Development and Validation of a Scale Measuring the Post Pandemic-Health Promotion Behavior (PP-HPB) of Young Adults in the Digital Era.

Purpose: This study aims to develop and validate a health promotion behavior scale that reflects the lifestyle changes driven by the COVID-19 pandemic and the increased use of digital devices among young adults. Methods: Questions were selected using a literature review and validated by a group of experts. The sample consisted of 446 young adults aged 19-29 years living in South Korea who agreed to participate in the study and were surveyed online using Google Forms on September 19 and 20, 2022. Construct validity was confirmed by exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses; reliability was tested using Cronbach's α, and interrater validity was confirmed with the Health Promoting Lifestyle II (HPLP-II) instrument. Results: After conducting an item analysis of 49 preliminary items and an exploratory factor analysis, six factors and 27 items were selected. The six factors were named psychosocial health, personal hygiene, dietary habits, health care, using mobile devices, and physical activity. The confirmatory factor analysis verified the model fit, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. The correlation coefficient with the Health Promoting Lifestyle II (HPLP-II) instrument was 0.69, confirming criterion validity, and the reliability of the final instrument was high (Cronbach's α = 0.90). Conclusion: The validity and reliability of the developed scale were confirmed. The scale can be used to measure the health promotion behavior of young adults in light of the lifestyle changes driven by the COVID-19 pandemic and the increased use of digital devices. We hope that future studies will use the tool as a basis for improving the health promotion behavior of young adults.

Implications for Health Management Through an Analysis of Changes in Life Patterns of Generation Z College Students Experiencing the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Study.

Purpose: This study examines the radical changes in the everyday life patterns of Gen Z college students and their health-related perceptions in the online era. Patients and Methods: Twelve Korean college students in their 20s attending online classes were included in this study. Online video interviews were conducted between September 2021 and January 2022, and content analysis was performed on the one-on-one interview transcripts. Results: Four main categories and ten subcategories were derived from the data analysis: (1) living in a mobile world, (2) new lifestyle transcending time and space and adaptation to the change, (3) expansion of the meaning of health, and (4) interest in health and health management. Conclusion: Gen Z college students have quickly adapted to the convenience of a non-face-to-face lifestyle, and their perceptions about health and methods of health management have also changed accordingly. Correspondingly, for the new generation of university students, providing customized health care that reflects the lifestyle of using mobile devices and includes self-management areas is necessary.

Evaluating the Reliability and Validity of the Korean Version of the Pandemic-Related Pregnancy Stress Scale.

Purpose: This study aimed to translate the Pandemic-Related Pregnancy Stress Scale into Korean and validate the translated instrument. Patients and Methods: After translating the instrument, seven items of two factors (preparedness and perinatal infection stress) were selected for content validity testing. Validity and reliability were evaluated using SPSS 25.0 and AMOS 26.0. An online survey, via Google Forms, was conducted from January 20 to January 26, 2022. Participants were 283 pregnant women in Korea who consented to participate in the study. Results: Exploratory factor analysis revealed factor loadings on two factors of 0.64-0.87 with a total variance explained of 69.77%. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated good model fit (RMR = 0.03, RMSEA = 0.06, GFI = 0.98, SRMR = 0.03), and convergent and discriminant validity were established. Concurrent validity was established based on the correlation with the Revised Prenatal Distress Questionnaire (r = 0.45), and the reliability of the final instrument was indicated by Cronbach's α = 0.87. Conclusion: The Pandemic-Related Pregnancy Stress Scale was validated for use in the Korean population. The Korean version of the Pandemic-Related Pregnancy Stress Scale can be utilized to measure pandemic-related stress in pregnant women.

The Need to Provide Health Promotion Care Services to Undergraduate Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Korea.

The COVID-19 pandemic has transformed undergraduate education into non-face-to-face classes, and a novel methodology is required to aid students in career preparation behavior (CPB). This study aimed to assess the effects of self-rated abilities for health practices (SRAHP) as a psychological attribute and health-promoting lifestyle profile (HPLP) as a behavioral attribute in the dynamics between positive psychological capital (PPC) and CPB among undergraduate students taking non-face-to-face classes. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 639 undergraduate students taking non-face-to-face classes; data were obtained via online survey in January 2022. A significant positive effect on CPB was observed for PPC (b = 0.261, p < .001) and HPLP (b = 0.674, p < .001). The effect of SRAHP on CPB was not significant; however, it mitigated the PPC-CPB dynamics (b = -.081, p < .05) and strengthened the relationship between HPLP and CPB (b = .250, p < .001). Lastly, the mediating effects after moderation for HPLP and SRAHP were positive, with statistical significance. To aid the students with career preparation in the current undergraduate education environment moving toward a non-face-to-face model, there is a need for resources to increase students' psychological confidence regarding health management and to promote their health practices.

Ultra-high vacuum compatible full metal atom beam shutter for optical lattice clocks.

We developed a shutter driven by a solenoid to switch on/off the atomic beam of optical lattice clocks developed at KRISS [C. Y. Park et al., Metrologia 50, 119 (2013), S. Lee et al., New J. Phys. 18, 033030 (2016), H. Kim et al., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 56, 050302 (2017), and H. Kim et al., Metrologia 58, 055007 (2021)]. The shutter design was focused on long lifetime and compatibility with an ultra-high vacuum (UHV) environment. Thus, the solenoid was designed to be easily installed and removed from the air-side of a CF flange of the shutter. The flag in the vacuum-side moves only with the simple spring action of a sheet of a metal plate without any frictional movement of mechanical parts. All parts in the vacuum-side were made of metals (stainless steel and pure iron) to be baked over the temperature of 200 °C for UHV. The flag head of the shutter displaces up to 10 mm (5 mm) with a response time of 50 (30 ms) and 80 ms (10 ms) for the opening-action and the closing-action, respectively. The lifetime was tested up to 6 × 106 cycles with no performance degradation. We expect the actual lifetime to be much longer than this by virtue of its friction-free design.

Development and Validation of the Infection Prevention Behavior Scale of Individuals (IPBS-I) for the General Population.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to develop a scale for measuring infection prevention behavior of individuals and to verify its validity and reliability for the general population. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The scale items were selected using a literature review on the chain of infection and its content validity. There were 297 study participants, all of whom provided informed consent. Data were collected online from September 3 to September 8, 2020, using Google Survey in Korea. The scale's construct validity was verified through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, criterion validity was Pearson's Correlation, and reliability was tested using Cronbach's alpha. RESULTS: Twelve items and three factors were selected after a factor and an exploratory factor analysis of 29 scale items. The three factors were pathogen blocking, transmission blocking, and immunity enhancement. A confirmatory factor analysis validated the model goodness of fit, and the convergent validity and discriminant validity of the scale were verified. The correlation coefficient with a scale for respiratory infection prevention practice was 0.69, thereby confirming the criterion validity of the scale. The reliability of the final scale (Cronbach's alpha) was 0.86. CONCLUSION: This scale is reflective of the social features of the Korean adult population, and it is easy and concise to be administered to general public, making it useful for subsequent studies on infection prevention.

Chip-Scale Ultra-Low Field Atomic Magnetometer Based on Coherent Population Trapping.

We report a chip-scale atomic magnetometer based on coherent population trapping, which can operate near zero magnetic field. By exploiting the asymmetric population among magnetic sublevels in the hyperfine ground state of cesium, we observe that the resonance signal acquires sensitivity to magnetic field in spite of degeneracy. A dispersive signal for magnetic field discrimination is obtained near-zero-field as well as for finite fields (tens of micro-tesla) in a chip-scale device of 0.94 cm3 volume. This shows that it can be readily used in low magnetic field environments, which have been inaccessible so far in miniaturized atomic magnetometers based on coherent population trapping. The measured noise floor of 300 pT/Hz1/2 at the zero-field condition is comparable to that of the conventional finite-field measurement obtained under the same conditions. This work suggests a way to implement integrated atomic magnetometers with a wide operating range.

Children in the Blind Spot of Social Medical Concerns: Supporting Children with Mentally Ill Parents in Korea.

Children whose parents have mental disorders are more likely to be vulnerable and exposed to an environment where they may not be cared for by parents or guardians in Korea. Particularly, young children often develop mental disorders or maladaptive behaviors. This study aimed to implement a structured program to enhance the resilience of school-aged children whose parents have mental disorders and to analyze its effectiveness through a single-group pretest-posttest experimental design. The Korean Child Personality Inventory for Self-Report self-resilience and clinical scales were used, and daily behavioral observation logs showed decreases in psychosis scores among all children, anxiety scores among girls, and somatization and physical development among boys. Self-efficacy, social competency, and acceptance toward families increased. Therefore, the improvement of resilience and clinical symptoms was confirmed through this program, suggesting it should be expanded and developed in local community healthcare sites to help support children with mentally ill parents.

Robust frequency stabilization and linewidth narrowing of a laser with large intermittent frequency jumps using an optical cavity and an atomic beam.

An experimental method is developed for robust frequency stabilization using a high-finesse cavity when the laser exhibits large intermittent frequency jumps. This is accomplished by applying an additional slow feedback signal from Doppler-free fluorescence spectroscopy in an atomic beam with increased frequency locking range. As a result, a stable and narrow-linewidth 556 nm laser maintains the frequency lock status for more than a week and contributes to more accurate evaluation of the Yb optical lattice clock. In addition, the reference optical cavity is supported at vibration-insensitive points without any vibration isolation table, making the laser setup more simple and compact.

Generation of multiple ultrastable optical frequency combs from an all-fiber photonic platform.

Frequency-stabilized optical frequency combs have created many high-precision applications. Accurate timing, ultralow phase noise, and narrow linewidth are prerequisites for achieving the ultimate performance of comb-based systems. Ultrastable cavity-based comb-noise stabilization methods have enabled sub-10-15-level frequency instability. However, these methods are complex and alignment sensitive, and their use has been mostly confined to advanced metrology laboratories. Here, we have established a simple, compact, alignment-free, and potentially low-cost all-fiber photonics-based stabilization method for generating multiple ultrastable combs. The achieved performance includes 1-femtosecond timing jitter, few times 10-15-level frequency instability, and <5-hertz linewidth, rivalling those of cavity-stabilized combs. This method features flexibility in configuration: As a representative example, two combs were stabilized with 180-hertz repetition rate difference and ~1-hertz relative linewidth and could be used as an ultrastable, octave-spanning dual-comb spectroscopy source. The demonstrated method constitutes a mechanically robust and reconfigurable tool for generating multiple ultrastable combs suitable for field applications.

Comparison of virtual reality exercise versus conventional exercise on balance in patients with functional ankle instability: A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Recently, a variety of virtual reality (VR)-based interventions have been studied. However, they were only partially applied to physical therapy. OBJECTIVE: The present study investigated the effects of a VR exercise program by comparing the results of VR and conventional exercise on balance in patients with functional ankle instability (FAI). METHODS: Twenty-one participants with symptoms of FAI participated in this study. In the VR training program, the strength and balance exercises were done for 10 minutes each using a program included in the Nintendo Wii Fit Plus for VR intervention. In the conventional program, four ankle strength exercises using the TheraBand and the balance exercises were performed for 10 minutes each. Static and dynamic balance were measured in the overall, anterior-posterior, and medial-lateral directions. RESULTS: Static balance in the VR exercise was significantly lower in the overall direction than in the conventional exercise. Dynamic balance in the virtual reality exercise was significantly lower than in the conventional exercise at level 2, level 4, and level 8 balance in the medial-lateral direction. CONCLUSIONS: This study has shown that VR exercise is more effective in the overall direction (static) and medial-lateral direction (dynamic) of balance than conventional method in patients with FAI.

[Development of the Patient Caring Communication Scale].

PURPOSE: This study attempted to develop a scale that measures the level of patients' recognition of the nurses' care, based on Watson's caring theory, and confirmed its reliability and validity. METHODS: The items were developed through a literature review and an expert content validity test. The questionnaires were administered to 285 inpatients of internal medicine and surgical units at two general hospitals. Construct validity was tested using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, and reliability was tested using Cronbach's alpha. RESULTS: This process resulted in a preliminary scale composed of 34 items; We used item analysis and five exploratory factor analyses, and consequently selected 14 items composed of three factors (respect, genuineness, and relationality). The confirmatory factor analysis verified the model fit and convergent and discriminant validity of the final items; criterion validity was confirmed with the positive correlation with the measurement scale of the patient-perceived quality of nursing . The overall scale reliability had a Cronbach's alpha of .92, which indicated internal consistency and reliability. CONCLUSION: The developed scale showed content, construct, and criterion validity, and reliability, as well as convergent validity for each item and discriminant validity between the factors. This makes it suitable for use in a diverse range of future studies on nurse communication using structural equation models.

Advanced Satellite-Based Frequency Transfer at the 10-16 Level.

Advanced satellite-based frequency transfers by two-way carrier-phase (TWCP) and integer precise point positioning have been performed between the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology and Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science. We confirm that the disagreement between them is less than at an averaging time of several days. In addition, an overseas frequency ratio measurement of Sr and Yb optical lattice clocks was directly performed by TWCP. We achieved an uncertainty at the mid-10-16 level after a total measurement time of 12 h. The frequency ratio was consistent with the recently reported values within the uncertainty.

Atom shutter using bender piezoactuator.

A flag-type atom shutter based on a rotating lever that is driven by a bender piezoelectric actuator was developed to manipulate atomic beams. The shutter flag was displaced by ∼10 mm to open and close a 5-mm-diameter aperture with a shutter time of 13 ms that produced small mechanical vibrations. The short-term shutter time stability for each cycle was 0.03 ms and the long-term stability over an average of 20 000 cycles was 0.02 ms. The operational cycle number (lifetime) of the shutter reached 2.0 × 106 cycles after an intermittent operation over a period of eight months in an ultra-high vacuum chamber, and another shutter in an atmospheric environment swung for 2.6 × 107 cycles of continuous operation at 5 Hz for a period of 60 days without major problems. The shutter was shown to be compatible with the operation in an ultra-high vacuum at a low 10-7 Pa level after a gentle baking treatment.

Reference-free, high-resolution measurement method of timing jitter spectra of optical frequency combs.

Timing jitter is one of the most important properties of femtosecond mode-locked lasers and optical frequency combs. Accurate measurement of timing jitter power spectral density (PSD) is a critical prerequisite for optimizing overall noise performance and further advancing comb applications both in the time and frequency domains. Commonly used jitter measurement methods require a reference mode-locked laser with timing jitter similar to or lower than that of the laser-under-test, which is a demanding requirement for many laser laboratories, and/or have limited measurement resolution. Here we show a high-resolution and reference-source-free measurement method of timing jitter spectra of optical frequency combs using an optical fibre delay line and optical carrier interference. The demonstrated method works well for both mode-locked oscillators and supercontinua, with 2 × 10-9 fs2/Hz (equivalent to -174 dBc/Hz at 10-GHz carrier frequency) measurement noise floor. The demonstrated method can serve as a simple and powerful characterization tool for timing jitter PSDs of various comb sources including mode-locked oscillators, supercontinua and recently emerging Kerr-frequency combs; the jitter measurement results enabled by our method will provide new insights for understanding and optimizing timing noise in such comb sources.

Mie resonance-enhanced pumping and detection efficiency for shallow nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond.

We investigate Mie resonances of a diamond nano-resonator as a means to enhance the pumping and detection efficiency of shallow nitrogen-vacancy color centers. We show it is possible to tune a couple of high-order modes of a single resonator to each absorption and emission spectrum of the color center, and thereby the resonator plays a dual role of pump field concentration and emission field guiding. Furthermore superposition of the resonator field and the uncoupled near field results in even stronger pump intensity in the shallow top layer of the resonator. We also examine possible coupling between adjacent resonators when they form a periodic array. This approach allows us to achieve lower excitation power and higher signal intensity at local sites defined by resonators providing a way to enhance wide-field metrology in the sampled region of shallow color centers.

The Huddling Programme: effects on empowerment, organisational commitment and ego-resilience in clinical nurses - a randomised trial.

AIM AND OBJECTIVE: To identify effects of the huddling programme as a strategy for retention of clinical nurses. BACKGROUND: In Korea, new nurses leave hospitals more than experienced nurses for many reasons. Hospitals with a high nurse turnover require larger budgets and longer periods of time to train large numbers of newly recruited nurses until they can perform as well as those who have left. Furthermore, the remaining nurses have an additional workload associated with both the shortage of manpower and the need to train the incoming nurses. This means that reducing nurse turnover intention requires preventive measures that promote empowerment and organisational commitment among nurses in Korea. DESIGN: Randomised controlled trial. METHODS: This research used a pretest-post-test experimental-group-control-group design to investigate the effect of the huddling programme. The participants were 49 clinical nurses working at two general hospitals with more than 500 beds that are located in D city and S city of Korea. The experimental group participated in the huddling programme that comprised a full-day retreat and after-work social networking services during January and February 2013. Self-reported questionnaires were used to assess empowerment, organisational commitment and ego-resilience. The data were analysed by descriptive analysis using the t-test. RESULTS: The mean scores for normative commitment and impact of empowerment were higher in the experimental group, but ego-resilience did not differ significantly between the two groups. CONCLUSION: The huddling program positively increased nurses' perception of organisational commitment and empowerment who participated in huddling programme. The huddling programme could be a useful strategy for improving the retention of clinical nurses. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: This study is both significant and relevant to nursing science and practice given that it demonstrated the effectiveness of an empowerment programme in increasing organisational commitment and decreasing actual turnover rates of clinical nurses.

The effects of forced breathing exercise on the lumbar stabilization in chronic low back pain patients.

[Purpose] This study was conducted to investigate the effects of forced breathing exercise on the trunk functions of chronic low back pain patients. [Subjects and Methods] Twenty-four patients with chronic low back pain were randomly divided into groups of respiratory effort and trunk stabilization exercises. The exercises were performed for 45 minutes, 3 times per week for 6 weeks. Spinal stabilization was measured as the compensation of thesagittal angle joint in relation to the lumbar external load. [Results] After the intervention, the forced breathing and stabilization exercise groups showed a significant difference in lumbar spine stabilization between the first and second stress tests and the control group also showed a significant difference after the intervention. The M1 and M2 tests of lumbar spine stabilization revealed no significant differences between the groups. [Conclusion] The results of this research demonstrate that forced breathing exercise therapy is effective at improving the trunk stability and daily living activities of chronic low back pain patients.

Effects of virtual reality programs on balance in functional ankle instability.

[Purpose] The aim of present study was to identify the impact that recent virtual reality training programs used in a variety of fields have had on the ankle's static and dynamic senses of balance among subjects with functional ankle instability. [Subjects and Methods] This study randomly divided research subjects into two groups, a strengthening exercise group (Group I) and a balance exercise group (Group II), with each group consisting of 10 people. A virtual reality program was performed three times a week for four weeks. Exercises from the Nintendo Wii Fit Plus program were applied to each group for twenty minutes along with ten minutes of warming up and wrap-up exercises. [Results] Group II showed a significant decrease of post-intervention static and dynamic balance overall in the anterior-posterior, and mediolateral directions, compared with the pre-intervention test results. In comparison of post-intervention static and dynamic balance between Group I and Group II, a significant decrease was observed overall. [Conclusion] Virtual reality programs improved the static balance and dynamic balance of subjects with functional ankle instability. Virtual reality programs can be used more safely and efficiently if they are implemented under appropriate monitoring by a physiotherapist.

Effects of Nintendo Wii Fit Plus training on ankle strength with functional ankle instability.

[Purpose] The objective of this study was to examine the effects of a training program using the Nintendo Wii Fit Plus on the ankle muscle strengths of subjects with functional ankle instability. [Subjects and Methods] This study was conducted using subjects in their 20s who had functional ankle instability. They were randomized to a strengthening training group and a balance training group with 10 subjects in each, and they performed an exercise using Nintendo Wii Fit Plus for 20 minutes. In addition, every participant completed preparation and finishing exercises for 5 minutes, respectively. [Results] The muscle strengths after conducting plantar flexion and dorsiflexion significantly increased at the angular velocities of 60° and 120° in the strengthening training group. Furthermore, the muscle strengths after conducting plantar flexion, dorsiflexion, eversion, and inversion significantly increased at the angular velocities of 60° and 120° in the balance training group. [Conclusion] The balance training group using Nintendo Wii Fit Plus showed better results than the strengthening training group. Consequently, it is recommended to add the balance training program of the Nintendo Wii Fit Plus to conventional exercise programs to improve ankle muscle strength in functional ankle instability at a low cost.