Physical separation and reduction of contact duration with sexually hyperactive bucks decrease testosterone concentrations and sexual behaviour in bucks in sexual rest.

Sexually hyperactive bucks are more efficient than sexually hypoactive bucks in stimulating testosterone secretion and sexual behaviour in other bucks in seasonal sexual rest by the phenomenon that we called the "buck-to-buck effect". Here, we determined whether physical separation and reduction of the duration of contact with the sexually hyperactive bucks would modify those parameters in sexually hypoactive bucks exposed to the "buck-to-buck effect". Bucks were subjected to natural day length throughout the study; this was the sexually hypoactive group. Other bucks were subjected to artificial long days (16 h of light per day) from 15 November to 15 January followed by exposure to natural day length to stimulate their sexual activity during the rest season; this was the sexually hyperactive group. In Experiment 1, we determined testosterone concentrations and sexual behaviour of six sexually hypoactive bucks separated 1.5 m from six sexually hyperactive bucks for 60 days by a metal open work fence, while a control group of six sexually hypoactive bucks was in permanent contact with six sexually hyperactive bucks. In Experiment 2, the duration of contact with sexually hyperactive males was reduced from 31 days (contact group, six bucks) to 10 days (withdraw group, seven bucks). In experiments 1 and 2, there was an effect of time (P < 0.01) and an interaction between time and groups (P < 0.05). In Experiment 1, testosterone plasma concentrations were greater in bucks in contact with sexually hyperactive bucks than in those separated from bucks at 20 and 30 days after the introduction of sexually hyperactive bucks (P < 0.01). The bucks from the contact group also displayed more nudging than bucks from the separated group from 0 to 30 days (P < 0.001). In Experiment 2, testosterone concentrations were greater in the contact group than in those from the withdraw group from 19 to 31 days after the introduction of sexually hyperactive bucks (P < 0.05). Bucks from the withdraw group displayed more nudging than the contact group 7 days after the introduction of the sexually hyperactive bucks (P < 0.05). Afterwards, bucks from the contact group displayed more nudging than the withdraw group 14, 21 and 28 days after the introduction of the sexually hyperactive bucks. We concluded that physical separation and reduction of the duration of contact with the sexually hyperactive bucks decrease testosterone concentrations and sexual behaviour of bucks in sexual rest exposed to the "buck-to-buck effect".

Maintenance of permanent sexual activity throughout the year in seasonal bucks using short photoperiodic cycles in open barns.

Seasonality of reproductive activity in rams and bucks is the major constraint in temperate and subtropical zones. Rapid alternation between 1 month of short days and 1 month of long days (LD) over three years in lightproof buildings eliminates this seasonality. We examined if this would also work in open barns, using only supplementary light. Over two years, one group of bucks (n = 7) was subjected to alternate 1 month of LD and 1 month of permanent light (LD-LL) and another group (n = 7) to alternate 1 month of LD and 1 month of natural light (LD-NL). A simultaneous control group, used for both experiments (CG1, n = 6; CG2, n = 6), remained under natural photoperiod. BW, testis weight (TW), plasma testosterone (T) and cortisol (C) were evaluated in all bucks. CG1 and CG2 bucks showed identical dramatic seasonal variations in BW (stable or decreasing in summer), TW (from 85 ± 12 g in February to 127 ± 7 g in July) and T (from 2.7 ± 1.2 ng/mL in January-April to 24.3 ± 3.2 ng/mL in June-October). By contrast, BW of LD-LL and LD-NL bucks increased regularly during the experiment. From 5 and 9 months after the experiment onset, LD-LL and LD-NL bucks, respectively, maintained constant TW of 115 ± 5 g until the experiment end. After the first 3 months <5 ng/mL, T of LD-LL bucks remained constant (5-10 ng/mL) until the experiment end. By contrast, T of LD-NL bucks showed four periods of low (<5 ng/mL) and two periods of high concentrations (18.1 ± 2.6 and 11.9 ± 3.4 ng/mL). Plasma C remained low (5-8 ng/mL) and did not change with group or light treatment. These results show for the first time in any seasonal photoperiodic species that it is possible to maintain the sexual activity of males all year round in open buildings using alternating periods of LD and LL. By contrast, return to NL instead of LL every other month does not prevent seasonality in T concentration. These results raise interesting questions about the photoperiodic control of neuroendocrine regulation of seasonal sexual activity and suggest that these treatments can be used to manage males in open barns in farms and in artificial insemination centres. (Spanish and French versions of the full text are available as Supplementary Materials S1 and S2).

SPATIAL VARIATION IN HELMINTH PARASITE COMMUNITIES OF THE FRENCH GRUNT, HAEMULON FLAVOLINEATUM (TELEOSTEI: HAEMULIDAE), FROM THE YUCATAN PENINSULA.

The French grunt, Haemulon flavolineatum, is an abundant fish and a good model for studying parasite communities. Specimens were collected at 4 localities between the Campeche Bank (within the Gulf of Mexico) and the Mexican Caribbean Sea to describe and compare the differences and similarities between localities and regions in the communities of parasitic helminths. Thus, we calculated the Hill numbers associated with species richness (q = 0) and the dominance estimator (q = 2) using rarefaction and extrapolation curves to provide asymptotic estimators of diversity. A 2-way PERMANOVA was used to determine whether there was a significant difference in parasite assemblage structure between localities or regions. A total of 11 helminth taxa (species level) were recorded in 104 individuals of H. flavolineatum, consisting of 8 digenean trematodes species, 2 acanthocephalan species, and 1 nematode species. Our findings include new reports of 7 parasite taxa and new geographical records for some parasites in H. flavolineatum. The highest dissimilarities in parasite composition were observed between the most distant locations (Banco Chinchorro vs. Cayo Arcas) that were each located in different regions. Species richness was similar between regions, although the most dominant helminths were Postmonorchis orthopristis and Dollfustrema sp. in the Mexican Caribbean and Campeche Bank regions, respectively. Future studies should explore how patterns in parasite community structure are affected by currents running south to north by the Yucatan Current through the Yucatan Channel and easterly to Campeche Bank.

Approach to the patient with cholestasis and jaundice syndrome. Joint AMH, AMG, and AMEG scientific position statement.

The term cholestasis refers to bile acid retention, whether within the hepatocyte or in the bile ducts of any caliber. Biochemically, it is defined by a level of alkaline phosphatase that is 1.67-times higher than the upper limit of normal. Cholestatic diseases can be associated with an inflammatory process of the liver that destroys hepatocytes (hepatitis), withjaundice (yellowing of the skin and mucus membranes, associated with elevated serum bilirubin levels), or with both, albeit the three concepts should not be considered synonymous. Cholestatic diseases can be classified as intrahepatic or extrahepatic, depending on their etiology. Knowing the cause of the condition is important for choosing the adequate diagnostic studies and appropriate treatment in each case. A complete medical history, together with a thorough physical examination and basic initial studies, such as liver ultrasound and liver function tests, aid the clinician in deciding which path to follow, when managing the patient with cholestasis. In a joint effort, the Asociación Mexicana de Hepatología (AMH), the Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología (AMG) and the Asociación Mexicana de Endoscopia Gastrointestinal (AMEG) developed the first Mexican scientific position statement on said theme.

Identification and characterization of class 1 integrons among multidrug-resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains in Mexico.

This study aimed to identify and characterize integrons among multidrug-resistant (MDR) uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) from outpatients in Mexico City, Mexico. PCR assays were used to screen for the presence of class 1, 2 and 3 integrons, whose PCR products were sequenced to identify the inserted gene cassettes within the variable regions. Out of 83 tested strains, 53 (63.9%) were positive for the presence of class 1 integrons, whereas no integrons were detected in the remaining strains, regardless of their classes. Most of the strains carrying the intI1 gene belonged to the extraintestinal B2 (41.5%) and commensal A (32.1%) phylogroups, and to a lesser extent, the extraintestinal D (20.8%) and commensal B1 (5.7%) phylogroups. Moreover, 8 different gene cassette arrangements were detected, with dfrA17 and aadA5 being the most common (32.1% of the class 1 integron-positive strains), which confer resistance to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and aminoglycosides, respectively. Our results suggest that class 1 integrons are widely distributed among MDR-UPEC strains in Mexico, which may directly or indirectly contribute to the selection of MDR strains. These findings are important for a better understanding of the factors and mechanisms that promote multidrug resistance among UPEC strains.

Ecological Drawbacks of Nanomaterials Produced on an Industrial Scale: Collateral Effect on Human and Environmental Health.

Currently, hundreds of different nanomaterials with a broad application in products that make daily lives a little bit easier, in every aspect, are being produced on an industrial scale at thousands of tons per year. However, several scientists, researchers, politics, and ordinary citizens have stated their concern regarding the life cycle, collateral effects, and final disposal of these cutting-edge materials. This review summarizes, describes, and discusses all manuscripts published in the Journal Citation Reports during the last 10 years, which studied the toxicity or the effects of nanomaterials on human and environmental health. It was observed that 23.62% of the manuscripts analyzed found no ecological or human risks; 54.39% showed that several nanomaterials have toxicological effects on the ecosystems, human, or environmental health. In comparison, only 21.97% stated the nanomaterials had a beneficial impact on those. Although only 54.39% of the manuscripts reported unfavorable effects of nanomaterials on ecosystems, human, or environmental health, it is relevant because the potential damage is invaluable. Therefore, it is imperative to make toxicological studies of nanomaterials with holistic focus under strictly controlled real conditions before their commercialization, to deliver to the market only innocuous and environmentally friendly products.

Evaluation of Amycolaptosis sp. Ver12 as a potential degrader of benzo(b)fluoranthene.

Benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF) is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) with five fused benzene rings; it is a highly recalcitrant compound and a priority environmental pollutant due to its detrimental effects on human health and the survival of wild animals. Biodegradation of BbF by microorganisms is an attractive alternative, and few studies have been focused on this issue. In this work, bacteria with the ability to degrade BbF were isolated and selected. The capability of the isolates to tolerate concentrations of 50 and 75 mg l-1 of BbF in liquid medium was evaluated. The selected isolates were identified by the 16S rRNA gene sequencing as belonging to Bacillus, Gordonia, Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, Ochrobactrum, and Amycolatopsis. All isolates were tolerant and grew at the BbF concentrations tested, some isolates were more competitive than others, and the most prominent was Amycolatopsis sp. Ver12, which removed 47% of BbF, furthermore, with the addition of yeast extract, removed 59% of the compound. In summary, the report shows that Amycolatopsis sp. Ver12 can degrade BbF efficiently and could be considered for bioremediation of BbF-contaminated environments.

Mastitis granulomatosa: caso clínico y revisión de la literatura / Granulomatous mastitis: case report and literature review

OBJETIVO: La mastitis granulomatosa es una patología mamaria benigna y crónica de baja incidencia, cuyo diagnóstico es complejo y su tratamiento no está del todo establecido. Se presenta un caso clínico con el objetivo de hacer una revisión de la bibliografía sobre esta patología, su diagnóstico y tratamiento. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 30 años con una mastitis refractaria a tratamiento antibiótico a la que finalmente se diagnosticó una mastitis granulomatosa idiopática gracias a la biopsia excisional. El tratamiento con corticoides a dosis altas tuvo buenos resultados en este caso. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos Medline vía PubMed, EMBASE y SciELO y también en libros de texto en papel. RESULTADOS: Se hallaron 598 referencias, la mayoría de ellas revisiones sistemáticas y casos clínicos. CONCLUSIONES: La mastitis granulomatosa es una patología poco frecuente cuyo diagnóstico se logra mediante estudio histológico de la misma. No hay consenso sobre cuál es el tratamiento óptimo, pero la tendencia actual es el tratamiento conservador con corticoides a altas dosis. Cada vez es más frecuente el uso de metotrexato cuando no hay buena respuesta con el tratamiento con corticoides.

OBJECTIVE: Granulomatous mastitis is a benign and chronic breast pathology with a low incidence, whose diagnosis is complex and its treatment is not fully established. A case report is presented with the aim of reviewing the literature on this pathology, its diagnosis and its treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The patient is a 30-year-old woman with a mastitis refractory to antibiotic treatment. Finally, idiopathic granulomatous mastitis was diagnosed through excisional biopsy. Treatment with high-dose corticosteroids had good results in this patient. A literature search was performed in the Medline databases via PubMed, EMBASE and SciELO and also in paper textbooks. RESULTS: 598 references were found, most of them systematic reviews and case reports. CONCLUSIONS: Granulomatous mastitis is an uncommon pathology whose definitive diagnosis is achieved by histological study. Treatment is not fully established, but conservative treatment with high-dose corticosteroids is the current trend. The use of methotrexate has risen when there is no good evolution with corticosteroid treatment.

Exact solutions of the harmonic oscillator plus non-polynomial interaction.

The exact solutions to a one-dimensional harmonic oscillator plus a non-polynomial interaction a x 2 + b x 2/(1 + c x 2) (a > 0, c > 0) are given by the confluent Heun functions H c (α, ß, γ, δ, η;z). The minimum value of the potential well is calculated as V min ( x ) = - ( a + | b | - 2 a | b | ) / c at x = ± [ ( | b | / a - 1 ) / c ] 1 / 2 (|b| > a) for the double-well case (b < 0). We illustrate the wave functions through varying the potential parameters a, b, c and show that they are pulled back to the origin when the potential parameter b increases for given values of a and c. However, we find that the wave peaks are concave to the origin as the parameter |b| is increased.

Undernutrition reduces the body weight and testicular size of bucks exposed to long days but not their ability to stimulate reproduction of seasonally anestrous goats.

In semiarid conditions, feed is often scarce and variable with underfeeding being common; these factors can potentially induce fertility reductions in both sexes. Sexually active bucks are able to very efficiently fertilize out-of-season goats, but we do not know whether underfeeding would reduce the ability of bucks to fertilize goats during these periods. Two experiments were conducted to determine (i) testicular size and change of odor intensity of undernourished bucks exposed to long days and (ii) the ability of these bucks to stimulate reproductive activity in seasonally anestrous goats. In experiment 1, bucks (n = 7) were fed 1.5 times the normal maintenance requirements from September to May and formed the well-fed group. Another group of bucks (n = 7) were fed 0.5 times the maintenance requirements and formed the undernourished group. All bucks were subjected to artificially long days from 1 November to 15 January; this period was followed by a natural photoperiod until 30 May. Body weight, scrotal circumference and male odor intensity changes were determined every 2 weeks. In experiment 2, two groups of female goats (n = 26 each) were exposed to well-fed (n = 2) or undernourished bucks (n = 2) on 31 March. Ovulations and pregnancy rates were determined by transrectal ultrasonography. In experiment 1, a treatment by time interaction was detected for BW, scrotal circumference and odor intensity changes (P < 0.001). The BWs of well-fed bucks were greater than those of the undernourished bucks from October to May (P < 0.01), as were the scrotal circumferences from December to March (P < 0.05) and odor intensities from February to May (P < 0.05). In experiment 2, the proportions of females that ovulated at least once (100% v. 96%) or those that were diagnosed as pregnant (85% v. 77%; P > 0.05) did not differ significantly between the goats exposed to well-fed or undernourished bucks. The interval between the introduction of bucks and the onset of estrous behavior was shorter in goats exposed to well-fed bucks compared to the interval for those goats exposed to undernourished bucks (2.5 ± 0.2 v. 9.5 ± 0.6 days; P < 0.05). We conclude that undernourishment reduces the testicular size and odor intensity responses in bucks exposed to long days, but that undernourished bucks are still able to stimulate reproductive activity in seasonally anestrous goats, as is also the case for well-fed bucks.

Asociación del polimorfismo FecB con la prolificidad natural del Ovino de Pelo Colombiano / Association of the FecB polymorphism with the natural prolificacy of the Colombian Creole Sheep

RESUMEN Objetivo. Caracterizar y asociar el polimorfismo FecB con la prolificidad natural en los biotipos de Ovino de Pelo Colombiano (OPC) Etíope y Sudán. Materiales y métodos. En 300 nacimientos provenientes de 167 ovejas de OPC, de los biotipos, Sudán (n=73) y Etíope (n=94), se midió el efecto del genotipo FecB, y de los factores no genéticos: número de parto de la madre, el padre, la época y el año de concepción, sobre la prolificidad natural (coderos/hembra/parto). Para esto, los animales fueron genotipados por PCR-RFLP (Avail) para FecB y los registros productivos del rebaño fueron analizados. Se calcularon las frecuencias alélicas y genotípicas, las cuales junto con los factores no genéticos fueron asociados a la prolificidad usando un modelo GLM de efectos fijos. Resultados. El alelo FecBB presentó menor frecuencia (0.379±0.152) que el alelo FecB+ (0.622±0.152) para todo el OPC. Estas frecuencias variaron (p<0.05) entre biotipos (Sudán: 0.486, Etíope: 0.271), lo mismo ocurrió con el genotipo FecBBB (0.078 en Etíope y 0.236 en Sudán). El genotipo FecB++ fue más frecuente en Etíope (0.526) y el genotipo heterocigoto en Sudán (0.5) y para el OPC (0.448±0.070). No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre biotipos para los factores no genéticos. La prolificidad varió (p<0.05) entre biotipos (1.45±0.22 en Etíope y 1.34±0.03 en Sudán), con un promedio de 1.40±0.11 para el OPC. Ninguno de los factores no genéticos al igual que los genotipos FecB afectaron la prolificidad natural del OPC (p>0.05). Sin embargo, esta fue más alta en el genotipo FecBBB. Conclusiones. El locus estudiado fue polimórfico. La prolificidad no se afectó por los factores no genéticos ni por el genotipo FecB. Estos resultados podrían ser utilizados en planes de selección asistida para aumentar la productividad del OPC.

ABSTRACT Objective. Characterize and associate the FecB polymorphism with the natural prolificacy in the biotypes of Colombian creole sheep (OPC) Etíope and Sudán. Materials and methods. At 300 births from 167 OPC sheep, from the biotypes, Sudan (n = 73) and Ethiopian (n = 94), the effect of the FecB genotype was measured, and of the non-genetic factors: number of parturitions of the mother, the father, the season and the year of conception, on the natural prolificacy (litter size). For this, the animals were genotyped by PCR-RFLP (Avail) for FecB and the productive records of the herd analyzed. The allelic and genotypic frequencies were calculated, which, together with the non-genetic factors, were associated with litter size using a fixed-effect GLM model. Results. The FecBB allele presented lower frequency (0.379±0.152) than the FecB+ allele (0.622±0.152) for the whole OPC. These frequencies varied (p<0.05) between biotypes (Sudán: 0.486, Etíope: 0.271), the same occurred with the FecBBB genotype (0.078 in Etíope and 0.236 in Sudán). The FecB++ genotype was more frequent in Etíope (0.526) and the heterozygous genotype in Sudán (0.5) and for the OPC (0.448±0.070). No significant differences were found between biotypes for non-genetic factors. The prolificacy varied (p<0.05) between biotypes (1.45±0.22 in Etíope and 1.34±0.03 in Sudán), with an average of 1.40±0.11 for the OPC. None of the non-genetic factors, as well as the FecB genotypes, affected the litter size of the OPC (p>0.05). However, this was higher in the FecBBB genotype. Conclusions. The lucus studied was polymorphic. The litter size was not affected by non-genetic factors or the FecB genotype. These results can be used in assisted selection plans to increase OPC productivity.

The Mexican consensus on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of NSAID-induced gastropathy and enteropathy. / Consenso mexicano sobre diagnóstico, prevención y tratamiento de la gastropatía y enteropatía por antiinflamatorios no esteroideos.

More than 30 million persons worldwide take nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on a daily basis, and annual consumption is increasing. In addition to their analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, NSAIDs also produce well-known gastrointestinal adverse events. There is no consensus in Mexico on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of NSAID-induced gastropathy and enteropathy, and so the Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología brought together a group of experts to establish useful recommendations for the medical community. Thirty-three recommendations were formulated in the present consensus, highlighting the fact that the risk for NSAID-induced gastrointestinal toxicity varies according to the drug employed and its pharmacokinetics, which should be taken into account at the time of prescription. The risk factors for gastroduodenal complications due to NSAIDs are: a history of peptic ulcer, age above 65 years, high doses of NSAIDs, Helicobacter pylori infection, and the presence of severe comorbidities. The symptoms and gastroduodenal damage induced by NSAIDs vary, ranging from an asymptomatic course to the presentation of iron-deficiency anemia, bleeding, stricture, and perforation. Capsule endoscopy and enteroscopy are direct diagnostic methods in NSAID enteropathy. Regarding prevention, the minimum dose of an NSAID needed to achieve the desired effect, administered for the shortest period of time, is the recommendation. Finally, proton pump inhibitors are the gold standard for the prophylaxis and treatment of gastroduodenal effects, but they are not useful in enteropathy.

Male effect using photostimulated bucks and nutritional supplementation advance puberty in goats under semi-extensive management.

Well-nourished spring-born female goats reach puberty in the autumn of the same year. Contrastingly, undernourished spring-born females reach puberty in the autumn of the following year. Therefore, in this study, we reared female goats (undernourished) under semi-extensive management and determined whether the introduction of photostimulated, sexually active males, advances puberty in these females, and whether nutritional supplementation increases the proportion of kidding females. Goats were born on March 30 and weaned at 2 months of age. Then, they grazed natural vegetation from 10:00 to 18:00 each day. Starting in December, two groups did not receive feed supplementation after grazing, whereas two other groups received 600 g daily supplements of a commercial concentrate. In April, one non-supplemented (n = 10) and other supplemented groups (n = 11) were moved indoors and kept in separate pens, where they were joined with sexually active bucks (n = 1 per group). Males were rotated daily between groups for 7 days. Other non-supplemented (n = 8) and supplemented groups (n = 11) were not joined with males. Most of the female goats under study reached puberty (70-100%). However, in supplemented and non-supplemented groups joined with males, puberty commenced much earlier (April) than in those non-exposed to males (September) (P < 0.001). The proportion of pregnant goats did not differ between groups joined with males (P > 0.05), but the proportion of goats that kidded was higher in supplemented (7/11) than in non-supplemented goats (2/10) (P < 0.05). In conclusion, in spring-born goats, the male effect using sexually active males advanced puberty, and nutritional supplementation increased the proportion of kidding goats in females reared under semi-extensive management.

Presence of a sexually active goat buck enhances ovulation occurrence in seasonally anestrous does after ovulation and luteolysis induction in hormonally-treated goats in seasonal anestrus.

In seasonally anestrous goat does, ovulations can be induced by combining a treatment regimen including progestagen, eCG and prostaglandins. Nonetheless, ovulations occur only once and then does return to a seasonally anestrous state. This study was performed to determine whether the presence of a sexually active buck can stimulate a second ovulation after induced luteolysis using prostaglandins following the first ovulation. Three groups of seasonally anestrous does were treated to induce ovulations using an intra-vaginally inserted sponge containing a progestin combined with eCG and prostaglandin administrations. Goats that had ovulations were treated with a prostaglandin 11 days after progestin sponge removal. After the prostaglandin injection, does continued to be isolated from bucks (n = 8), were penned with a control buck (n = 9), or were penned with a sexually active buck (n = 10). The proportion of goats having ovulations after imposing the ovulation-induction protocol was greater than 80% and did not differ among treatment groups (P >  0.05). The proportion of does having ovulations after injecting prostaglandins was greater when does were penned with a sexually active buck (8/10) than does penned with a control buck (0/9) or that were isolated from bucks (0/8; P < 0.05). It is concluded that in seasonally anestrous goat does induced to have ovulations using a hormonal treatment regimen, the presence of a sexually active buck can induce a second ovulation when there is an induced luteolysis.

Gestación en paciente con insuficiencia ovárica primaria secundaria a mosaicismo de Síndrome de Turner / Pregnancy in a patient with primary ovarian insufficiency owing to a mosaicism of Turner Syndrome

RESUMEN La Insuficiencia Ovárica Primaria se define por una amenorrea secundaria de al menos cuatro meses de duración, deficiencia de esteroides sexuales (estradiol) y altas concentraciones séricas de hormona folículoestimulante (FSH) con al menos un mes de diferencia entre estas determinaciones, en mujeres menores de 40 años. Es una causa insidiosa de infertilidad pero en algunas ocasiones es transitoria y permite una gestación espontánea. El Síndrome de Turner es un trastorno genético caracterizado por la pérdida o anomalías estructurales de un cromosoma X y que afecta a 1 de cada 2.500 mujeres nacidas vivas. Las manifestaciones clínicas varían entre pacientes, pero generalmente se relaciona con talla baja, coartación aórtica, disgenesia gonadal e insuficiencia ovárica primaria. Las técnicas de reproducción asistida como la criopreservación de ovocitos y de tejido ovárico, la maduración in vitro o la donación de ovocitos ofrecen opciones reproductivas en aquellos casos en los que no se produzca un embarazo espontáneo.

ABSTRACT Primary Ovarian Insufficiency is considered a secondary amenorrhea of at least four months duration, sex steroid deficiency (estradiol) and high serum concentrations of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) with at least one month difference between these determinations, in women under 40 years. It is an insidious cause of infertility but sometimes it is transient and allows a spontaneous pregnancy. Turner syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by the loss or structural abnormalities of an X chromosome that affects 1 in 2,500 women born alive. Clinical manifestations vary among patients, but it is usually associated with short stature, aortic coarctation, gonadal dysgenesis, and primary ovarian failure. Assisted reproduction techniques such as cryopreservation of oocytes and ovarian tissue, in vitro maturation or oocyte donation offer reproductive options in those cases in which there is no spontaneous pregnancy.

Melatonin administration during the dry period stimulates subsequent milk yield and weight gain of offspring in subtropical does kidding in summer.

In the present experiment, we tested the hypothesis that in does kidding in summer, melatonin administration during dry period is galactopoietic for the subsequent lactation and results in improved growth of their suckling kids. Twenty-five multiparous pregnant creole does were enrolled into a randomized complete block design during their dry period in the 49 d prepartum, and under natural long photoperiods around the summer solstice, pregnant does either received 2 subcutaneous ear implants (18 mg) of melatonin (MEL, n = 10) or served as nonimplanted controls (CONT, n = 15). During the first 14 wk of subsequent lactation (suckling and milking periods), MEL does yielded more milk than CONT does. Throughout subsequent lactation, milk composition was not affected by treatment. In MEL does, peripheral triiodothyronine levels peaked at 2 wk of lactation, remaining higher than in CONT does. The mean daily weight gain was higher in MEL compared with CONT kids and was also higher in males than females, and for males, was positively correlated with milk yield. The current data support our hypothesis that melatonin during the prepartum period is galactopoietic in suckling does.

Caracterización morfológica de la gallina criolla de traspatio de la subregión Sabana departamento de Sucre (Colombia) / Morphological characterization of the creole backyard chickens of the Subregion sabana department of Sucre (Colombia)

RESUMEN Objetivo. Caracterizar morfométrica y faneróptica de la gallina Criolla de traspatio de la subregión Sabana, departamento de Sucre (Colombia). Materiales y métodos. Se evaluaron 520 animales adultos criollos (350 gallinas y 170 gallos), en el periodo 2017-2018, ubicados en 10 localidades de la subregión Sabanas del departamento de Sucre Colombia. Se recolectó la información en un formato de encuesta integrado por variables cuantitativas y cualitativas. Los datos obtenidos fueron sometidos a análisis descriptivos univariado para muestras independiente. Además, se empleó la técnica de análisis de varianza. Las comparaciones entre machos y hembras se realizaron mediante una prueba de t. Los análisis fueron realizados usando paquete estadístico R. Resultados. Los descriptores analizados mostraron superioridad de los gallos sobre las gallinas (p<0.05). El análisis de varianza en la población de hembras con respecto al peso, determino que existen diferencias significativas (p<0.05). Las características morfológicas y fanerópticas estudiadas, describen un ave de metatarso amarillo, con color de plumaje que combinan tonalidades marrones, negras, gris y blanco, la morfología y distribución de las plumas en la mayoría de las aves es de característica normal (lisa típica), con distribución uniforme a lo largo del cuerpo, aunque se pueden encontrar ejemplares con patrones de plumaje diferente. Conclusiones. Se pudo observar una amplia variación entre animales procedentes de las 10 localidades estudiadas. Se evidencia una diferenciación tipológica con relación al peso y al tamano del tarso, en los animales evaluados, lo que puede ser utilizado como criterio de selección.

ABSTRACT Objective. Characterize morphometric and phaneroptics of the Creole backyard hens from the savanna subregion department of Sucre (Colombia). Materials and methods. 520 adult Creole animals (350 chickens and 170 roosters) were evaluated, in the period 2017-2018, located in 10 localities of the savanna sub-region of the department of Sucre Colombia. The information was collected in a survey format composed of quantitative and qualitative variables. The data obtained were subjected to univariate descriptive analysis, for independent samples. In addition, the analysis of variance technique was used. Comparisons between males and females were made by means of a t-test. The analyses were performed using the statistical package R. Results. The descriptors analyzed showed the superiority of the roosters over the hens (p<0.05). The analysis of variance in the population of females with respect to weight determined that there are significant differences (p<0.05). The morphological and phaneroptic characteristics studied describe a yellow metatarsal bird, with plumage color that combines brown, black, gray and white tones, the morphology and distribution of feathers in most birds is normal characteristic (smooth typical), with a uniform distribution to a length of the body, although specimens with different plumage patterns can be found. Conclusions. A wide variation could be observed among animals from the 10 localities studied. There is evidence of a typological differentiation in relation to the weight and size of the tarsus in the animals evaluated, which can be used as a selection criterion.

Continuous presence of females in estrus does not prevent seasonal inhibition of LH and androgen concentrations in bucks.

In male goats, being in permanent visual contact with females in estrus does not prevent seasonal variation in certain endocrine hormone levels and sexual activities. In this study, we tested whether continuous and full contact with females in estrus prevented seasonal endocrinological variation in bucks. In 1 experiment (Exp. 1), we verified that the sudden introduction of goats in estrus increased the plasma concentrations of androgen in bucks during the nonbreeding season under our experimental conditions. In another experiment (Exp. 2), we tested the ability of estrous goats to prevent seasonal inhibition of LH and androgen secretions in bucks kept in permanent and full contact with them. In Exp. 1, 3 groups of bucks (n = 5 in each group) were isolated from females from the months of July to January. On January 27, one group continued being isolated from females; a second group was exposed to ovariectomized, untreated goats; and a third group was exposed to ovariectomized goats with induced estrus. Plasma androgen concentrations were determined every 2 h from 8 h before to 8 h after the introduction of females. The introduction of estrus-induced goats significantly increased androgen concentrations, which were higher than in the isolated bucks, as well as in those exposed to untreated goats (P < 0.05). In Exp. 2 (n = 5 per group), one group of bucks was isolated from females from October to July, whereas two other groups remained in contact with ovariectomized goats, either untreated or regularly induced to estrus. In the three groups of bucks, plasma concentrations of LH were determined once during the months of October, February, March, and June, whereas androgen concentrations were determined weekly from October to July. The mean plasma LH and androgen concentrations were low and did not differ among the groups of bucks during the normal seasonal period of sexual inactivity (P > 0.05). We conclude that full contact and sexual interactions with estrus-induced goats failed to stop the seasonality of LH and androgen plasma concentrations of bucks, although bucks could respond to the introduction of females by acute increases in plasma LH and androgen.

Encuesta de Percepción en Capacidad Instalada para la Formación de Médicos Residentes en Ortopedia (Traumatología) y Necesidades de la Atención en Patología Musculoesquelética Aguda y Crónica en México. Primera Parte / Installed Capacity Perception Survey for the Training of Resident's Program in Orthopedics and Care Needs in Acute and Chronic Musculoskeletal Pathology in Mexico

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Abstract: Introduction: It is essential that orthopaedic resident physicians be highly proficient in all aspects, considering the balance between supply, demand, need and context. Fundamental to identify the capacity and quality installed for their training in Mexico. Material and methods: Observational Study, transverse, non-probabilistic sampling-conglomerates, in two phases. The instrument has 8 domains, 57 variables and 4,867 items. 60 graduate professors of 20 states, 50 hospital sites, 22 university programs. Results: 1,038 years of experience (collective intelligence), 17 years of experience/teacher (01 to 50 years). Identified: acute pathology 30 (2 to 90%), chronic pathology 30 (5 to 96%), patients ˂ 15 years, 10 (3 to 30%), patients between 15 and 65 years, 47 (2 to 78%), patients ˃ 65 years, 20 (2 to 60%), number of beds/seat 20 (2 to 510), number of clinics 3 (1 to 48), number of surgical procedures/headquarters per year at the national level, was 960 (50 to 24,650). The national average per resident doctor is 362 surgeries/year with 1,450 surgical times/year. Conclusions: The needs and resources for the training of physicians specializing in orthopedics/traumatology are highly heterogeneous, so it should be adapted to the epidemiological needs of the region of influence, in an area of epidemiological transition. 62.2% expressed not having or have bad academic and scientific infrastructure at its headquarters, more than 50% without rotation overseas and ˃ 90% without regular scientific production.

Polymorphisms of the calpain and calpastatin genes in two populations of colombian creole sheep / Polimorfismos de los genes calpaína y calpastatina en dos poblaciones de ovinos de pelo colombiano

ABSTRACT Objetive. Characterize the genetic polymorphism type SNPs in the calpain (CAPN) and calpastatin (CAST) genes of Colombian creole hair sheep (OPC). Materials and methods. In 300 individuals belonging to two OPC subpopulations from the departments of Sucre (SC) and Valle del Cauca (VC) were genotyped by PCR-RFLP (MspI) for the CAST locus and by PCR-SSCP for the CAPN locus. The allelic and genotypic frequencies, the observed (Ho) and expected heterozygosity (He), the fixation index (F) and the deviations from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) were calculated and a molecular analysis of variance to estimate the values of FST, FIS and FIT. Results. In the CAST locus, the MM genotype was the most frequent (83.9±1.1%), followed by the other genotypes (MN: 15.5±1.1, NN: 6.0±0.0%) and the allelic frequency of M (91.7±0.4%) exceeded that of N (8.3±0.4%). For the CAPN locus the heterozygous genotype (48.2±0.7%) was the most frequent, the other genotypes presented frequencies TT:44.7 ± 1.9 and CC:7.0 ± 1.4%. The T allele reached a frequency of 68.8±1.5% (C: 31.3±1.5%). Similar percentages of allelic and genotypic frequencies were found in the subpopulations. The He was less than the Ho in both loci, with negative values of F and deviations of EHW only in CAPN. All the variation found was due to differences within the individuals, with non-significant values (p>0.05) of FST, FIS, and FIT (0.002, -0.093 and -0.095, respectively). Conclusions. The loci studied has high variability, these results can be used for future gene-assisted selection plans to increase OPC productivity.

RESUMEN Objetivo. El propósito del presente estudio fue caracterizar el polimorfismo genético tipo SNPs en los genes calpaína (CAPN) y calpastatina (CAST) en el ovino de pelo criollo colombiano (OPC). Materiales y métodos. 300 individuos pertenecientes a dos subpoblaciones de OPC de los departamentos de Sucre (SC) y Valle del Cauca (VC) fueron genotipados por PCR-RFLP (MspI) para el locus CAST y por PCR-SSCP para el locus CAPN. Se calcularon las frecuencias genotípicas, alélicas, la heterocigocidad observada (Ho) y esperada (He), el índice de fijación (F), los desvíos del equilibrio de Hardy-Weinberg (EHW) y un análisis de varianza molecular para estimar los valores de FST, FIS y FIT. Resultados. En el locus CAST, el genotipo MM fue el más frecuente (83.9±1.1%), seguido por los otros genotipos (MN: 15.5±1.1; NN:6.0±0.0%) y la frecuencia alélica de M (91.7±0.4%) superó la del N (8.3±0.4%). Para el locus CAPN el genotipo heterocigoto (48.2±0.7%) fue el más frecuente; los otros genotipos presentaron frecuencias de TT:44.7±1.9 y CC:7.0±1.4%. El alelo T alcanzó una frecuencia de 68.8±1.5% (C:31.3±1.5%). Similares frecuencias alélicas y genotípicas se encontraron en las subpoblaciones. La He fue menor que la Ho en ambos loci, con valores negativos de F y desvíos de EHW solo en CAPN. Toda la variación encontrada fue debida a diferencias dentro de los individuos, con valores no significativos (p>0.05) de FST, FIS y FIT (0.002, -0.093 y -0.095, respectivamente). Conclusiones. Los loci estudiados tiene alta variabilidad, estos resultados pueden ser utilizados para futuros planes de selección asistida por genes para aumentar la productividad del OPC.