Síntomas de Burnout entre médicos y enfermeros antes, durante y después de atender pacientes con COVID-19 / Burnout symptoms among physicians and nurses before, during and after COVID-19 care / Sintomas de burnout entre médicos e enfermeiros antes, durante e depois do cuidado de pacientes com COVID-19

Objetivo: este estudio evaluó síntomas de Burnout entre médicos y enfermeros antes, durante y después de la atención provista a pacientes con la enfermedad COVID-19. Método: estudio comparativo y transversal realizado en la unidad de Atención Respiratoria de un hospital público de nivel terciario. Se empleó el Inventario de Burnout Maslach. Resultados: se distribuyeron 280 encuestas entre los tres períodos: antes (n=80), durante (n=105) y después (n=95) de la atención a pacientes con COVID-19; se obtuvieron 172 encuestas respondidas. Las tasas de respuesta fueron 57,5%, 64,8% y 61,1%, respectivamente. Los valores de prevalencia de Burnout grave fueron 30,4%, 63,2% y 34,5% antes, durante y después de la atención a pacientes por la enfermedad del coronavirus 2019 (p<0,001). Los síntomas de agotamiento emocional (p<0,001) y despersonalización (p=0,002) fueron más prevalentes entre los enfermeros que entre los médicos. El Síndrome de Burnout grave fue más prevalente en las mujeres, los enfermeros y el personal del turno noche. Conclusión: la elevada prevalencia de Burnout se duplicó en el primer pico de internaciones y regresó a niveles previos a la pandemia un mes después de finalizada la atención a pacientes por la enfermedad del coronavirus 2019. El Síndrome de Burnout varió por sexo, turno de trabajo y ocupación, y los enfermeros representaron los grupos más vulnerables. Es necesario enfocarse en estrategias de evaluación y mitigación tempranas para asistir a los enfermeros, no solo durante la crisis sino permanentemente.

Objective: this study evaluated burnout symptoms among physicians and nurses before, during and after COVID-19 care. Method: a cross-sectional comparative study in the Pulmonary Care unit of a tertiary-level public hospital. The Maslach Burnout Inventory was used. Results: 280 surveys were distributed across three periods: before (n=80), during (n=105) and after (n=95) COVID-19 care; 172 surveys were returned. The response rates were 57.5%, 64.8% and 61.1%, respectively. The prevalence of severe burnout was 30.4%, 63.2% and 34.5% before, during and after COVID-19 care (p<0.001). Emotional exhaustion (p<0.001) and depersonalization (p=0.002) symptoms were more prevalent among nurses than among physicians. Severe burnout was more prevalent in women, nurses and night shift staff. Conclusion: the high prevalence of burnout doubled in the first peak of hospital admissions and returned to pre-pandemic levels one month after COVID-19 care ended. Burnout varied by gender, shift and occupation, with nurses among the most vulnerable groups. Focus on early assessment and mitigation strategies are required to support nurses not only during crisis but permanently.

Objetivo: este estudo avaliou os sintomas de burnout entre médicos e enfermeiros antes, durante e após o cuidado dos pacientes contaminados com o COVID-19. Método: estudo transversal comparativo realizado na unidade de Atenção Pulmonar de um hospital público de nível terciário. Foi utilizado o Inventário de Burnout de Maslach. Resultados: 280 formulários de pesquisa foram distribuídos em três períodos: antes (n=80), durante (n=105) e após (n=95) os cuidados dos pacientes contaminados com COVID-19; 172 formulários foram respondidos. As taxas de resposta foram de 57,5%, 64,8% e 61,1%, respectivamente. A prevalência de burnout grave foi de 30,4%, 63,2% e 34,5% antes, durante e após o atendimento dos pacientes (p<0,001). Os sintomas de exaustão emocional (p<0,001) e despersonalização (p=0,002) foram mais prevalentes entre os enfermeiros do que entre os médicos. O burnout grave foi mais prevalente em mulheres, enfermeiros e funcionários do turno da noite. Conclusão: a alta prevalência de burnout dobrou no primeiro pico de internações hospitalares e voltou aos níveis pré-pandemia um mês após o término dos cuidados dos pacientes contaminados com COVID-19. O burnout variou de acordo com o sexo, turno e profissão, encontrando-se os enfermeiros entre os grupos mais vulneráveis. O foco na avaliação precoce e nas estratégias de mitigação é necessário para apoiar os enfermeiros não apenas durante a crise, mas de forma permanente.

The Prevalence of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms and Their Association With Respiratory Diseases.

INTRODUCTION: Patients with respiratory diseases face adverse situations such as symptom management, general condition deterioration, and a hostile perception of the hospital environment, favoring the appearance of anxiety and depression. METHODS: A total of 317 patients hospitalized for a disease of pulmonary origin were analyzed and divided into the following subgroups: infectious, oncological, acute, and chronic diseases. Patients over 18 years of age with preserved cognitive capacity were included in the study. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was applied to them on the second or fourth day of their hospital stay and five days after the first evaluation. Multiple linear regression models were carried out to analyze the association between anxiety and depression measured over two different periods. The models present the statistically significant variables with a 95% confidence level. RESULTS: The patients presented with anxiety in 74.4% of cases, mainly those with acute respiratory diseases (42.4%) and neoplastic diseases (27.5%). A total of 69.5% presented with depression, with symptoms more significant in those with chronic and oncological pulmonary diseases and those with no job. Patients with at least one comorbidity presented with anxiety in 53.9% of cases and depression in 52.1% of cases. Linear regression models were carried out and showed that anxiety was 1.75 and 1.84 times more frequent in patients with chronic diseases compared to those with infectious pathologies in the first and second reviews, respectively. The linear regression model also showed a higher frequency of depressive symptoms in patients with chronic conditions (1.62 times) compared to the group with infectious and contagious pathologies, and prolonged hospital stays were associated with depressive symptoms 1.37 times more than short stays. CONCLUSIONS: Anxiety and depression are frequent disorders in patients with respiratory diseases, negatively affecting the prognosis. Routine mental health screening and multidisciplinary management are essential in this population.

Burnout symptoms among physicians and nurses before, during and after COVID-19 care. / Síntomas de Burnout entre médicos y enfermeros antes, durante y después de atender pacientes con COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE: this study evaluated burnout symptoms among physicians and nurses before, during and after COVID-19 care. METHOD: a cross-sectional comparative study in the Pulmonary Care unit of a tertiary-level public hospital. The Maslach Burnout Inventory was used. RESULTS: 280 surveys were distributed across three periods: before (n=80), during (n=105) and after (n=95) COVID-19 care; 172 surveys were returned. The response rates were 57.5%, 64.8% and 61.1%, respectively. The prevalence of severe burnout was 30.4%, 63.2% and 34.5% before, during and after COVID-19 care (p<0.001). Emotional exhaustion (p<0.001) and depersonalization (p=0.002) symptoms were more prevalent among nurses than among physicians. Severe burnout was more prevalent in women, nurses and night shift staff. CONCLUSION: the high prevalence of burnout doubled in the first peak of hospital admissions and returned to pre-pandemic levels one month after COVID-19 care ended. Burnout varied by gender, shift and occupation, with nurses among the most vulnerable groups. Focus on early assessment and mitigation strategies are required to support nurses not only during crisis but permanently.

Necrotizing pneumonia due to Saprochaete capitata in a patient with diabetes mellitus. Case report.

Saprochaete capitata is a yeast-like fungus of the Dipodascaceae family, capable of colonizing the skin and the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. We present a 56-year-old man with diabetes mellitus who was admitted to the hospital presenting with fever, cough and hemoptysis. The diagnosis of necrotizing pneumonia was made by direct microscopy of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid showed and Saprochaete capitata was identified by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-Of-Flight (MALDI-TOF MS®). Treatment consisted of itraconazole 200 mg every 12 hours orally for 30 days, leading to clinical and radiological improvement. Saprochaete capitata infection is a rare cause of pulmonary mycoses.

Tuberculosis extrapulmonar: un problema de salud pública.

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis is defined as that case of tuberculosis clinically diagnosed and confirmed by bacteriological studies that affects tissues and organs outside the lung parenchyma. Mexico is in third place among Latin American countries in terms of the incidence of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Culture methods are still the gold standard for the diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis since they identify the species and susceptibility to drugs.

La tuberculosis extrapulmonar es aquella tuberculosis diagnosticada clínicamente y confirmada por estudios bacteriológicos que afecta a tejidos y órganos fuera del parénquima pulmonar. México es el tercer lugar en América Latina en incidencia de tuberculosis pulmonar y extrapulmonar. Los métodos de cultivo siguen siendo el método de referencia para el diagnóstico de tuberculosis extrapulmonar, ya que identifican la especie y la sensibilidad a los fármacos.

Minimización de costos de sedación usando anestesia inhalada. Análisis en la UTI durante la pandemia por COVID-19 / Minimization of sedation costs using inhaled anesthesia. Analysis in the ICU during the COVID-19 pandemic / Minimização dos custos de sedação usando anestesia inalatória. Análise na UTI durante a pandemia de COVID-19

Resumen: Introducción: los sedantes de uso no convencional y aquéllos fuera de recomendación como los anestésicos inhalados se usaron ante la escasez de medicamentos durante la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2. Objetivos: comparar el costo y resultados obtenidos con el uso de anestésicos inhalados versus sedantes intravenosos en COVID-19. Material y métodos: estudio retrospectivo en una unidad de terapia intensiva (UTI) de un hospital público de referencia. Se hizo un cálculo de costos de sedación de los dos primeros días de estancia en la UTI. Las dosis de fármacos fueron tomadas del expediente clínico y los costos de adquisición directamente de CompraNet. Se comparan medias de costos por medicamento y por grupo. Resultados: de 151 pacientes, 81 recibieron sedación intravenosa y 70 anestesia inhalada con o sin sedantes intravenosos. No hubo diferencia en mortalidad, días de ventilación mecánica, estancia en la UTI y estancia hospitalaria entre grupos. Se observó una reducción significativa de costos derivados del menor uso de midazolam, propofol y dexmedetomidina (p < 0.0001) cuando se usó anestesia inhalada y una diferencia entre medias de costos totales de sedación de $4,108.42 M.N. por día por paciente. Conclusiones: la anestesia inhalada durante la pandemia por COVID-19 permitió una reducción de costos comparada con sedación intravenosa en los primeros dos días de estancia en la UTI.

Abstract: Introduction: non-conventional sedatives and those off-label, such as inhaled anesthetics, were used due to the shortage of medicines during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Objectives: to compare the cost and results obtained with the use of inhaled anesthetics versus intravenous sedatives in COVID-19. Material and methods: retrospective study in a public reference hospital ICU. A calculation of sedation costs was made of the first two days of ICU stay. Drug doses were taken from the clinical records and acquisition costs directly from CompraNet. Mean costs per medication and per group are compared. Results: of 151 patients, 81 received intravenous sedation and 70 received inhaled anesthesia with or without intravenous sedatives. There was no difference in mortality, days of mechanical ventilation, ICU stay, and hospital stay between groups. A significant reduction in costs derived from the less use of midazolam, propofol and dexmedetomidine (p < 0.0001), and a difference between means of total sedation costs of $4,108.42 Mexican pesos per patient per day was observed with inhaled anesthesia. Conclusions: inhaled anesthesia during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to intravenous sedation allowed a cost reduction in the first two days of ICU stay.

Resumo: Introdução: sedativos de uso não convencional e não recomendados, como anestésicos inalatórios, foram utilizados devido à escassez de medicamentos durante a pandemia de SARS-CoV-2. Objetivos: comparar o custo e os resultados obtidos com o uso de anestésicos inalatórios versus sedativos intravenosos na COVID-19. Material e métodos: estudo retrospectivo em uma UTI de um hospital público de referência. Foi feito um cálculo dos custos de sedação para os dois primeiros dias de internação na UTI. As doses dos medicamentos foram retiradas do prontuário clínico e os custos de aquisição diretamente do CompraNet. Os custos médios por medicamento e por grupo são comparados. Resultados: dos 151 pacientes, 81 receberam sedação intravenosa e 70 anestesia inalatória com ou sem sedativos intravenosos. Não houve diferença na mortalidade, dias em ventilação mecânica, permanência na UTI e internação entre os grupos. Uma redução significativa nos custos derivados do menor uso de midazolam, propofol e dexmedetomidina (p < 0.0001) foi observada quando a anestesia inalatória foi usada e uma diferença entre as médias dos custos totais de sedação de $4,108.42 M.N. por dia por paciente. Conclusões: a anestesia inalatória durante a pandemia de COVID-19 permitiu redução de custos em comparação com a sedação endovenosa nos primeiros dois dias de internação na UTI.

IL-6, IL-10, sFas, granulysin and indicators of intestinal permeability as early biomarkers for a fatal outcome in COVID-19.

The clinical presentation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), ranges between mild respiratory symptoms and a severe disease that shares many of the features of sepsis. Sepsis is a deregulated response to infection that causes life-threatening organ failure. During sepsis, the intestinal epithelial cells are affected, causing an increase in intestinal permeability and allowing microbial translocation from the intestine to the circulation, which exacerbates the inflammatory response. Here we studied patients with moderate, severe and critical COVID-19 by measuring a panel of molecules representative of the innate and adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2, which also reflect the presence of systemic inflammation and the state of the intestinal barrier. We found that non-surviving COVID-19 patients had higher levels of low-affinity anti-RBD IgA antibodies than surviving patients, which may be a response to increased microbial translocation. We identified sFas and granulysin, in addition to IL-6 and IL-10, as possible early biomarkers with high sensitivity (>73 %) and specificity (>51 %) to discriminate between surviving and non-surviving COVID-19 patients. Finally, we found that the microbial metabolite d-lactate and the tight junction regulator zonulin were increased in the serum of patients with severe COVID-19 and in COVID-19 patients with secondary infections, suggesting that increased intestinal permeability may be a source of secondary infections in these patients. COVID-19 patients with secondary infections had higher disease severity and mortality than patients without these infections, indicating that intestinal permeability markers could provide complementary information to the serum cytokines for the early identification of COVID-19 patients with a high risk of a fatal outcome.

Pulmonary Histoplasmosis in a Referral Hospital in Mexico City.

Pulmonary histoplasmosis is caused by inhaling Histoplasma capsulatum. Less than 1% develops the disease. Risk factors in immunocompetent individuals are environmental exposures in endemic areas. The objective of this study is to determine the frequency, clinical, and microbiological characteristics in immunocompetent patients. A retrospective case series study of patients diagnosed with pulmonary histoplasmosis was performed in a respiratory care unit in Mexico City from 2000 to 2020. Each patient had bronchial lavage, and three patients underwent thoracoscopy for the lung tissue sample taken for the culture in Sabouraud Dextrose Agar. Twelve patients were identified, 8 males and 4 females; the predominant symptoms were fever (83%), dyspnea (75%), chest pain (66%), hemoptysis (41%), and weight loss (33%). The computed tomography of the chest showed the following findings: patchy consolidation 12 (100%), hilar adenopathy 6 (50%), pleural effusion 6 (50%), caverns 3 (25%), and solitary pulmonary nodule in one patient (8%). Histoplasma capsulatum was found in the culture of all twelve patients. The signs and symptoms of the disease are mediated by the immune status of the host. The clinical picture is often confused with systemic diseases. It is important to have a high degree of clinical suspicion to make a timely diagnosis.

Differential activation of innate and adaptive lymphocytes during latent or active infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Most individuals infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) have latent tuberculosis (TB), which can be diagnosed with tests (such as the QuantiFERON-TB Gold test [QFT]) that detect the production of IFN-γ by memory T cells in response to the Mtb-specific antigens 6 kDa early secretory antigenic target EsxA (Rv3875) (ESAT-6), 10 kDa culture filtrate antigen EsxB (Rv3874) (CFP-10), and Mtb antigen of 7.7 kDa (Rv2654c) (TB7.7). However, the immunological mechanisms that determine if an individual will develop latent or active TB remain incompletely understood. Here we compared the response of innate and adaptive peripheral blood lymphocytes from healthy individuals without Mtb infection (QFT negative) and from individuals with latent (QFT positive) or active TB infection, to determine the characteristics of these cells that correlate with each condition. In active TB patients, the levels of IFN-γ that were produced in response to Mtb-specific antigens had high positive correlations with IL-1ß, TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-6, IL-12p70, and IL-23, while the proinflammatory cytokines had high positive correlations between themselves and with IL-12p70 and IL-23. These correlations were not observed in QFT-negative or QFT-positive healthy volunteers. Activation with Mtb-soluble extract (a mixture of Mtb antigens and pathogen-associated molecular patterns [PAMPs]) increased the percentage of IFN-γ-/IL-17-producing NK cells and of IL-17-producing innate lymphoid cell 3 (ILC3) in the peripheral blood of active TB patients, but not of QFT-negative or QFT-positive healthy volunteers. Thus, active TB patients have both adaptive and innate lymphocyte subsets that produce characteristic cytokine profiles in response to Mtb-specific antigens or PAMPs. These profiles are not observed in uninfected individuals or in individuals with latent TB, suggesting that they are a response to active TB infection.

Pulmonary aspergilloma in immunocompromised patients in a Respiratory Care Unit.

INTRODUCTION: Pulmonary aspergilloma is commonly associated with comorbidities that cause immunodeficiency such as diabetes mellitus, tuberculosis, human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and/or a pre-existing parenchymal lung disease such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Predisposing factors can further increase the risk of acquiring this mycosis. Our objective was to determine the frequency, clinical and microbiological characteristics of pulmonary aspergilloma in immunocompromised patients. METHODOLOGY: Retrospective case series of patients diagnosed with pulmonary aspergilloma in a respiratory care unit in Mexico City from 2000 to 2019 was studied. Bronchoalveolar lavage cultures on Sabouraud-dextrose agar and serum galactomannan determination were performed on each patient. RESULTS: We identified twenty-four patients with pulmonary aspergilloma (sixteen male and eight female), thirteen had a history of tuberculosis (54%), seven of diabetes mellitus (29%), three of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (13%) and one of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (4%). The most commonly reported symptoms were hemoptysis in eighteen patients (75%), dyspnea in sixteen patients (67%) and chest pain in thirteen patients (54%). Aspergillus fumigatus was identified in all cultures and galactomannan was positive in 21 serum samples (87%). CONCLUSIONS: Coexistence of diseases that could suppress the immune system predispose to pulmonary aspergilloma; clinical presentation is often confused with other systemic diseases. A high degree of clinical suspicion is important for early detection.

Sera from patients with tuberculosis increase the phagocytic-microbicidal activity of human neutrophils, and ESAT-6 is implicated in the phenomenon.

Background: It has been reported that sera from patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis (APT) induced nuclear changes in normal neutrophils that included pyknosis, swelling, apoptosis, and production of extracellular traps (NETs). Similar changes were observed with some sera from their household contacts but not with sera from healthy, unrelated individuals. It was suggested that those sera from household contacts that induced neutrophil nuclear changes might correspond to people with subclinical tuberculosis. Thus, our experimental approach might serve to identify individuals with early, ongoing disease. Methods: Nuclear changes in neutrophils were fully evident by 3 h of contact and beyond. Circulating mycobacterial antigens were the most likely candidates for this effect. We wanted to know whether the nuclear changes induced on neutrophils by the sera of APT patients would negatively affect the phagocytic/microbicidal ability of neutrophils exposed to APT sera for short periods. Results: We now provide evidence that short-term contact (30 min) with sera from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis increases several phagocytic parameters of normal neutrophils, including endocytosis, myeloperoxidase levels, production of free reactive oxygen species, phagolysosome fusion, and microbicidal activity on Staphylococcus aureus, with these effects not being observed with sera from healthy donors. We also give evidence that suggests that ESAT-6 and CFP-10 are involved in the phenomenon. Conclusion: We conclude that activation is a stage that precedes lethal nuclear changes in neutrophils and suggests that autologous neutrophils must circulate in an altered state in the APT patients, thus contributing to the pathology of the disease.

Characteristics and mortality of Mexican patients with COVID-19 and mechanical ventilation.

INTRODUCTION: COVID-19-associated mortality in patients who require mechanical ventilation is unknown in the Mexican population. OBJECTIVE: To describe the characteristics of Mexican patients with COVID-19 who required mechanical ventilation. METHODS: Observational cohort study carried out in an intensive care unit from March 25 to July 17, 2020. Data were obtained from a prospective database and electronic medical records, and were analyzed with the chi-square test, Fisher's exact test or Mann-Whitney's U-test. RESULTS: One hundred patients required mechanical ventilation; median age was 56 years, 31 % were females and 97 % were Latin American. Most common comorbidities were obesity (36 %), diabetes (26 %), hypertension (20 %), and chronic or end-stage kidney disease (10 %). At the end of the analysis, 11 patients remained in the ICU, 31 had been discharged alive and 58 (65.2 %) died; survivors were younger, had lower scores on severity and organ dysfunction scales, lower levels of C-reactive protein at ICU admission, were less likely to receive hemodialysis and vasopressors, and had longer hospital and ICU stays. CONCLUSIONS: This study adds information on the presentation and results of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients who require mechanical ventilation.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La mortalidad por COVID-19 en quienes requieren ventilación mecánica se desconoce en la población mexicana. OBJETIVO: Describir las características de pacientes mexicanos con COVID-19 que requirieron ventilación mecánica. MÉTODOS: Estudio de cohorte observacional en una unidad de terapia intensiva, del 25 de marzo al 17 de julio de 2020. Los datos se obtuvieron de una base de datos prospectiva y de registros clínicos electrónicos; fueron analizados con c2, prueba exacta de Fisher o prueba U de Mann-Whitney. RESULTADOS: Cien pacientes recibieron ventilación mecánica, la edad media fue de 56 años, 31 % era del sexo femenino y 97 %, latinoamericano. Las comorbilidades más comunes fueron obesidad (36 %), diabetes (26 %), hipertensión (20 %) y enfermedad renal crónica o renal terminal (10 %). Al término del análisis, 11 pacientes permanecían en la UCI, 31 egresaron vivos y 58 (65.2 %) fallecieron; los sobrevivientes fueron más jóvenes, con menores puntuación en las escalas de gravedad y disfunción orgánica, menores niveles de proteína C reactiva al ingreso a la UCI, menor propensión a hemodiálisis, necesidad de, necesidad de vasopresores y con mayor estancia hospitalaria y en la UCI. CONCLUSIONES: Este estudio agrega información sobre la presentación y resultados de pacientes con ventilación mecánica infectados con SARS-CoV-2.

Identificación de un brote de SARSCoV-2 (Covid-19) en un centro gerontológico de la Ciudad de México.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a Covid-19 outbreak in a gerontological center in Mexico City. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study in older adults. The association of risk factors for dying from Covid-19 was analyzed using a multiple logistic regression model. RESULTS: One hundred and two elders with an average age of 82.5 ± 8.8 years were included. Fifty-five (54%) tested positive and 47 (46%) were negative for the new coronavirus. Using the multiple logistic regression model, people with frailty had an OR of 11.6 of dying from Covid-19 compared to robust people (p-value = 0.024). CONCLUSION: The Covid-19 outbreak was initially caused by a resident of the center and spread by cross infection. In vulnerable populations, early detection, isolation, and follow-up of contacts should be carried out, as well as the identification of risk factors in order to reduce the spread and mortality caused by SARSCoV-2.