Genetic alterations in the BCR-ABL1 fusion gene related to imatinib resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia.

Use of the potent tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib as the first-line treatment in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) has decreased mortality from 20% to 2%. Approximately 30% of CML patients experience imatinib resistance, however, largely because of point mutations in the kinase domain of the BCR-ABL1 fusion gene. The aim of this study was to use next-generation sequencing (NGS) to identify mutations related to imatinib resistance. The study included 22 patients diagnosed with CML and experiencing no clinical response to imatinib. Total RNA was used for cDNA synthesis, with amplification of a fragment encompassing the BCR-ABL1 kinase domain using a nested-PCR approach. Sanger and NGS were applied to detect genetic alterations. HaplotypeCaller was used for variant calling, and STAR-Fusion software was applied for fusion breakpoint identification. After sequencing analysis, F311I, F317L, and E450K mutations were detected respectively in three different participants, and in another two patients, single nucleotide variants in BCR (rs9608100, rs140506, rs16802) and ABL1 (rs35011138) were detected. Eleven patients carried e14a2 transcripts, nine had e13a2 transcripts, and both transcripts were identified in one patient. One patient had co-expression of e14a2 and e14a8 transcripts. The results identify candidate single nucleotide variants and co-expressed BCR-ABL1 transcripts in cellular resistance to imatinib.

Single nucleotide variants in microRNA biosynthesis genes in Mexican individuals.

Background: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators in a variety of biological processes, and their dysregulation is associated with multiple human diseases. Single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in genes involved in the processing of microRNAs may alter miRNA regulation and could present high allele heterogeneity in populations from different ethnic groups. Thus, the aim of this study was to genotype 15 SNVs in eight genes involved in the miRNA processing pathway in Mexican individuals and compare their frequencies across 21 populations from five continental groups. Methods: Genomic DNA was obtained from 399 healthy Mexican individuals. SNVs in AGO2 (rs2293939 and rs4961280), DGCR8 (rs720012), DICER (rs3742330 and rs13078), DROSHA (rs10719 and rs6877842), GEMIN3 (rs197388 and rs197414), GEMIN4 (rs7813, rs2740349, and rs4968104), TNRC6B (rs9611280), and XP05 (rs11077 and rs34324334) were genotyped using TaqMan probes. The minor allele frequency of each SNV was compared to those reported in the 1,000 Genomes database using chi-squared. Sankey plot was created in the SankeyMATIC package to visualize the frequency range of each variant in the different countries analyzed. Results: In Mexican individuals, all 15 SNVs were found in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, with frequencies ranging from 0.04 to 0.45. The SNVs rs4961280, rs2740349, rs34324334, and rs720012 in Mexican individuals had the highest minor allele frequencies worldwide, whereas the minor allele frequencies of rs197388, rs10719, rs197414, and rs1107 were among the lowest in Mexican individuals. The variants had high allele heterogeneity among the sub-continental populations, ranging from monomorphic, as was the case for rs9611280 and rs34324334 in African groups, to >0.50, which was the case for variants rs11077 and rs10719 in most of the populations. Importantly, the variants rs197388, rs720012, and rs197414 had FST values > 0.18, indicating a directional selective process. Finally, the SNVs rs13078 and rs10719 significantly correlated with both latitude and longitude. Conclusion: These data indicate the presence of high allelic heterogeneity in the worldwide distribution of the frequency of SNVs located in components of the miRNA processing pathway, which could modify the genetic susceptibility associated with human diseases in populations with different ancestry.

NOTCH expression variability and relapse of breast cancer in high-risk groups.

BACKGROUND: In regards to breast cancer (BC), survival or disease-free periods are still compromised mainly in Triple Negative (TN) and HER2 tumors. The participation of estrogen receptor (ER) has been reported as crucial in the signaling pathways, including the NOTCH pathway. The study was aimed to evaluate the expression of NOTCH1 and NOTCH3 in BC and its relationship with the presence of ER, as well as with relapses. METHODS: NOTCH1 and NOTCH3 expression was evaluated in BC using Oncomine database, Breast Cancer Gene Expression Miner database and Kaplan Meier Plotter. Subsequently, detection of NOTCH1 and NOTCH3 in 100 paraffin-embedded BC samples from Mexican patients was achieved by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and RT-qPCR, a group of benign breast tumors were included as controls. Relapses were evaluated by BC subtypes and their relationship with NOTCH1 and NOTCH3 expression, as well as with ER expression. RESULTS: The analyses from public databases of TN and HER2 groups, which are estrogen receptor-negative (ERN), revealed NOTCH1 and NOTCH3 expression variability. The overexpression was associated with lower relapse-free survival (P = 0.00019). These data were concordant with results from tumor samples of patients included in this study, which showed overexpression of NOTCH1 and NOTCH3 in ERN tumors, as well as lower relapse-free survival (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: NOTCH1 and NOTCH3 were found to be overexpressed mainly in ERN tumors. HER2 and TN groups, are related to higher relapse rates. Therefore, anti-NOTCH therapy could be justified and implemented in conventional treatments of high-risk BC groups.

Arsenic exposure and non-carcinogenic health effects.

Inorganic arsenic (iAs) exposure is a serious health problem that affects more than 140 million individuals worldwide, mainly, through contaminated drinking water. Acute iAs poisoning produces several symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and severe diarrhea, whereas prolonged iAs exposure increased the risk of several malignant disorders such as lung, urinary tract, and skin tumors. Another sensitive endpoint less described of chronic iAs exposure are the non-malignant health effects in hepatic, endocrine, renal, neurological, hematological, immune, and cardiovascular systems. The present review outlines epidemiology evidence and possible molecular mechanisms associated with iAs-toxicity in several non-carcinogenic disorders.

Curcumin sensitizes Epstein-Barr-immortalized lymphoblastoid cell lines to inorganic arsenic toxicity.

Chronic exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs) through contaminated drinking water is an important health problem in certain countries. The use of phytochemicals such as curcumin has recently emerged as an alternative strategy for preventing cellular damage caused by iAs. The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) affects ~90% of the population and experimental evidence suggested that curcumin mediates cytotoxicity against EBV-infected cells. Due to the potential for an interaction of these factors, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of this phytochemical on iAs-related toxicity in EBV-infected cells. Two independent EBV-immortalized human lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) were used as the model. The cell lines were first incubated with increasing concentrations of curcumin or iAs for 24 and 15 h, respectively, to determine the individual effects of each exposure on cell death. In the next experiment, cell cultures were pre-incubated with 5 µM curcumin for 9 h prior to treatment with 10 µM iAs for 15 h, followed by evaluation of cell death and the cell cycle profile via flow cytometry. The results indicated that individual treatment with either curcumin or iAs induced cell death in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, curcumin pre-treatment enhanced iAs-induced cell death and promoted cell cycle arrest in G1 phase. Taken together, these results suggested that curcumin sensitizes EBV-positive LCLs to the cytotoxic effects of iAs.

Hexavalent chromium: Regulation and health effects.

Despite the knowledge about heavy metals toxicity on humans, its use is widely spread mainly for industrial processes. Chromium is an element that belongs to this group and although it is present in our daily diet, it can also be harmful for humans, causing skin allergies and increasing the risk of lung cancer, among other health effects reported. In this review, we highlight its nutritional role, its toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic in humans, its regulation in the industry and the biomonitoring proposal of this element in blood and urine samples with the aim to control the level of exposure of the workers in military industry and also of the general population.

Two Novel FAM20C Variants in A Family with Raine Syndrome.

Two siblings from a Mexican family who carried lethal Raine syndrome are presented. A newborn term male (case 1) and his 21 gestational week brother (case 2), with a similar osteosclerotic pattern: generalized osteosclerosis, which is more evident in facial bones and cranial base. Prenatal findings at 21 weeks and histopathological features for case 2 are described. A novel combination of biallelic FAM20C pathogenic variants were detected, a maternal cytosine duplication at position 456 and a paternal deletion of a cytosine in position 474 in exon 1, which change the reading frame with a premature termination at codon 207 and 185 respectively. These changes are in concordance with a negative detection of the protein in liver and kidney as shown in case 2. Necropsy showed absence of pancreatic Langerhans Islets, which are reported here for the first time. Corpus callosum absence is added to the few reported cases of brain defects in Raine syndrome. This report shows two new FAM20C variants not described previously, and negative protein detection in the liver and the kidney. We highlight that lethal Raine syndrome is well defined as early as 21 weeks, including mineralization defects and craniofacial features. Pancreas and brain defects found here in FAM20C deficiency extend the functional spectrum of this protein to previously unknown organs.

Exposure of Fluoride with Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Aggravates Testicular Damage and Spermatozoa Parameters in Mice.

Diabetes mellitus is the most common chronic disease worldwide that causes numerous complications, including male infertility. The prevalence of DM is 451 million people and estimated that would increase to 693 million in 2045. Fluorosis caused by drinking water contaminated with inorganic fluoride is a public health problem in many areas around the world. Previous studies have shown that fluoride exposure damages the male reproductive function. This study aimed to evaluate the fluoride sub-chronic exposure on the spermatozoa function in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. After confirming diabetes by measuring blood glucose levels, the male mice received 45.2 ppm of fluoride added or deionized water. We evaluated several parameters in diabetic mice exposed to fluoride: standard quality analysis, the mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ψm), the caspase activity in spermatozoa, urinary fluoride excretion, and histological evaluation in the testes. After 60 days of fluoride-exposure, diabetic mice, significantly decreased sperm quality (motility, viability, and concentration). Spermatozoa from fluoride-exposure in diabetic mice presented a significant decrease in ψm and a significant increase in activity caspase 3/7. Urinary fluoride excretion was decreased in diabetic mice exposed to fluoride. Subchronic fluoride exposure of mice with STZ-induced diabetes aggravated testicular damage and the spermatozoa function.

Curcumin differentially affects cell cycle and cell death in acute and chronic myeloid leukemia cells.

Curcumin is a phytochemical with potent anti-neoplastic properties. The antitumoral effects of curcumin in cells derived from chronic or acute myeloid leukemia have been already described. However, a comparative study of the cytostatic and cytotoxic effects of curcumin on chronic and acute myeloid leukemia cells has not yet been performed. In the present study, the cellular effects of curcumin on cell lines derived from chronic or acute myeloid leukemia were examined. Dose and time-response assays were performed with curcumin on HL-60 and K562 cells. Cell viability was evaluated with trypan blue exclusion test and cell death by flow cytometry using a fluorescent molecular probe. A cell cycle profile was analyzed, and protein markers of cell cycle progression and cell death were investigated. In the present study, the K562 cells showed a higher sensitivity to the cytostatic and cytotoxic effects of curcumin compared with HL-60. In addition, curcumin induced G1 phase arrest in HL-60 cells and G2/M phase arrest in K562 cells. Furthermore, curcumin-related cell death in HL-60 was associated with the processed forms of caspases-9 and -3 proteins, whereas in K562 cells, both the processed and the unprocessed forms were present. Accordingly, activity of these caspases was significantly higher in HL-60 cells compared with that in K562. In conclusion, curcumin elicits different cellular mechanisms in chronic or acute myeloid leukemia cells and the powerful antitumoral effect was more potent in K562 compared with HL-60 cells.

Pharmacokinetic and Genomic Effects of Arsenite in Drinking Water on Mouse Lung in a 30-Day Exposure.

The 2 objectives of this subchronic study were to determine the arsenite drinking water exposure dependent increases in female C3H mouse liver and lung tissue arsenicals and to characterize the dose response (to 0, 0.05, 0.25, 1, 10, and 85 ppm arsenite in drinking water for 30 days and a purified AIN-93M diet) for genomic mouse lung expression patterns. Mouse lungs were analyzed for inorganic arsenic, monomethylated, and dimethylated arsenicals by hydride generation atomic absorption spectroscopy. The total lung mean arsenical levels were 1.4, 22.5, 30.1, 50.9, 105.3, and 316.4 ng/g lung tissue after 0, 0.05, 0.25, 1, 10, and 85 ppm, respectively. At 85 ppm, the total mean lung arsenical levels increased 14-fold and 131-fold when compared to either the lowest noncontrol dose (0.05 ppm) or the control dose, respectively. We found that arsenic exposure elicited minimal numbers of differentially expressed genes (DEGs; 77, 38, 90, 87, and 87 DEGs) after 0.05, 0.25, 1, 10, and 85 ppm, respectively, which were associated with cardiovascular disease, development, differentiation, apoptosis, proliferation, and stress response. After 30 days of arsenite exposure, this study showed monotonic increases in mouse lung arsenical (total arsenic and dimethylarsinic acid) concentrations but no clear dose-related increases in DEG numbers.

Arsenic-induced S phase cell cycle lengthening is associated with ROS generation, p53 signaling and CDC25A expression.

Cellular response to arsenic is strongly dependent on p53 functional status. Primarily arresting the cell cycle in G1 or G2/M phases, arsenic treatment also induces an increase in the S-phase time in wild-type p53 cells. In contrast, cells with a non-functional p53 display only a subtle increase in the S phase, indicating arsenic differentially affects the cell cycle depending on p53 status. Importantly, it has been reported that arsenic induces reactive oxygen species (ROS), a process counteracted by p53. To evaluate the participation of p53 in the lengthening of the S phase and the connection between the transient cell cycle arrest and oxidative stress, we evaluated the cell response to arsenic in MCF-7 and H1299 cells, and analyzed p53's role as a transcription factor in regulating genes involved in ROS reduction and S phase transition. Herein, we discovered that arsenic induced an increase in the population of S phase cells that was dependent on the presence and transcriptional activity of p53. Furthermore, for the first time, we demonstrate that arsenic activates p53-dependent transcription of ROS detoxification genes, such as SESN1, and by an indirect mechanism involving ATF3, genes that could be responsible for the S phase cell cycle arrest, such as CDC25A.

Relationship between angiotensin II receptor expression and cardiovascular risk factors in Mexican patients with coronary occlusive disease.

The density of Angiotensin II (Ang) receptors on tissue surfaces is regulated by multiple hormones, cytokines and metabolic factors and is profoundly affected by various pathological conditions, such as age, diet and environmental conditions. The participation of several cardiovascular risk factors in the regulation of Angiotensin II receptor expression has been incompletely studied. We performed an ex-vivo study with human aortic postsurgical specimens to test the hypothesis that Ang AT1 and AT2 receptor expression in human aortic arteries is associated with the presence of cardiovascular risk factors. We included 31 Mexican patients with coronary artery disease. We evaluated Angiotensin II receptor expression by immunostaining and angiotensin converting enzyme insertion/deletion (ACE I/D) polymorphisms by polymerase chain reaction. AT1 and AT2 receptor expression was increased in the aortic segments from the cardiovascular patients compared with control arteries and in patients with the DD genotype. There was a correlation between increased AT1 receptor expression and the number of cardiovascular risk factors present in the patient. Furthermore, reduction of AT1 expression correlated with the number of drug combinations used in the patients. These correlations were not present with respect to AT2 receptor expression. We suggest that increased AT1 receptor expression is associated with the DD genotype. Thus the presence of several cardiovascular risk factors as well as DD genotype, induce AT1 expression increasing the probability to develop coronary occlusive disease.

Arsenic (+ 3 oxidation state) methyltransferase and the methylation of arsenicals in the invertebrate chordate Ciona intestinalis.

Biotransformation of inorganic arsenic (iAs) involves methylation catalyzed by arsenic (+ 3 oxidation state) methyltransferase (As3mt) yielding mono-, di-, and trimethylated arsenicals. To investigate the evolution of molecular mechanisms that mediate arsenic biotransformation, a comparative genomic approach focusing on the invertebrate chordate Ciona intestinalis was used. Bioinformatic analyses identified an As3mt gene in the C. intestinalis genome. Constitutive As3mt RNA expression was observed in heart, branchial sac, and gastrointestinal tract. Adult animals were exposed to 0 or 1 ppm of iAs for 1 or 5 days. Steady-state As3mt RNA expression in the gastrointestinal tract was not modulated significantly by 5 days of exposure to iAs. Tissue levels of iAs and its methylated metabolites were determined by hydride generation-cryotrapping-gas chromatography-atomic absorption spectrometry. At either time point, exposure to iAs significantly increased concentrations of iAs and its methylated metabolites in tissues. After 5 days of exposure, total speciated arsenic concentrations were highest in branchial sac (3705 ng/g), followed by heart (1019 ng/g) and gastrointestinal tract (835 ng/g). At this time point, the sum of the speciated arsenical concentrations in gastrointestinal tract and heart equaled or exceeded that of iAs; in branchial sac, iAs was the predominant species present. Ciona intestinalis metabolizes iAs to its methylated metabolites, which are retained in tissues. This metabolic pattern is consistent with the presence of an As3mt ortholog in its genome and constitutive expression of the gene in prominent organs, making this basal chordate a useful model to examine the evolution of arsenic detoxification.

Impact of life stage and duration of exposure on arsenic-induced proliferative lesions and neoplasia in C3H mice.

Epidemiological studies suggest that chronic exposure to inorganic arsenic is associated with cancer of the skin, urinary bladder and lung as well as the kidney and liver. Previous experimental studies have demonstrated increased incidence of liver, lung, ovary, and uterine tumors in mice exposed to 85 ppm (approximately 8 mg/kg) inorganic arsenic during gestation. To further characterize age susceptibility to arsenic carcinogenesis we administered 85 ppm inorganic arsenic in drinking water to C3H mice during gestation, prior to pubescence and post-pubescence to compare proliferative lesion and tumor outcomes over a one-year exposure period. Inorganic arsenic significantly increased the incidence of hyperplasia in urinary bladder (48%) and oviduct (36%) in female mice exposed prior to pubescence (beginning on postnatal day 21 and extending through one year) compared to control mice (19 and 5%, respectively). Arsenic also increased the incidence of hyperplasia in urinary bladder (28%) of female mice continuously exposed to arsenic (beginning on gestation day 8 and extending though one year) compared to gestation only exposed mice (0%). In contrast, inorganic arsenic significantly decreased the incidence of tumors in liver (0%) and adrenal glands (0%) of male mice continuously exposed from gestation through one year, as compared to levels in control (30 and 65%, respectively) and gestation only (33 and 55%, respectively) exposed mice. Together, these results suggest that continuous inorganic arsenic exposure at 85 ppm from gestation through one year increases the incidence and severity of urogenital proliferative lesions in female mice and decreases the incidence of liver and adrenal tumors in male mice. The paradoxical nature of these effects may be related to altered lipid metabolism, the effective dose in each target organ, and/or the shorter one-year observational period.

Analysis of arsenical metabolites in biological samples.

Quantitation of iAs and its methylated metabolites in biological samples provides dosimetric information needed to understand dose-response relations. Here, methods are described for separation of inorganic and mono-, di-, and trimethylated arsenicals by thin layer chromatography. This method has been extensively used to track the metabolism of the radionuclide [(73)As] in a variety of in vitro assay systems. In addition, a hydride generation-cryotrapping-gas chromatography-atomic absorption spectrometric method is described for the quantitation of arsenicals in biological samples. This method uses pH-selective hydride generation to differentiate among arsenicals containing trivalent or pentavalent arsenic.

Speciation of arsenic in exfoliated urinary bladder epithelial cells from individuals exposed to arsenic in drinking water.

BACKGROUND: The concentration of arsenic in urine has been used as a marker of exposure to inorganic As (iAs). Relative proportions of urinary metabolites of iAs have been identified as potential biomarkers of susceptibility to iAs toxicity. However, the adverse effects of iAs exposure are ultimately determined by the concentrations of iAs metabolites in target tissues. OBJECTIVE: In this study we examined the feasibility of analyzing As species in cells that originate in the urinary bladder, a target organ for As-induced cancer in humans. METHODS: Exfoliated bladder epithelial cells (BECs) were collected from urine of 21 residents of Zimapan, Mexico, who were exposed to iAs in drinking water. We determined concentrations of iAs, methyl-As (MAs), and dimethyl-As (DMAs) in urine using conventional hydride generation-cryotrapping-atomic absorption spectrometry (HG-CT-AAS). We used an optimized HG-CT-AAS technique with detection limits of 12-17 pg As for analysis of As species in BECs. RESULTS: All urine samples and 20 of 21 BEC samples contained detectable concentrations of iAs, MAs, and DMAs. Sums of concentrations of these As species in BECs ranged from 0.18 to 11.4 ng As/mg protein and in urine from 4.8 to 1,947 ng As/mL. We found no correlations between the concentrations or ratios of As species in BECs and in urine. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that urinary levels of iAs metabolites do not necessarily reflect levels of these metabolites in the bladder epithelium. Thus, analysis of As species in BECs may provide a more effective tool for risk assessment of bladder cancer and other urothelial diseases associated with exposures to iAs.

Speciation analysis of arsenic in biological matrices by automated hydride generation-cryotrapping-atomic absorption spectrometry with multiple microflame quartz tube atomizer (multiatomizer).

Analyses of arsenic (As) species in tissues and body fluids of individuals chronically exposed to inorganic arsenic (iAs) provide essential information about the exposure level and pattern of iAs metabolism. We have previously described an oxidation state-specific analysis of As species in biological matrices by hydride-generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HG-AAS), using cryotrapping (CT) for preconcentration and separation of arsines. To improve performance and detection limits of the method, HG and CT steps are automated and a conventional flame-in-tube atomizer replaced with a recently developed multiple microflame quartz tube atomizer (multiatomizer). In this system, arsines from As(III)-species are generated in a mixture of Tris-HCl (pH 6) and sodium borohydride. For generation of arsines from both As(III)- and As(V)-species, samples are pretreated with L-cysteine. Under these conditions, dimethylthioarsinic acid, a newly described metabolite of iAs, does not interfere significantly with detection and quantification of methylated trivalent arsenicals. Analytical performance of the automated HG-CT-AAS was characterized by analyses of cultured cells and mouse tissues that contained mono- and dimethylated metabolites of iAs. The capacity to detect methylated As(III)- and As(V)-species was verified, using an in vitro methylation system containing recombinant rat arsenic (+3 oxidation state) methyltransferase and cultured rat hepatocytes treated with iAs. Compared with the previous HG-CT-AAS design, detection limits for iAs and its metabolites have improved significantly with the current system, ranging from 8 to 20 pg. Recoveries of As were between 78 and 117%. The precision of the method was better than 5% for all biological matrices examined. Thus, the automated HG-CT-AAS system provides an effective and sensitive tool for analysis of all major human metabolites of iAs in complex biological matrices.

Oxidation State Specific Generation of Arsines from Methylated Arsenicals Based on L- Cysteine Treatment in Buffered Media for Speciation Analysis by Hydride Generation - Automated Cryotrapping - Gas Chromatography-Atomic Absorption Spectrometry with the Multiatomizer.

An automated system for hydride generation - cryotrapping- gas chromatography - atomic absorption spectrometry with the multiatomizer is described. Arsines are preconcentrated and separated in a Chromosorb filled U-tube. An automated cryotrapping unit, employing nitrogen gas formed upon heating in the detection phase for the displacement of the cooling liquid nitrogen, has been developed. The conditions for separation of arsines in a Chromosorb filled U-tube have been optimized. A complete separation of signals from arsine, methylarsine, dimethylarsine, and trimethylarsine has been achieved within a 60 s reading window. The limits of detection for methylated arsenicals tested were 4 ng l(-1). Selective hydride generation is applied for the oxidation state specific speciation analysis of inorganic and methylated arsenicals. The arsines are generated either exclusively from trivalent or from both tri- and pentavalent inorganic and methylated arsenicals depending on the presence of L-cysteine as a prereductant and/or reaction modifier. A TRIS buffer reaction medium is proposed to overcome narrow optimum concentration range observed for the L-cysteine modified reaction in HCl medium. The system provides uniform peak area sensitivity for all As species. Consequently, the calibration with a single form of As is possible. This method permits a high-throughput speciation analysis of metabolites of inorganic arsenic in relatively complex biological matrices such as cell culture systems without sample pretreatment, thus preserving the distribution of tri- and pentavalent species.

Environmental arsenic as a disruptor of insulin signaling.

Previous laboratory studies have shown that exposures to inorganic As (iAs) disrupt insulin production or glucose metabolism in cellular and animal models. Epidemiological evidence has also linked chronic human exposures to iAs to an increased risk of diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disease characterized by impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. We have recently shown that arsenite and its methylated metabolites inhibit insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in cultured adipocytes by disrupting insulin-activated signal transduction pathway and preventing insulin-dependent translocation of GLUT4 transporters to the plasma membrane. Here, we present results of follow-up studies using male C57BL/6 mice chronically exposed to arsenite (1 to 50 ppm As) or to its metabolite methylarsonite (0.1 to 5 ppm As) in drinking water for 8 weeks. Results of these studies show that only the exposure to arsenite at the highest level of 50 ppm As produces symptoms attributable to impaired glucose tolerance. Notably, tissue concentrations of iAs and its methylated metabolites in pancreas and in major glucose metabolizing tissues in mice in this exposure group were comparable to the concentrations of total As reported in livers of Bangladeshi residents exposed to much lower concentrations of iAs in drinking water. These results suggest that because mice clear iAs and its metabolites more rapidly than humans, much higher exposure levels may be needed in mouse studies to produce the diabetogenic effects of iAs commonly found in human populations exposed to iAs from environmental sources.

Examination of the effects of arsenic on glucose homeostasis in cell culture and animal studies: development of a mouse model for arsenic-induced diabetes.

Previous epidemiologic studies found increased prevalences of type 2 diabetes mellitus in populations exposed to high levels of inorganic arsenic (iAs) in drinking water. Although results of epidemiologic studies in low-exposure areas or occupational settings have been inconclusive, laboratory research has shown that exposures to iAs can produce effects that are consistent with type 2 diabetes. The current paper reviews the results of laboratory studies that examined the effects of iAs on glucose metabolism and describes new experiments in which the diabetogenic effects of iAs exposure were reproduced in a mouse model. Here, weanling male C57BL/6 mice drank deionized water with or without the addition of arsenite (25 or 50 ppm As) for 8 weeks. Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests revealed impaired glucose tolerance in mice exposed to 50 ppm As, but not to 25 ppm As. Exposure to 25 and 50 ppm As in drinking-water resulted in proportional increases in the concentration of iAs and its metabolites in the liver and in organs targeted by type 2 diabetes, including pancreas, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Dimethylarsenic was the predominant form of As in the tissues of mice in both 25 and 50 ppm groups. Notably, the average concentration of total speciated arsenic in livers from mice in the 50 ppm group was comparable to the highest concentration of total arsenic reported in the livers of Bangladeshi residents who had consumed water with an order of magnitude lower level of iAs. These data suggest that mice are less susceptible than humans to the diabetogenic effects of chronic exposure to iAs due to a more efficient clearance of iAs or its metabolites from target tissues.