Systematic review of the association between short chain fatty acids and allergic diseases.

We performed a systematic review to investigate the current evidence on the association between allergic diseases and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are microbially produced and suggested as one mechanism on how gut microbiome affects the risk of allergic diseases. Medline, Embase and Web of Science were searched from data inception until September 2022. We identified 37 papers, of which 17 investigated prenatal or early childhood SCFAs and the development of allergic diseases in childhood, and 20 assessed SCFAs in patients with pre-existing allergic diseases. Study design, study populations, outcome definition, analysis method and reporting of the results varied between papers. Overall, there was some evidence showing that the three main SCFAs (acetate, propionate and butyrate) in the first few years of life had a protective effect against allergic diseases, especially for atopic dermatitis, wheeze or asthma and IgE-mediated food allergy in childhood. The association between each SCFA and allergic disease appeared to be different by disease and the age of assessment. Further research that can determine the potentially timing specific effect of each SCFA will be useful to investigate how SCFAs can be used in treatment or in prevention against allergic diseases.

Electrical impedance spectroscopy detects skin barrier dysfunction in childhood atopic dermatitis.

BACKGROUND: Skin barrier dysfunction is associated with the development of atopic dermatitis (AD), however methods to assess skin barrier function are limited. We investigated the use of electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to detect skin barrier dysfunction in children with AD of the CARE (Childhood AlleRgy, nutrition, and Environment) cohort. METHODS: EIS measurements taken at multiple time points from 4 months to 3-year-old children, who developed AD (n = 66) and those who did not (n = 49) were investigated. Using only the EIS measurement and the AD status, we developed a machine learning algorithm that produces a score (EIS/AD score) which reflects the probability that a given measurement is from a child with active AD. We investigated the diagnostic ability of this score and its association with clinical characteristics and age. RESULTS: Based on the EIS/AD score, the EIS algorithm was able to clearly discriminate between healthy skin and clinically unaffected skin of children with active AD (area under the curve 0.92, 95% CI 0.85-0.99). It was also able to detect a difference between healthy skin and AD skin when the child did not have active AD. There was no clear association between the EIS/AD score and the severity of AD or sensitisation to the tested allergens. The performance of the algorithm was not affected by age. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that EIS can detect skin barrier dysfunction and differentiate skin of children with AD from healthy skin and suggests that EIS may have the ability to predict future AD development.

Impaired Maternal-Fetal Environment and Risk for Preoperative Focal White Matter Injury in Neonates With Complex Congenital Heart Disease.

Background Infants with congenital heart disease (CHD) are at risk for white matter injury (WMI) before neonatal heart surgery. Better knowledge of the causes of preoperative WMI may provide insights into interventions that improve neurodevelopmental outcomes in these patients. Methods and Results A prospective single-center study of preoperative WMI in neonates with CHD recorded data on primary cardiac diagnosis, maternal-fetal environment (MFE), delivery type, subject anthropometrics, and preoperative care. Total maturation score and WMI were assessed, and stepwise logistic regression modeling selected risk factors for WMI. Among subjects with severe CHD (n=183) who received a preoperative brain magnetic resonance imaging, WMI occurred in 40 (21.9%) patients. WMI prevalence (21.4%-22.1%) and mean volumes (119.7-160.4 mm3) were similar across CHD diagnoses. Stepwise logistic regression selected impaired MFE (odds ratio [OR], 2.85 [95% CI, 1.29-6.30]), male sex (OR, 2.27 [95% CI, 1.03-5.36]), and older age at surgery/magnetic resonance imaging (OR, 1.20 per day [95% CI, 1.03-1.41]) as risk factors for preoperative WMI and higher total maturation score values (OR, 0.65 per unit increase [95% CI, 0.43-0.95]) as protective. A quarter (24.6%; n=45) of subjects had ≥1 components of impaired MFE (gestational diabetes [n=12; 6.6%], gestational hypertension [n=11; 6.0%], preeclampsia [n=2; 1.1%], tobacco use [n=9; 4.9%], hypothyroidism [n=6; 3.3%], and other [n=16; 8.7%]). In a subset of 138 subjects, an exploratory analysis of additional MFE-related factors disclosed other potential risk factors for WMI. Conclusions This study is the first to identify impaired MFE as an important risk factor for preoperative WMI. Vulnerability to preoperative WMI was shared across CHD diagnoses.

Neurodevelopmental outcome in hypoplastic left heart syndrome after hybrid procedure.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the mid-term outcome and brain development in patients following the hybrid approach for hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS). This study investigates neurodevelopmental outcome, quality of life (QoL) and brain MRI findings in HLHS preschoolers treated with the hybrid approach. METHODS: Twenty HLHS patients (60% males) have been examined after neonatal hybrid Stage I and comprehensive stage II operation at the Pediatric Heart Center Giessen, Germany, between 2012 and 2016. Patients were evaluated with the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development III (Bayley-III), neurological examination, the Preschool Children Quality of Life Questionnaire (TAPQOL) at age 26.5±3.6 months, and again at 39.7±3.9 months with the Pediatric Cardiac Quality of Life Inventory (PCQLI). Furthermore, brain volumetric measurements and conventional brain MRI findings (27.3±4.5 months) were analyzed and compared with six healthy controls (29.2±11.1 months, P=0.53). Children with verified genetic comorbidities were excluded. RESULTS: Mean cognitive, language, and motor composite scores on the Bayley-III were not different from healthy norms (100±15), and were 101±9.3 (P=0.48), 100±13 (P=0.93), and 98±11.7 (P=0.45), respectively. Status post stroke was the most common brain MRI abnormality, and was found in 3/19 (16%) patients, most common affecting the middle cerebral artery territory. In comparison to controls, total white matter volumes were reduced (P=0.014), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volumes were increased (P=0.042) in patients. Overall health-related QoL in 2 to 3 years aged children HLHS was good, but inferior scores in the motor subscale were noted compared to healthy norms (P=0.007). However, at 3 to 4 years, parents reported comparable QoL for their children in the PCQLI to children with biventricular heart lesion. CONCLUSIONS: HLHS patients followed by hybrid approach without major complications show a favorable neurodevelopment at 2-3 years of age. Despite extensive health-related burden, the vast majority of Fontan preschoolers with HLHS showed a good health-related QoL. Nevertheless, comprehensive care and establishing routine follow-up examinations are important to recognize long-term challenges and further improve neurodevelopmental outcome of this high-risk patient population.

Smaller brain volumes at two years of age in patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome - Impact of surgical approach.

BACKGROUND: Brain growth in hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is reduced before and after birth. Little is known about further brain growth until two years of age before Fontan procedure and the potential impact of type of surgery. METHODS: In a prospective, two-center study 29 patients with HLHS and variants were treated by Norwood (n = 5) or Hybrid procedure (n = 24). At two years of age a cerebral MRI was performed and brain volumes (total gray, deep gray, white matter) and cerebrospinal fluid volume were calculated using FreeSurfer image analysis suite and compared to a healthy control group (n = 8). RESULTS: The total brain volumes in patients with HLHS were smaller compared to controls (HLHS: 893 ±â€¯76 ml vs. controls: 1015 ±â€¯148 ml, p = 0.005). This difference was found in all three brain compartments after Norwood procedure, whereas patients after Hybrid procedure had total and deep gray volumes comparable to controls. When comparing Norwood to Hybrid patients, deep gray matter volume reduction was more pronounced (Norwood: 38.4 ±â€¯4.1 ml vs. Hybrid: 44.4 ±â€¯3.9 ml, p = 0.005) than white matter reduction (Norwood: 255 ±â€¯19 ml vs. Hybrid: 285 ±â€¯31 ml, p = 0.032). CONCLUSIONS: Smaller total and regional brain volumes were found two years after Norwood or Hybrid procedure in children with HLHS. The brain volume reduction was more distinct after Norwood than after Hybrid procedure. Longitudinal studies are needed to identify impact of early staged-surgeries on brain development and may become part of the decision-making process in individual patients.

Health-related quality of life in pre-school age children with single-ventricle CHD.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about health-related quality of life in young children undergoing staged palliation for single-ventricle CHD. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of CHD on daily life in pre-schoolers with single-ventricle CHD and to identify determinants of health-related quality of life. METHOD: Prospective two-centre cohort study assessing health-related quality of life using the Preschool Paediatric Cardiac Quality of Life Inventory in 46 children at a mean age of 38 months and 3 weeks. Children with genetic anomalies were excluded. Scores were compared with reference data of children with biventricular CHD. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to identify determinants of health-related quality of life. RESULTS: Health-related quality of life in pre-schoolers with single-ventricle CHD was comparable to children with biventricular CHD. Preterm birth and perioperative variables were significant predictors of low health-related quality of life. Notably, pre-Fontan brain MRI findings and neurodevelopmental status were not associated with health-related quality of life. Overall, perioperative variables explained 24% of the variability of the total health-related quality of life score.InterpretationDespite substantial health-related burden, pre-schoolers with single-ventricle CHD showed good health-related quality of life. Less-modifiable treatment-related risk factors and preterm birth had the highest impact on health-related quality of life. Long-term follow-up assessment of self-reported health-related quality of life is needed to identify patients with poorer health-related quality of life and to initiate supportive care.

Interrelationship Between Hemodynamics, Brain Volumes, and Outcome in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: The long-term impact of altered hemodynamics after stage II in children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) and hypoplastic left heart complex (HLHC) on cerebral growth and neurodevelopmental outcome is unknown. We aimed to investigate whether elevated central venous and atrial filling pressures before the Fontan procedure may be associated with smaller brain volumes and poorer neurodevelopmental outcome after the initial hybrid procedure. METHODS: In a two-center cohort study semiautomated segmentation of cerebral magnetic resonance imaging scans was conducted in 25 children with HLHS/HLHC (25 hybrid) before the Fontan procedure (27.6 ± 4.3 months) and in 8 healthy control subjects (29.7 ± 9.5 months). Study patients were evaluated with the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development III (Bayley-III) and a neurologic examination. Hemodynamic measures after stage II were assessed with cardiac catheterization at 2 years of age before Fontan completion. Children with known genetic comorbidities were excluded. RESULTS: In HLHS/HLHC patients higher atrial filling pressures (6 ± 3 mm Hg; range, 2-14) were correlated with reduced brain volumes and lower language composite score, whereas higher Glenn pressures (10 ± 3 mm Hg; range, 6-16) were related to higher cerebrospinal fluid, reduced brain volumes, and lower cognitive, language, and motoric composite scores in the Bayley-III. Compared with control subjects white matter volumes were reduced and cerebrospinal fluid volumes increased in study patients. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that altered cardiovascular hemodynamics after stage II influence brain growth and neurodevelopmental outcome in infants with HLHS/HLHC.

Reduction of brain volumes after neonatal cardiopulmonary bypass surgery in single-ventricle congenital heart disease before Fontan completion.

BackgroundLittle is known about the relationship between brain volumes and neurodevelopmental outcome at 2 years of age in children with single-ventricle congenital heart disease (CHD). We hypothesized that reduced brain volumes may be associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcome.MethodsVolumetric segmentation of cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans was carried out in 44 patients without genetic comorbidities and in 8 controls. Neurodevelopmental outcome was assessed with the Bayley-III scales.ResultsGray matter (GM), deep GM, white matter (WM), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volumes were 611±59, 43±4.5, 277±30, and 16.4 ml, respectively (interquartile range (IQR) 13.1, 23.3 ml). Children undergoing neonatal cardiopulmonary bypass surgery showed smaller deep GM (P=0.005) and WM (P=0.021) volumes. Brain volumes were smaller in patients compared with controls (GM: P=0.017, deep GM: P=0.012, and WM: P=0.015), whereas CSF volumes were greater (P=0.014). Of all intracranial volumes, only CSF volume was associated with neurodevelopmental outcome, accounting for 21% (P=0.011) of variability in the cognitive composite score when combined with common risk factors in a multivariable analysis.ConclusionIncreased CSF volume represents a significant risk factor for neurodevelopmental impairment in children with single-ventricle CHD. Later assessments are warranted to determine the prognostic role of intracranial volumes for long-term outcome.