Evaluation of the Postoperative Risk of Deep Tissue Injury to the Lower Extremities Following Surgery in the Lithotomy Position.

Background The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of deep tissue injury (DTI) and potential risk factors after surgery in the lithotomy position. Methods All patients who underwent surgery in the lithotomy position under general anesthesia at a single center between January 2017 and December 2021 were retrospectively evaluated. The medical records of these patients were reviewed, and patient demographic and clinical characteristics, surgical data, and occurrence of DTI were recorded. Results During the study period, 5146 patients, 2055 (39.9%) males and 3091 (60.1%) females, with a mean age of 57.3 ± 17.4 years, underwent surgery in the lithotomy position. Seven (0.14%) patients developed DTI on their calf following surgery. All presented with severe pain and swelling, requiring prolonged hospital stay. Multivariate analysis showed that male sex (odds ratio (OR): 11.43; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.15-113.34, p = 0.037), higher BMI (OR: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.17-1.50, p = 0.0001), and longer operation time (OR: 1.01; 95% CI: 1.004-1.014, p = 0.0002) were independent risk factors for postoperative DTI. Optimal cut-off values for BMI and operation time were 23.5 kg/m2 (sensitivity = 100%; specificity = 64%) and 285 minutes (sensitivity = 100%; specificity = 90%), respectively. Conclusion Factors significantly associated with DTI include male sex, higher BMI, and prolonged operation time.

Comparison of the indications for high tibial osteotomy and double-level osteotomy for the correction of diverse lower-leg deformities in an Asian population with medial compartment osteoarthritis: a retrospective observational study.

PURPOSE: Double-level osteotomy (DLO) for knee osteoarthritis is becoming increasingly popular to achieve superior anatomical correction. This study aimed to compare the indication for open-wedge high tibial osteotomy (OWHTO) and DLO and to investigate preoperative bone morphology. METHODS: Data of 166 knees treated with osteotomy were evaluated. The weight-bearing line ratio, mechanical lateral distal femoral angle (mLDFA), and mechanical medial proximal tibial angle (mMPTA) were measured. Bone deformity assessment and osteotomy simulation were conducted. Normal values of mLDFA and mMPTA were defined as 85-90°. Bone deformity was classified into four patterns: femoral, tibial, both, and no deformity. Simulation was performed to achieve a postoperative weight-bearing line ratio of 62%. Distal femoral osteotomy (DFO) or OWHTO was performed to achieve an mLDFA of 85° or mMPTA of up to 95°. If the postoperative parameter remained outside the correctable limit, DLO was performed. Cases were classified according to the corrective surgery performed, and those that could not be corrected after DLO were classified into the uncorrectable group. RESULTS: Femoral, tibial, both, and no deformities were observed in 14.2%, 37.8%, 10.7%, and 33.9% of cases, respectively. No cases were classified into the DFO group; however, 53.6%, 38.1%, and 8.3% were classified into the OWHTO, DLO, and uncorrectable groups, respectively. CONCLUSION: Bone deformity differed among cases, and only one-third had tibial deformity. OWHTO and DLO were indicated in approximately 50% and 40% of cases, respectively. Our study results reinforce the importance of evaluating leg morphology before surgical planning to achieve acceptable alignment.

Hybrid Closed Wedge High Tibial Osteotomy Maintains the Leg Length After Surgery Compared With Open Wedge High Tibial Osteotomy.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to assess the changes in leg length following open wedge high tibial osteotomy (OWHTO) and hybrid closed wedge high tibial osteotomy (h-CWHTO) and whether the change in leg length was associated with preoperative radiographic factors and the change in planned opening or closing width. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the data of patients who underwent OWHTO (n=57) and h-CWHTO (n=31) between 2016 and 2019. Standing full-length anteroposterior radiographs were obtained preoperatively and one year postoperatively. Changes in the lower leg and tibial length were measured using radiography, and the planned opening or closing width was decided via operative planning. Flexion contracture was examined preoperatively and one year postoperatively using a goniometer, and the correlation factors and changes in leg length were analyzed using Spearman's rank correlation. RESULTS: In the OWHTO group, the lower leg was significantly longer by a mean of 6.0±8.7 mm compared to that preoperatively (p<0.01); however, no significant difference was observed in the h-CWHTO group (mean, -0.56±11.6 mm) (p=0.788). In the OWHTO group, flexion contracture did not improve after surgery, however, in the h-CWHTO group, flexion contracture significantly improved from -7.1±7.0 degrees to -4.7±6.2 degrees postoperatively (p<0.01). No radiographic factors or bone opening or closing width were associated with changes in leg length in both groups. CONCLUSION: OWHTO led to a significant elongation of the lower leg while leg length was maintained post-h-CWHTO. However, the changes in leg length following both OWHTO and h-CWHTO were not predictable from preoperative radiographic factors or changes in bone width.

Halicin remains active against Staphylococcus aureus in biofilms grown on orthopaedically relevant substrates.

Aims: Biofilm infections are among the most challenging complications in orthopaedics, as bacteria within the biofilms are protected from the host immune system and many antibiotics. Halicin exhibits broad-spectrum activity against many planktonic bacteria, and previous studies have demonstrated that halicin is also effective against Staphylococcus aureus biofilms grown on polystyrene or polypropylene substrates. However, the effectiveness of many antibiotics can be substantially altered depending on which orthopaedically relevant substrates the biofilms grow. This study, therefore, evaluated the activity of halicin against less mature and more mature S. aureus biofilms grown on titanium alloy, cobalt-chrome, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), devitalized muscle, or devitalized bone. Methods: S. aureus-Xen36 biofilms were grown on the various substrates for 24 hours or seven days. Biofilms were incubated with various concentrations of halicin or vancomycin and then allowed to recover without antibiotics. Minimal biofilm eradication concentrations (MBECs) were defined by CFU counting and resazurin reduction assays, and were compared with the planktonic minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs). Results: Halicin continued to exert significantly (p < 0.01) more antibacterial activity against biofilms grown on all tested orthopaedically relevant substrates than vancomycin, an antibiotic known to be affected by biofilm maturity. For example, halicin MBECs against both less mature and more mature biofilms were ten-fold to 40-fold higher than its MIC. In contrast, vancomycin MBECs against the less mature biofilms were 50-fold to 200-fold higher than its MIC, and 100-fold to 400-fold higher against the more mature biofilms. Conclusion: Halicin is a promising antibiotic that should be tested in animal models of orthopaedic infection.

A Comparison of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Antibiotics in Staphylococcus Species Isolated From Orthopedic and Respiratory Medicine Infections.

INTRODUCTION: Antibiotic susceptibility is very important for the successful treatment of orthopedic infections, particularly for implant-related infections. While the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of Staphylococcus species were well investigated for the isolates from the respiratory tract, investigations for orthopedic pathogens are very limited. We investigated the antibiotic MIC values of Staphylococcus species isolated from orthopedic infections and compared them with those of respiratory medicine isolates used as a control. METHODS: The MICs of vancomycin (VCM), arbekacin (ABK), teicoplanin (TEIC), linezolid (LZD), and rifampicin (RFP) of a total of consecutive 259 (89 orthopedic and 170 respiratory) Staphylococcus speciesisolated in our laboratory from January 2013 to July 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. Differences between the MICs of each antibiotic in orthopedic and respiratory samples were determined. RESULTS: The number of methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) with a VCM MIC of <0.5 µg/mL among respiratory isolates was significantly higher than that among orthopedic isolates, while those with a MIC of 2 µg/mL were significantly lower (P = 0.0078). The proportion of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCNS) isolates with a VCM MIC of 2 µg/mL was significantly higher in orthopedic samples than that of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (P < 0.001) in respiratory isolates. The proportion of MRCNS orthopedic isolates with an RFP MIC of >2 µg/mL was significantly higher (P = 0.0058) than that of other orthopedic staphylococci. CONCLUSIONS: The VCM MICs of Staphylococcus species from orthopedic infections were higher than those of respiratory samples, particularly MRCNS from implant-related samples.

Effect of 3-Dimensional Versus Single-Plane Changes in Pelvic Dynamics on Range of Motion in Hips With Femoroacetabular Impingement: A Computer Simulation Analysis.

Background: Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is primarily caused by bony impingement between the acetabulum and femoral neck during hip motion. Increasing posterior pelvic tilt improves hip range of motion in patients with FAI. Purpose: To use computer simulation analysis to compare the effects of 3-dimensional (3D) changes in pelvic tilt (sagittal tilt [St], axial rotation, and coronal tilt) with changes in a single plane (St), with the aim of improving range of motion in patients with FAI. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: We evaluated 43 patients with FAI treated by arthroscopic cam resection. A 3D simulation was used to construct the following pelvic models: a 5° and 10° increase posteriorly in St (St5° and St10°) and a combined 5° change in St, axial rotation, and coronal tilt (Complex5°) from the baseline of the anterior pelvic plane. Improvements in maximum internal rotation (MIR) at 45°, 70°, and 90° of hip flexion and improvements in maximum flexion with no internal rotation were compared among the St5°, St10°, and Complex5° models. The pelvic models of each single-plane change of 5° and 10° were evaluated in the same simulation. Results: At 90° and 70°, there was a significant difference between the Complex5° and St10° models with respect to improvement in MIR (P = .004 at 90° of flexion; P = .017 at 70° of flexion). There was no significant difference in MIR at 45° of flexion (P = .71) or in maximum flexion (P = .42). Conclusion: At 70° and 90° of hip flexion, a combined change in 3D pelvic alignment of 5° (ie, St, axial rotation, and coronal tilt) was more effective in improving hip MIR than a 10° change in St only. Clinical Relevance: Effective physical therapy for FAI should address pelvic motion in all 3 planes rather than in a single plane.

Halicin Is Effective Against Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms In Vitro.

BACKGROUND: Biofilms protect bacteria from the host immune system and many antibiotics, making the treatment of orthopaedic infections difficult. Halicin, a recently discovered antibiotic, has potent activity against nonorthopaedic infections in mice and the planktonic, free-living forms of many bacterial species, including Staphylococcus aureus , a common cause of orthopaedic infections. Importantly, halicin did not induce resistance in vitro and was effective against drug-resistant bacteria and proliferating and quiescent bacteria. Quiescence is an important cause of antibiotic tolerance in biofilms. However, whether halicin acts on biofilms has not been tested. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: (1) Does halicin reduce the viability of S. aureus in less mature and more mature biofilms as it does in planktonic cultures? (2) How do the relative effects of halicin on S. aureus biofilms and planktonic cultures compare with those of conventional antibiotics (tobramycin, cefazolin, vancomycin, or rifampicin) that are commonly used in clinical orthopaedic infections? METHODS: To measure minimal biofilm eradication concentrations (MBECs) with less mature 3-day and more mature 7-day biofilms, we used 96-well peg plates that provided high throughput and excellent reproducibility. After S. aureus -Xen36 biofilm formation, planktonic bacteria were removed from the cultures, and the biofilms were exposed to various concentrations of halicin, tobramycin, cefazolin, vancomycin, or rifampicin for 20 hours. Biofilm viability was determined by measuring resazurin reduction or by counting colony-forming units after sonication. To determine effects of halicin and the conventional antibiotics on biofilm viability, we defined MBEC 75 as the lowest concentration that decreased viability by 75% or more. To determine effects on bacterial viability in planktonic cultures, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined with the broth dilution method. Each result was measured in four to 10 independent experiments. RESULTS: We found no differences between halicin's effectiveness against planktonic S. aureus and 3-day biofilms (MIC and MBEC 75 for 3-day biofilms was 25 µM [interquartile range 25 to 25 and 25 to 25, respectively]; p > 0.99). Halicin was eightfold less effective against more mature 7-day biofilms (MBEC 75 = 200 µM [100 to 200]; p < 0.001). Similarly, tobramycin was equally effective against planktonic culture and 3-day biofilms (MIC and MBEC 75 for 3-day biofilms was 20 µM [20 to 20 and 10 to 20, respectively]; p > 0.99). Tobramycin's MBEC 75 against more mature 7-day biofilms was 320 µM (320 to 480), which is 16-fold greater than its planktonic MIC (p = 0.03). In contrast, the MBEC 75 for cefazolin, vancomycin, and rifampicin against more mature 7-day biofilms were more than 1000-fold (> 1000; p < 0.001), 500-fold (500 to 875; p < 0.001), and 3125-fold (3125 to 5469; p = 0.004) greater than their planktonic MICs, respectively, consistent with those antibiotics' relative inactivity against biofilms. CONCLUSION: Halicin was as effective against S. aureus in less mature 3-day biofilms as those in planktonic cultures, but eightfold higher concentrations were needed for more mature 7-day biofilms. Tobramycin, an antibiotic whose effectiveness depends on biofilm maturity, was also as effective against S. aureus in less mature 3-day biofilms as those in planktonic cultures, but 16-fold higher concentrations were needed for more mature 7-day biofilms. In contrast, cefazolin, vancomycin, and rifampicin were substantially less active against both less and more mature biofilms than against planktonic cultures. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Halicin is a promising antibiotic that may be effective against S. aureus osteomyelitis and infections on orthopaedic implants. Future studies should assess the translational value of halicin by testing its effects in animal models of orthopaedic infections; on the biofilms of other bacterial species, including multidrug-resistant bacteria; and in combination therapy with conventional antibiotics.

Accuracy of Computer Navigation-Assisted Arthroscopic Osteochondroplasty for Cam-Type Femoroacetabular Impingement Using the Model-to-Image Registration Method.

BACKGROUND: Precise osteochondroplasty is important in arthroscopic hip surgery for cam-type femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). Although computer-assisted surgery with a navigation system may enhance the accuracy of arthroscopic osteochondroplasty, few clinical studies have assessed its accuracy. PURPOSE: To evaluate the accuracy of arthroscopic osteochondroplasty by a computed tomography (CT)-based navigation system for cam-type FAI, using 3-dimensional (3D) reconstruction with more detail compared with previous methods. STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: Twenty patients (14 men and 6 women) who underwent navigation-assisted arthroscopic surgery for cam-type FAI were included. The preoperative 3D model of the femur was constructed from each patient's CT data, and a planned model with virtual cam resection was generated. A femoral model was reconstructed from CT data postoperatively. The 3 models for each patient were overlaid using a 3D model registration method. Then, the contours of the bone resection area of each model were compared by measuring them. To measure the deviation between planned and actual bone resections, 4 cross-sectional images of the 3 femoral models were set at one-quarter intervals from the femoral head radius. All measurements were based on clockface lines set around the femoral neck axis at 30-minute intervals. Differences between the planned and postoperative contour lines were deemed resection deviations. RESULTS: All cam resections were performed in the anterior half of the region of interest. Therefore, only the anterior half (48 points) of the 96 points per case were analyzed. In 876 (91.3%) points of the total measurement points (960 points/20 cases), the error in resection depth was within 3 mm. Overresection was observed at 35 (3.6%) points and underresection at 49 (5.1%) points. The observed maximum deviations from the planned models were 6.3 mm overresection and -7.1 mm underresection. The alpha angles of the postoperative model at the posterior 9- to 3-o'clock position were <55° in all patients. CONCLUSION: Navigation-assisted arthroscopic osteochondroplasty showed favorable accuracy. Underresection was more frequent than overresection on the anterosuperior side of the femur, despite assistance of the navigation system.

Effect of Decreasing the Anterior Pelvic Tilt on Range of Motion in Femoroacetabular Impingement: A Computer-Simulation Study.

BACKGROUND: The influence of pelvic tilt mobility, which can be reproduced in computer-simulation models, is an important subject to be addressed in the understanding of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) pathophysiology. PURPOSE: To use computer-simulation models of FAI cases to evaluate the optimum improvement in hip range of motion (ROM) achieved by decreasing the anterior pelvic tilt and compare the results with the improvement in ROM achieved after cam resection surgery. STUDY DESIGN: Controlled laboratory study. METHODS: The pre- and postoperative computed tomography (CT) images from 28 patients with FAI treated with arthroscopic cam resection were evaluated. Using a dynamic computer-simulation program, 3-dimensional models with a 5° and a 10° decrease in anterior pelvic tilt from the supine functional pelvic plane (baseline) were created from the preoperative CT scans. Similar models were constructed for hips before (at baseline) and after cam resection. Improvements from baseline in maximum internal rotation at 45°, 70°, and 90° of flexion were assessed for the 5° change in pelvic tilt, 10° change in pelvic tilt, and cam resection models, and the results were compared for all conditions. RESULTS: The combination of a 10° change in pelvic tilt and cam resection showed the largest ROM improvement from baseline (P < .001). Improvement in internal rotation in the cam resection model was significantly higher compared with the 5° pelvic tilt change model (P < .001), while there was no significant difference between the cam resection model and the 10° pelvic tilt change model. CONCLUSION: Decreasing anterior pelvic tilt by 10° in the preoperative computer simulation model resulted in an equivalent effect to cam resection, while a 5° change in pelvic tilt was inferior to cam resection in terms of ROM improvement. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Enough of a decrease in anterior pelvic tilt may contribute to ROM improvement that is as effective as that of cam resection surgery.

Preoperative factors predicting the severity of BMD loss around the implant after Total hip Arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: Stress shielding after total hip arthroplasty (THA) leads to loss of bone mineral density (BMD) around the femoral implants, particularly in the proximal area. Loss of BMD around the implant is likely to occur within 1 year after THA; however, its severity depends on patient characteristics. This study evaluated preoperative factors correlated with the severity of zone 7 BMD loss after THA. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included 48 patients who underwent primary THA from October 2011 to December 2015. All patients underwent implantation of a Zweymüller-type femoral component without any postoperative osteoporosis medications. The objective variable was a change in zone 7 BMD after 1 year. Factors evaluated included age, body mass index, Japanese Orthopaedic Association score, Harris Hip Score, Canal Flare Index (CFI), and lumbar BMD on the frontal and lateral sides. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses identified factors correlated with loss of zone 7 BMD. RESULTS: Univariate regression analysis identified CFI (P = 0.003) and preoperative lumbar BMD on the anterior-posterior (P = 0.003) and lateral (P < 0.001) sides as being correlated with loss of zone 7 BMD. Multivariate regression analysis identified CFI (P = 0.014) and lumbar BMD on the lateral side (P < 0.001) as being correlated independently with loss of zone 7 BMD. CONCLUSION: Lower preoperative lumbar BMD on the lateral side and lower CFI were correlated with zone 7 BMD loss after THA. Patients with these characteristics should be monitored carefully for severe BMD loss after THA.

A rare case of osteoblastoma in the femoral head combined with cam-type femoroacetabular impingement: A case report.

Osteoblastoma is a relatively rare benign bone-forming tumor accounting for less than 1% of all bone tumors. This report describes a patient with an osteoblastoma in the femoral head complicated by coexistence of femoroacetabular impingement. A 25-year-old male rugby football player complained of severe right hip pain after an injury during rugby practice. The pain became progressively worse despite resting from sports activity and rehabilitation for 4 months. The image inspection revealed bone tumor complicated by cam-type femoroacetabular impingement and a labral injury. Hip arthroscopic surgery was planned using a navigation system and a three-dimensional model for both complete debridement and cam resection. The tumor was resected by open surgery using a posterior approach. The bone tumor was diagnosed histopathologically as an osteoblastoma. The patient's symptoms improved markedly after surgery, with no evidence of local tumor recurrence or hip arthritis 1 year later.

Use of a 3D Virtually Reconstructed Patient-Specific Model to Examine the Effect of Acetabular Labral Interference on Hip Range of Motion.

BACKGROUND: The labrum is likely to influence impingement, which may also depend on acetabular coverage. Simulating impingement using 3-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) is a potential solution to evaluating range of motion (ROM); however, it is based on bony structures rather than on soft tissue. PURPOSE: To examine ROM when the labrum is considered in a 3D dynamic simulation. A particular focus was evaluation of maximum flexion and internal rotation angles before occurrence of impingement, comparing them in cases of cam-type femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) and borderline developmental dysplasia of the hip (BDDH). STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive laboratory study. METHODS: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and CT scans of 40 hips (20 with cam-type FAI and 20 with BDDH) were reviewed retrospectively. The thickness and width of the labrum were measured on MRI scans. A virtual labrum was reconstructed based on patient-specific sizes measured on MRI scans. The impingement point was identified using 3D dynamic simulation and was compared with the internal rotation angle before and after labral reconstruction. RESULTS: The thickness and width of the labrum were significantly larger in BDDH than in FAI (P < .001). In FAI, the maximum internal rotation angles without the labrum were 30.3° at 90° of flexion and 56.9° at 45° of flexion, with these values decreasing to 18.7° and 41.4°, respectively, after labral reconstruction (P < .001). In BDDH, the maximum internal rotation angles were 48.0° at 90° of flexion and 76.7° at 45° of flexion without the labrum, decreasing to 31.1° and 55.3°, respectively, after labral reconstruction (P < .001). The differences in the angles before and after labral reconstruction were larger in BDDH than in FAI (90° of flexion, P = .03; 45° of flexion, P = .01). CONCLUSION: As the labrum was significantly more hypertrophic in BDDH than in FAI, the virtual labral model revealed that the labrum's interference with the maximum internal rotation angle was also significantly larger in BDDH. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The labrum has a significant effect on impingement; this is more significant for BDDH than for FAI.

Correlations and Reproducibility Between Radiographic and Radial Alpha Angles in the Evaluation of Cam Morphology.

BACKGROUND: The alpha angle used to evaluate cam morphology can be determined on different imaging views; however, 2-dimensional (2D) imaging can present limitations in terms of the reproducibility of the radial alpha angle. Recent developments in 3-dimensional (3D) high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have allowed detailed evaluations of the radial alpha angle. PURPOSE: To determine whether there are any correlations or discrepancies between the 2D alpha angle on plain radiography and the maximum radial alpha angle on 3D MRI. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2. METHODS: A total of 42 hips from 39 patients (19 males, 20 females) were analyzed, including 22 hips with femoroacetabular impingement (FAI; mean age, 41 years) and 20 hips with borderline developmental dysplasia of the hip (BDDH; mean age, 43 years). Radial images were reconstructed from 3D multiple echo recombined gradient echo (MERGE) MRI. Differences in the maximum radial alpha angle on MRI between hips with FAI and BDDH were evaluated. Correlations and discrepancies between the maximum radial alpha angle on MRI and alpha angles on the anteroposterior, cross-table lateral, and 45° Dunn views of radiography were also evaluated. RESULTS: The maximum radial alpha angle was significantly higher for hips with FAI than for hips with BDDH. On average, the greatest alpha angle on radial MRI was higher than the alpha angle on each of the 3 radiographic views for both FAI and BDDH. The 45° Dunn view revealed the smallest discrepancy for both FAI (P = .005) and BDDH (P = .002). The cross-table lateral view had the highest correlation with the maximum radial alpha angle for BDDH (P < .001). CONCLUSION: We reconfirmed the utility of the 45° Dunn view, with it presenting the best reproducibility for the maximum radial alpha angle in the evaluation of cam morphology, while the cross-table lateral view revealed the best correlation with the maximum radial alpha angle, particularly for hips with BDDH.

Prevalence of groin pain in unicycle athletes: A nationwide questionnaire survey.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: This nationwide questionnaire survey was performed to clarify the prevalence of groin pain in unicycle athletes and to reveal the relationship between groin pain and factors such as age or athletic career. PATIENTS AND METHODS: To evaluate the prevalence of groin pain, the questionnaire was sent to 1304 unicyclists belonging to the Japan Unicycle Association. All subjects aged 6 years or older at the time they answered the questionnaire. RESULTS: Overall, 17% of unicyclists complained of groin pain. Pain was more common in those aged 13-19 years and in those with a career lasting more than 6 years. CONCLUSION: The incidence of groin pain (17%) among unicyclists is higher than that among athletes participating in other sports. Unicyclists aged between 13 and 19 years old and those with an athletic career of more than 6 years often suffer from groin pain.

Evaluation of anterior inferior iliac spine impingement after hip arthroscopic osteochondroplasty using computer simulation analysis.

BACKGROUND: Anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS) impingement is an important risk factor for revision hip arthroscopy. Although a morphological classification system is available, evaluating AIIS impingement with respect to joint kinematics remains a challenge. PURPOSE: To use computer simulation analysis to ascertain the prevalence of AIIS impingement before and after osteochondroplasty. METHODS: A total of 35 joints from 30 cases (20 males and 10 females; average age: 43.3 ± 13.7 years) were analyzed. All joints had cam morphology and underwent hip arthroscopic osteochondroplasty. A three-dimensional model of each joint was constructed pre- and postoperatively. Joint kinematic simulation software (ZedHip®, Lexi, Tokyo) was used to identify the impingement point on the acetabular side and the incidence (expressed as a percentage) of AIIS impingement calculated. Radiographic and clinical evaluation was performed pre- and postoperatively. RESULTS: AIIS impingement was observed postoperatively in six joints but preoperatively in only one joint. The rate of AIIS postoperative impingement was significantly higher than that of preoperative impingement. All impingement points were located on the inferior aspect of the AIIS apex. However, there were no significant differences between the AIIS impingement and non-impingement groups in terms of clinical outcome. CONCLUSION: The incidence of AIIS impingement after osteochondroplasty was 17% by computer simulation analysis. Osteochondroplasty may result in subsequent AIIS impingement.

Influence of comorbid knee osteoarthritis on surgical outcome and sagittal spinopelvic/lower-extremity alignment in elderly patients with degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis undergoing transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion.

OBJECTIVE: This retrospective study aimed to clarify the influence of comorbid severe knee osteoarthritis (KOA) on surgical outcome in terms of sagittal spinopelvic/lower-extremity alignment in elderly patients with degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis (DLS). METHODS: In total, 110 patients aged at least 65 years (27 men, 83 women; mean age 74.0 years) who underwent short-segment lumbar fusion were included in the present study. Using the Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) grading system, patients were categorized into those with no to mild KOA (the mild-OA group: KL grades 0-2), moderate KOA (moderate-OA group: KL grade 3), or severe KOA (severe-OA group: KL grade 4). Surgical results were assessed using the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scoring system, and spinopelvic/lower-extremity parameters were compared among the 3 groups. Adjacent-segment disease (ASD) was assessed over a mean follow-up period of 4.7 years (range 2-8.1 years). RESULTS: The study cohort was split into the mild-OA group (42 patients), the moderate-OA group (28 patients), and the severe-OA group (40 patients). The severe-OA group contained significantly more women (p = 0.037) and patients with double-level listhesis (p = 0.012) compared with the other groups. No significant differences were found in mean postoperative JOA scores or recovery rate among the 3 groups. The mean postoperative JOA subscore for restriction of activities of daily living was only significantly lower in the severe-OA group compared with the other groups (p = 0.010). The severe-OA group exhibited significantly greater pelvic incidence, pelvic tilt, and knee flexion angle (KFA), along with a smaller degree of lumbar lordosis than the mild-OA group both pre- and postoperatively (all p < 0.05). Overall, the rate of radiographic ASD was observed to be higher in the severe-OA group than in the mild-OA group (p = 0.015). Patients with ASD in the severe-OA group exhibited significantly greater pelvic tilt, pre- and postoperatively, along with less lumbar lordosis, than the patients without ASD postoperatively (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A lack of lumbar lordosis caused by double-level listhesis and knee flexion contracture compensated for by far greater pelvic retroversion is experienced by elderly patients with DLS and severe KOA. Therefore, corrective lumbar surgery and knee arthroplasty may be considered to improve sagittal alignment, which may contribute to the prevention of ASD, resulting in favorable long-term surgical outcomes.

Effect of switching administration of alendronate after teriparatide for the prevention of BMD loss around the implant after total hip arthroplasty, 2-year follow-up: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Stress shielding after total hip arthroplasty (THA) can induce bone mineral density (BMD) loss around the femoral implant. Several studies using drug have described methods to prevent BMD loss around implants following THA. Switching from teriparatide to alendronate was reported to increase lumbar BMD; on the other hands, it is unclear whether switching from teriparatide to alendronate is effective around the implant. The aim of this study is that changes in BMD is compared in patients switched from teriparatide to alendronate, in patients treated with alendronate alone, and in control patients without medication after total hip arthroplasty. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients were randomized into three groups, those switched to alendronate after teriparatide (switch: n = 17), those receiving continuous alendronate (ALD: n = 15), and control untreated patients (control: n = 16) and followed up for 2 years after THA. Baseline periprosthetic BMD was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) 1 week after THA, followed by subsequent measurements at 1 and 2 years postoperatively. Lumbar BMD was also evaluated at preoperatively, 1 and 2 years postoperatively. RESULTS: Two years after surgery, BMD (%) at zone 1 was significantly higher in the switch group than in the control group (P = 0.02). BMD (%) at zone 7 was significantly higher in the switch and ALD groups than in the control group (P = 0.01, P = 0.03). Lumbar BMD (%) anterior-posterior (AP) side was significantly higher in the switch group than in the ALD and control groups 2 years after surgery. On the other hand, lumbar BMD (%) lateral side was significantly higher in the switch and ALD groups than control group 2 years after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Switching therapy had a significant effect on BMD of the lumbar spine and zones 1 and 7 at 2 years postoperatively. At zone 1 in particular, it was found to be more effective than ALD alone. TRIAL REGISTRATION: UMIN, registry number UMIN000016158. Registered 8 January 2015.

Comparison Between 3-Dimensional Multiple-Echo Recombined Gradient Echo Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Arthroscopic Findings for the Evaluation of Acetabular Labrum Tear.

PURPOSE: To evaluate radially reconstructed 3.0-Tesla 3-dimensional multiple-echo recombined gradient echo (MERGE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) without arthrography for the assessment of acetabular labrum tears, using arthroscopic evaluation as the reference standard. METHODS: A total of 71 consecutive hips, including 29 with femoroacetabular impingement, 26 with borderline developmental dysplasia of the hip, and 16 with early-stage osteoarthritis, were evaluated in this retrospective study. MERGE MRI findings were evaluated according to the modified Czerny classification for 3 regions of interest: anterior region, anterolateral region, and lateral region. Cases with severe degeneration that was not concordant with any stage in the original Czerny classification were defined as stage Ⅳ. MERGE MRI findings were compared with arthroscopic findings, and the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value in terms of the existence of labrum tears were calculated. RESULTS: MERGE MRI findings revealed labrum tears more frequently in the anterolateral region than in the anterior and lateral regions (P < .01). In cases of femoroacetabular impingement and borderline developmental dysplasia of the hip in particular, labrum tears were more frequently observed on MRI in the anterolateral region than in the lateral region (P < .05). In comparison with MRI findings and arthroscopic findings, our newly defined stage IV in the modified Czerny classification was more frequently observed in cases with a Multicenter Arthroscopy of the Hip Outcomes Research Network (MAHORN) classification of degenerative or complex (P < .01). The average sensitivity and specificity of all regions for the existence of labrum tears were 85% and 56%, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity were 79% and 50%, respectively, in the anterior region; 96% and 50%, respectively, in the anterolateral region; and 70% and 57%, respectively, in the lateral region. CONCLUSIONS: We validated the diagnostic performance of 3.0-Tesla 3-dimensional MERGE MRI for evaluating acetabular labrum tears and made comparisons with arthroscopic findings. Radially reconstructed MERGE magnetic resonance images showed excellent sensitivity for the diagnosis of labrum tears, particularly in the anterolateral region. The newly defined stage IV was distinctive of early-stage osteoarthritis cases with degeneration and/or complex arthroscopic findings. The noninvasive imaging modality of radially reconstructed MERGE MRI may be an alternative to magnetic resonance arthrography for evaluating labrum tears. LEVELS OF EVIDENCE: Level Ⅱ, development of diagnostic criteria.