developed and validated. Thirty proton plans from previously treated pediatric brain tumor patients were retrieved and grouped according to tumor site: 10 central, 10 lateralized, and 10 posterior fossa tumors. Based on the atlas, neurovascular structures were delineated and dose metrics (mean dose (Dmean) and maximal dose (Dmax)) to these structures and the already delineated chiasm were evaluated. The agreement between dose metrics to the CW vs. chiasm/SC was investigated. The minimal Hausdorff distance (HDmin) between the target and SC was correlated with the SC Dmean. RESULTS: The median Dmean/Dmax to the CW were 53 Gy(RBE)/55 Gy(RBE) in the central tumors, 18 Gy(RBE)/25 Gy(RBE) in the lateralized tumors and 30 Gy(RBE)/49 Gy(RBE) in the posterior fossa tumors. There was a good agreement between the Dmax/Dmean to the CW and the SC for all cases (R2=0.99), while in the posterior fossa group, the CW Dmax was underestimated when using the chiasm as surrogate (R2=0.76). Across all patients, cases with HDmin < 10 mm between the target and the SC received the highest SC Dmean. CONCLUSION: The pattern of dose to neurovascular structures varied with the tumor location. For all locations, SC doses could be used as a surrogate for CW doses. A minimal distance larger than 10 mm between the target and the SC indicated a potential for neurovascular dose sparing.

Coeliac disease in Caucasian and South Asian patients in the North West of England.

BACKGROUND: Coeliac disease is an autoimmune enteropathy characterised by mucosal inflammation subsequent to gluten exposure, leading to malabsorption. Treatment is strict dietary control, relying on the patient's ability to maintain lifestyle modifications. The present study aimed to compare clinical presentation and adherence to a gluten-free diet between South Asian and Caucasian patients with coeliac disease in East Lancashire METHODS: In total, 33 South Asian and 113 Caucasian adult patients diagnosed with coeliac disease under the care of the Dietetics Department at East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust were selected using a convenience sampling method and then allocated to the South Asian or Caucasian group. A subjective assessment of dietetic notes from follow-up visits within 1 year of the first appointment was undertaken by two investigators who subsequently allocated the patients to one of the three categories: (i) fully-adherent; (ii) partly-adherent; and (iii) non-adherent. Presenting complaint, vitamin D, vitamin B12 , folate and ferritin levels were also compared. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in adherence to gluten-free diet between the groups, with a larger proportion of Caucasian patients being fully adherent to gluten-free diet compared to South Asian patients (64.6% versus 12.1%, P < 0.001). In addition, a significantly higher proportion of South Asian patients were vitamin D deficient compared with Caucasian patients (70.8% versus 32.8%, P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: The rates of strict adherence to gluten-free diet and vitamin D levels were significantly lower in South Asian patients with coeliac disease compared to the Caucasian coeliac population. Further studies are required to investigate the causes and improve adherence in the South Asian population.

'It is a difficult topic' - a qualitative study of midwives´ experiences with routine antenatal enquiry for intimate partner violence.

BACKGROUND: Intimate partner violence (IPV) during pregnancy may jeopardize maternal and fetal health (IJFWM 49:159-164, 2004; IJGO 133:269-276, 2016). In recognition of the significant public health impact of IPV, the Norwegian Directorate of Health issued new guidelines in 2014, which recommend that health professionals routinely ask all women in antenatal care about their exposure to violence. The objective of this study was to gain an in-depth understanding of midwives' experiences with routine enquiry for intimate partner violence during the antenatal period. METHODS: The study had a qualitative design. Individual semi-structured interviews with eight midwives providing antenatal care at eight Mother and Child Health Centres (MCHC) in Norway were conducted. Graneheim and Lundmans method of content analysis inspired the analysis. RESULTS: Three main themes emerged: Midwives do ask about violence; It can be a challenge; and Factors that make it easier to ask. All midwives enquired, but not on a regular basis, about violence. The midwives' personal interest in the topic was an important factor that made it easier for them to ask about violence. Lack of time, fear of not knowing how to deal with a positive answer and lack of organizational support were barriers to asking pregnant women about their experiences of violence. CONCLUSION: Midwives were aware of the guidelines and made some efforts to implement them. However, further education and organisational support is needed to enable midwives to routinely ask all pregnant women about IVP.

Sexual violence and mode of delivery: a population-based cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore the association between sexual violence and mode of delivery. DESIGN: National cohort study. SETTING: Women presenting for routine ultrasound examinations were recruited to the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study between 1999 and 2008. POPULATION: A total of 74,059 pregnant women. METHODS: Sexual violence was self-reported during pregnancy using postal questionnaires. Mode of delivery, other maternal birth outcomes and covariates were retrieved from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway. Risk estimations were performed using multivariable logistic regression analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Mode of delivery and selected maternal birth outcomes. RESULTS: Of 74,059 women, 18.4% reported a history of sexual violence. A total of 10% had an operative vaginal birth, 4.9% had elective caesarean section and 8.6% had an emergency caesarean section. Severe sexual violence (rape) was associated with elective caesarean section, adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.56 (95% CI 1.18-2.05) for nulliparous women and 1.37 (1.06-1.76) for multiparous women. Those exposed to moderate sexual violence had a higher risk of emergency caesarean section, AOR 1.31 (1.07-1.60) and 1.41 (1.08-1.84) for nulliparous and multiparous women, respectively. No association was found between sexual violence and operative vaginal birth, except for a lower risk among multiparous women reporting mild sexual violence, AOR 0.73 (0.60-0.89). Analysis of other maternal outcomes showed a reduced risk of episiotomy for women reporting rape and a higher frequency of induced labour. CONCLUSIONS: Women with a history of rape had higher odds of elective caesarean section and induction and significantly fewer episiotomies.

Industry sponsored anti-smoking ads and adolescent reactance: test of a boomerang effect.

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether adolescents' exposure to youth smoking prevention ads sponsored by tobacco companies promotes intentions to smoke, curiosity about smoking, and positive attitudes toward the tobacco industry. DESIGN: A randomised controlled experiment compared adolescents' responses to five smoking prevention ads sponsored by a tobacco company (Philip Morris or Lorillard), or to five smoking prevention ads sponsored by a non-profit organisation (the American Legacy Foundation), or to five ads about preventing drunk driving. SETTING: A large public high school in California's central valley. SUBJECTS: A convenience sample of 9th and 10th graders (n = 832) ages 14-17 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Perceptions of ad effectiveness, intention to smoke, and attitudes toward tobacco companies measured immediately after exposure. RESULTS: As predicted, adolescents rated Philip Morris and Lorillard ads less favourably than the other youth smoking prevention ads. Adolescents' intention to smoke did not differ as a function of ad exposure. However, exposure to Philip Morris and Lorillard ads engendered more favourable attitudes toward tobacco companies. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that industry sponsored anti-smoking ads do more to promote corporate image than to prevent youth smoking. By cultivating public opinion that is more sympathetic toward tobacco companies, the effect of such advertising is likely to be more harmful than helpful to youth.

Reaching youth at the point of sale: cigarette marketing is more prevalent in stores where adolescents shop frequently.

OBJECTIVE: Although numerous studies describe the quantity and nature of tobacco marketing in stores, fewer studies examine the industry's attempts to reach youth at the point of sale. This study examines whether cigarette marketing is more prevalent in stores where adolescents shop frequently. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Trained coders counted cigarette ads, products, and other marketing materials in a census of stores that sell tobacco in Tracy, California (n = 50). A combination of data from focus groups and in-class surveys of middle school students (n = 2125) determined which of the stores adolescents visited most frequently. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Amount of marketing materials and shelf space measured separately for the three cigarette brands most popular with adolescent smokers and for other brands combined. RESULTS: Compared to other stores in the same community, stores where adolescents shopped frequently contained almost three times more marketing materials for Marlboro, Camel, and Newport, and significantly more shelf space devoted to these brands. CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of whether tobacco companies intentionally target youth at the point of sale, these findings underscore the importance of strategies to reduce the quantity and impact of cigarette marketing materials in this venue.

Young adults' opinions of Philip Morris and its television advertising.

OBJECTIVE: To determine what young people think about the tobacco company Philip Morris and how it affects their evaluations of the company's new television advertising. DESIGN: Data were gathered in the context of a controlled experiment in which participants saw four Philip Morris ads about youth smoking prevention, four Philip Morris ads about charitable works, or four Anheuser-Busch ads about preventing underage drinking (the control group). Knowledge and opinion of Philip Morris were measured before ad exposure. SETTING: A California state university in the San Francisco Bay area. SUBJECTS: A convenience sample of undergraduates (n = 218) aged 18-25 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Advertising evaluation measured by 12 semantic differential scales. RESULTS: A little more than half of the students knew that Philip Morris is a tobacco company. Neither this knowledge nor students' smoking status was related to their opinion of the company. Philip Morris ads were rated less favourably by students who were aware that the sponsor is a tobacco company than by students who were unaware. CONCLUSIONS: Advertisements designed to discredit the tobacco industry typically avoid references to specific companies. This study suggests that such counter-advertising would benefit from teaching audiences about the industry's corporate identities.

Evaluation of chronic venous disease in the lower limbs: comparison of five diagnostic methods.

To compare the usefulness of five diagnostic methods in ensuring deep vein patency, and in demonstrating site(s) of incompetence, 39 patients with clinical signs of chronic venous disease of a leg were included in a study of deep, superficial and perforator veins using triplex ultrasound (TUS), ascending phlebography (AP), descending phlebography (DP), continuous wave Doppler (CWD) and ambulatory strain gauge plethysmography (ASGP). One patient withdrew from the study. It was not possible to use all five methods in all 38 cases, and the methods could only be used partly in some cases. TUS, which allows anatomical, morphological and functional evaluation of the venous system, was chosen as the reference method. There was poor agreement between TUS and AP, and no agreement between TUS and ASGP, in the diagnosis of venous occlusion. AP demonstrated reflux (abnormal valves) in 7 of 22 patients with competent veins at TUS, and missed reflux in 13 of 15 patients with incompetent veins. Similarly, CWD overdiagnosed reflux in 13 of 20 patients and missed the reflux in 3 of 14 patients. DP was only technically possible in 11 patients. ASGP diagnosed venous reflux in all patients with incompetent deep veins, but also indicated deep vein or perforator vein reflux in all but one patient with competent deep veins. The agreement between TUS and the other methods in evaluating reflux in the deep veins was not better than that expected to occur by chance, Cohen's kappa being less that 0.20. It is concluded that AP, CWD and ASGP are of little value in the work-up of patients with deep venous insufficiency.

Expression and post-translational modification of human 4-hydroxy-phenylpyruvate dioxygenase.

4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPD) (EC 1.13.11.27) is a key enzyme involved in tyrosine catabolism. Congenital HPD deficiency is a rare, relatively benign condition known as hereditary type III tyrosinemia. The severe type I tyrosinemia, caused by a deficiency of fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase which functions downstream of HPD in the tyrosine degradation pathway, is often associated with decreased expression of HPD, and interestingly, inhibition of HPD activity seems to ameliorate the clinical symptoms of type I tyrosinemia. The HPD gene was previously mapped to the chromosomal region 12q24-->qter. In the present study high-resolution chromosome mapping localized the HPD gene to 12q24.31. DNase I footprinting, revealed that four regions of the HPD promoter were protected by rat liver nuclear proteins. Computer-assisted analyses suggested that these elements might bind Sp1/AP2, HNF4, HNF3/CREB, and C/EBP, respectively. In transient transfection experiments, the proximal 271bp of the promoter conferred basal transcriptional activation in human Chang cells. Sequences in intron 1 were able to enhance the activity of this basal promoter. Finally, vaccinia virus-based expression provided evidence that HPD is subject to phosphorylation, and furthermore, allowed mapping of the HPD protein in the human keratinocyte 2D database.

[Referrals to clinical mammography in a county without screening program]. / Henvisningsmønsteret til klinisk mammografi i et amt uden screening.

Systematic mammography-screening may reduce the number of unindicated diagnostic mammographies. Six thousand, eight hundred and four women from Rosklde County underwent mammography at the Roskilde County Hospital over a four-year-period. Five hundred and nineteen women were excluded from the study, leaving 6285 women to form the study population. Twenty-four percent of the women had no clinical indication for mammography, 15% of the women had an increased risk of breast cancer, and for 61% of the women there was a clinical indication for mammography. Breast cancer was found in 0.46% of the women undergoing mammography without a clinical indication, in 1.2% of the women belonging to risk-groups, and in 8.9% of the women with a clinical indication for mammography. Biennial screening for breast cancer of 15,394 women (7697 women a year) in the age group 50-69 years could reduce the number of diagnostic mammographies by 338 women a year. Cooperation with GPs in a reduction of unindicated clinical mammographies of women younger than 50 years could reduce the number by a further 171 women. Potential savings in the X-ray-departments is not a weighty argument in favour of introduction of mammography screening.

Dissociative cycloelimination, a new selenium based pericyclic reaction.

The stereospecific oxidation of hydrazine into cis-diimide and the catalytic disproportionation of hydrogen peroxide effected by selenoxides are suggested to involve a dissociative cycloelimination from an intermediary selenurane.

Structural characterization of protonated benzeneseleninic acid, the dihydroxyselenonium ion

The structure of the dihydroxyphenylselenonium ion (C(6)H(7)O(2)Se(+)) has been determined in its benzenesulfonate (C(6)H(5)O(3)Se(-)-) and p-toluenesulfonate (C(7)H(7)O(3)S(-)) salts. Whereas the former salt is disordered, the latter less dense salt is well defined. This difference in crystallization behaviour is attributed to a C-H.O hydrogen bond involving the methyl group of the p-toluenesulfonate ion. The two salts display very similar hydrogen-bond arrangements and differ only with respect to the stacking of the phenyl groups. The dihydroxyselenonium ion is a strong acid with a pK value of -0.9 determined from the variation of the (77)Se chemical shift. A comparison with the two deprotonated species reveals a systematic increase in the Se-O bond lengths and the pyramidal configuration around Se with the number of protons attached.

Attribute-treatment interaction research using nonexperimental data and the allocation average.

Attribute-treatment interaction (ATI) research attempts to answer the question, "Which treatment is best for whom?" Recent critical reviewers of ATI methodology have cited numerous pragmatic and methodological shortcomings of traditional experimental designs and argued that successful ATI research will require an alternative approach. This manuscript describes a purely correlational ATI method that addresses the more serious criticisms of experimental ATI research. This paper also presents use of the allocation average for ATI research that is either experimental or correlational in nature. The allocation average estimates the clinical utility of differential treatment assignment based on ATI data in terms of improved treatment outcomes. The proposed method is illustrated with hypothetical psychotherapy data and data from a recent educational study.

Alcohol-specific socialization, parenting behaviors and alcohol use by children.

OBJECTIVE: This panel study examined the relations between alcohol-specific socialization by parents (monitoring of alcohol use by children, allowing alcohol use by children at home, communicating against alcohol use and setting rules against alcohol use), general dimensions of parenting behavior (responsiveness and demandingness) and alcohol use by children. METHOD: A sample of 488 fifth-grade children reported their perceptions of alcohol-specific socialization by parents, parental responsiveness and parental demandingness. These variables were used to predict alcohol use when children in the panel were in seventh grade. RESULTS: Nineteen percent of seventh-grade children reported alcohol use in the past 30 days. Logistic regression analyses indicated that, after accounting for children's age, sex, single parent status, prior use of alcohol and exposure to parental modeling of alcohol use, the odds of alcohol use were significantly greater among children who perceived no parental monitoring of alcohol use, who had been allowed by parents to have a drink with alcohol at home and who perceived relatively low levels of parental demandingness. Rules against alcohol use, parental communication against alcohol use and parental responsiveness were unrelated to the study outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Parental monitoring of alcohol use by children, family norms regarding alcohol use by children at home and parental ability to set and enforce behavioral rules merit consideration as factors that should be modified by prevention programs. There is a need, however, for additional research that further examines the relations between exposure to such parenting behaviors during childhood and alcohol use during adolescence.

Reliability of children's self-reported cigarette smoking.

Youth who first smoke cigarettes during childhood are a high risk for habitual smoking. Evaluating the reliability of children's smoking initiation is essential to research efforts to explain or prevent smoking onset. The present study is the first to establish reliability of self-reported smoking behavior with questionnaire data from elementary school children (N = 1,184). Data from a longitudinal investigation are used to examine the consistency of children's self-reported smoking across items and over time. Both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses demonstrate that children report having tried smoking and lifetime use remarkably consistently. However, only about half the children reliably estimated their grade at first use. The study results suggest that some but not all standard questionnaire items yield reliable self-report data about initial smoking behavior from respondents as young as 8 to 11 years.