Water containers and the preferable conditions for laying eggs by Aedes mosquitoes in Maros Regency, South of Sulawesi, Indonesia.

One of the factors that influence the development of mosquitoes is the water container. This study was performed to determine the relationship between the characteristics of water containers and the preferable conditions for laying eggs by Aedes sp. A single larva method was conducted during March 2019 in 300 houses in two villages (Turikale and Adatongeng) at Maros Regency, Indonesia. In total, 1,269 water containers were considered, and among them buckets were found to be the most common container. Logistic regression analysis showed that the type, container location, and weekly drainage were related to the presence of larvae/pupae in the Maros Regency (p-value < 0.05). Non-water containers, which are kept indoors and are not drained at least once a week, have a greater chance of breeding Aedes sp. More attention is given to non-water containers that are located inside the house. Prevention activities, especially draining water containers properly at least once a week ensures that they do not become breeding sites for Aedes sp. mosquitoes and helps to prevent the transmission of dengue viral fever.

Combination Effect of Rotator Cuff Repair with Secretome-hypoxia MSCs Ameliorates TNMD, RUNX2, and Healing Histology Score in Rotator Cuff Tear Rats.

Objectives: In order to treat a rat model of rotator cuff rupture, this work concentrated on the expression of TNMD and RUNX2, followed by rotator cuff repair and secretome-hMSCs. Methods: A total of thirty 10-weeks-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were separated into five groups randomly, RC on week 0, lesion treated with a rotator cuff repair and saline (RC + NaCl group, n = 6) for 2 and 8 weeks, and lesion treated with a rotator cuff repair and secretome-hMSCs (RC + secretome-hMSC group, n = 6) for 2 and 8 weeks. The supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscle-tendon units were obtained for histological and biomechanical investigation at 0, 2 and 8 weeks following injury. Results: The findings showed that, in comparison with the RC + NaCl group, secretome-hMSCs significantly improved tendon repair by upregulating TNMD and RUNX2 expression and histology score. Conclusion: Combining Secretome-hypoxia MSCs with RC healing may help rats with rotator cuff tears.

Reference range of complete blood count, Ret-He, immature reticulocyte fraction, reticulocyte production index in healthy babies aged 1-4 months.

Establishing reference ranges of the complete blood count (CBC), reticulocyte hemoglobin content (Ret-He), immature reticulocyte fraction (IRF), and reticulocyte production index (RPI) helps diagnose a disease related to the changes in erythrocyte indices, white blood count, platelets, and reticulocytes, especially in babies. Therefore, the study aims to establish a reference range for CBC and reticulocyte parameters in healthy babies aged 1-4 months. The study design was a cross-sectional study with descriptive analysis of CBC and reticulocyte in babies aged 1-4 months. Three hundred forty-eight babies met the inclusion criteria. This study recruited 89 babies aged 1 month, 87 babies aged 2 months, 86 babies aged 3 months, and 86 babies aged 4 months. The P5-P95 reference range of healthy babies for hemoglobin (Hb) aged 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, and 4 months was 9.95 to 15.45 g/dL, 9.74 to 13.42 g/dL, 9.51 to 12.40 g/dL, and 10.04 to 13.10 g/dL respectively. The P3-P97 reference range of healthy babies for Hb aged 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, and 4 months was 9.60 to 15.90 g/dL, 9.46 to 13.97 g/dL, 9.26 to 12.82 g/dL, and 10.00 to 13.33 g/dL respectively. This study also defined reference ranges for CBC, Ret-He, IRF, and RPI. The reference range of CBC, Ret-He, IRF, and RPI for healthy babies aged 1-4 months in this study can be used as a benchmark.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 in domesticated animals and its potential of transmission: A meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The coronavirus diseases-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused a global lockdown, which has limited the mobility of the public, and thus, more time is spent with their pets. Unfortunately, many social media have blamed pet animals as a reservoir of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiologic agent of COVID-19, triggering a panic abandonment of pets. However, no article has summarized the information regarding the role of pets as SARS-CoV-2 reservoirs. This study aimed to evaluate the role of pets as a reservoir of SARS-CoV-2 on the basis of research papers (i.e., animal model, surveillance, and case report) published in 2020. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The review was conducted using articles from the PubMed database in 2020, using the keywords "COVID-19 in domesticated animals," which were screened and analyzed. Only the data from research articles were mimicked and transformed to conduct a meta-analysis. The meta-analysis was conducted regarding the effects of inhabitation and viral shedding in pets. In this study, we used 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: A total of 132 papers in PubMed were related to the keywords, whereas only 12 papers were appropriate to answer the dynamics of the role of pets as the reservoir for SARS-CoV-2. Seven studies indicated the potential of cat-cat (4/7), human-cat (2/7), and human-dog (1/7) SARS-CoV-2 transmission. No study proved the presence of cat-human transmission. Another study showed that comingling did not affect SARS-CoV-2 viral shedding among a cat and dog. Furthermore, the viral shedding of cats and dogs caused asymptomatic manifestations and generated neutralizing antibodies within a short period of time. CONCLUSION: SARS-CoV-2 transmission is present in domesticated animals, especially in pet cats and dogs, and transmission occurs between animals of the same species (cat-cat). The reverse zoonosis (zooanthroponosis) was found from human to cat/dog (comingled) with asymptomatic clinical signs due to the representation of neutralizing antibodies.

Resistance mechanisms and expression of disease resistance-related genes in sugarcane (Sacchrum officinarum) to Sporisorium scitamineum infection.

Resistance of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) to smut disease (caused by Sporisorium scitamineum) is driven by two separate mechanisms, external and internal resistance. Two progenies generated from an introgression cross, with contrasting responses to smut infection were used to investigate this interaction. Histopathological screening at different stages of the plant growth was used to determine the extent of mycelium growth within sugarcane tissues. Ten disease resistance-related genes were selected, and the relative expression determined using quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (real-time RT-qPCR). The results revealed that PR10, HCT1 and ScChi were down-regulated in the susceptible progeny and up-regulated in the resistant progeny early infection process. This may reflect an early attempt to halt pathogen development by increasing the lignin deposition at the infection site. At 8 weeks post-inoculation, they were highly up-regulated in the susceptible progeny coincided with whip development. This reveals a major role for these genes to whip development in the susceptible progeny and indicates that while PR10 is involved in the resistance mechanism of resistant progeny early infection process it also has a role in susceptibility. These results on genetically related progeny with different responses to smut infection reveal a complex interaction of genes and gene networks being induced in response to fungal invasion.

Dynamic change of blood profile in rat models with acute skin injury artificially infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: A wound is a common problem for humans and animals. The wound becomes more severe if it is infected by bacteria, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The wound healing mechanism involves various factors, either in the local tissue or the bloodstream. However, the presentation of infected wound healing regarding its impacts on the dynamic change of blood profile is not clearly understood. This study aimed to explore the impacts of wound creation on the blood profile in rat models with and without being artificially infected by MRSA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats (6 months old; weight, 300 g) were used as the model. They were divided into three groups: Without wound creation (C), wounded without infection (CW), and wounded and artificially infected by MRSA (CWI). Groups CW and CWI were shaved and induced with 4 mm two-round full-thickness biopsy on the back. Furthermore, group CWI was artificially infected by 105 colony-forming units of MRSA. The blood samples were collected through the tail vein from days 1 to 5. The blood parameters included blood profile, total plasma protein, C-reactive protein, CD4+, CD8+, CD4+/CD8+, and COX-2. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 16 (SPSS, IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). RESULTS: The result showed that the presentation of a wound with and without MRSA infection significantly changed the total erythrocytes, leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, total plasma protein, C-reactive protein, and the subset of circulatory CD4+, CD8+, and COX-2 (p≤0.05). In addition, the wound infected with MRSA impacts the mean corpuscular volume (p≤0.05). CONCLUSION: Moreover, the presentation of the wound with and without MRSA infection induces dynamic changes on various blood profile parameters.

Proapoptotic activities of Oroxylum indicum leave extract in HeLa cells

Objective: To examine the proapoptotic properties of Oroxylum indicum methanol extract on cervical cancer cells. Methods: Methylene blue assay was used to determine the IC50 value of the extract. Western blotting assays were done to analyze the expression of HPV oncoproteins (HPV18 E6 and E7) and apoptotic molecules (caspase-3 and caspase-8). Reverse transcriptase PCR assays were performed to determine genetic alteration of tumor suppressors p53 and pRb and apoptosis markers Fas and FasL. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was done to determine the expression of cytokine levels (IL-6 and IL-12). Results: The determination of IC50 value indicated a higher anti-proliferative activity of the extract compared to cisplatin. After 24 hours of treatment, Western blot analysis showed that treated HeLa cells exhibited a significant down-regulation of HPV18 oncoproteins E6 and E7, and a significant induction of caspase-8 and caspase-3 activation level. Meanwhile, the mRNA expressions of p53, pRb, Fas and FasL were significantly upregulated in treated cells. Moreover, ELISA showed an increased IL-12 and decreased IL-6 production after Oroxylum indicum treatment. Conclusions: The methanol extract of Oroxylum indicum has an anti-proliferative activity and proapoptotic potential. It induces localized-immunity improvements by altering cytokine production in HPV-positive cervical cancer cells.