Evaluation of walking activity and gait to identify physical and mental fatigue in neurodegenerative and immune disorders: preliminary insights from the IDEA-FAST feasibility study.

BACKGROUND: Many individuals with neurodegenerative (NDD) and immune-mediated inflammatory disorders (IMID) experience debilitating fatigue. Currently, assessments of fatigue rely on patient reported outcomes (PROs), which are subjective and prone to recall biases. Wearable devices, however, provide objective and reliable estimates of gait, an essential component of health, and may present objective evidence of fatigue. This study explored the relationships between gait characteristics derived from an inertial measurement unit (IMU) and patient-reported fatigue in the IDEA-FAST feasibility study. METHODS: Participants with IMIDs and NDDs (Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), primary Sjogren's syndrome (PSS), and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)) wore a lower-back IMU continuously for up to 10 days at home. Concurrently, participants completed PROs (physical fatigue (PF) and mental fatigue (MF)) up to four times a day. Macro (volume, variability, pattern, and acceleration vector magnitude) and micro (pace, rhythm, variability, asymmetry, and postural control) gait characteristics were extracted from the accelerometer data. The associations of these measures with the PROs were evaluated using a generalised linear mixed-effects model (GLMM) and binary classification with machine learning. RESULTS: Data were recorded from 72 participants: PD = 13, HD = 9, RA = 12, SLE = 9, PSS = 14, IBD = 15. For the GLMM, the variability of the non-walking bouts length (in seconds) with PF returned the highest conditional R2, 0.165, and with MF the highest marginal R2, 0.0018. For the machine learning classifiers, the highest accuracy of the current analysis was returned by the micro gait characteristics with an intrasubject cross validation method and MF as 56.90% (precision = 43.9%, recall = 51.4%). Overall, the acceleration vector magnitude, bout length variation, postural control, and gait rhythm were the most interesting characteristics for future analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Counterintuitively, the outcomes indicate that there is a weak relationship between typical gait measures and abnormal fatigue. However, factors such as the COVID-19 pandemic may have impacted gait behaviours. Therefore, further investigations with a larger cohort are required to fully understand the relationship between gait and abnormal fatigue.

Fatigue-Related Changes of Daily Function: Most Promising Measures for the Digital Age.

Background: Fatigue is a prominent symptom in many diseases and is strongly associated with impaired daily function. The measurement of daily function is currently almost always done with questionnaires, which are subjective and imprecise. With the recent advances of digital wearable technologies, novel approaches to evaluate daily function quantitatively and objectively in real-life conditions are increasingly possible. This also creates new possibilities to measure fatigue-related changes of daily function using such technologies. Summary: This review examines which digitally assessable parameters in immune-mediated inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases may have the greatest potential to reflect fatigue-related changes of daily function. Key Messages: Results of a standardized analysis of the literature reporting about perception-, capacity-, and performance-evaluating assessment tools indicate that changes of the following parameters: physical activity, independence of daily living, social participation, working life, mental status, cognitive and aerobic capacity, and supervised and unsupervised mobility performance have the highest potential to reflect fatigue-related changes of daily function. These parameters thus hold the greatest potential for quantitatively measuring fatigue in representative diseases in real-life conditions, e.g., with digital wearable technologies. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, this is a new approach to analysing evidence for the design of performance-based digital assessment protocols in human research, which may stimulate further systematic research in this area.

Identification of Fatigue and Sleepiness in Immune and Neurodegenerative Disorders from Measures of Real-World Gait Variability.

Current assessments of fatigue and sleepiness rely on patient reported outcomes (PROs), which are subjective and prone to recall bias. The current study investigated the use of gait variability in the "real world" to identify patient fatigue and daytime sleepiness. Inertial measurement units were worn on the lower backs of 159 participants (117 with six different immune and neurodegenerative disorders and 42 healthy controls) for up to 20 days, whom completed regular PROs. To address walking bouts that were short and sparse, four feature groups were considered: sequence-independent variability (SIV), sequence-dependant variability (SDV), padded SDV (PSDV), and typical gait variability (TGV) measures. These gait variability measures were extracted from step, stride, stance, and swing time, step length, and step velocity. These different approaches were compared using correlations and four machine learning classifiers to separate low/high fatigue and sleepiness.Most balanced accuracies were above 50%, the highest was 57.04% from TGV measures. The strongest correlation was 0.262 from an SDV feature against sleepiness. Overall, TGV measures had lower correlations and classification accuracies.Identifying fatigue or sleepiness from gait variability is extremely complex and requires more investigation with a larger data set, but these measures have shown performances that could contribute to a larger feature set.Clinical relevance- Gait variability has been repeatedly used to assess fatigue in the lab. The current study, however, explores gait variability for fatigue and daytime sleepiness in real-world scenarios with multiple gait-impacted disorders.

Assessing fatigue and sleep in chronic diseases using physiological signals from wearables: A pilot study.

Problems with fatigue and sleep are highly prevalent in patients with chronic diseases and often rated among the most disabling symptoms, impairing their activities of daily living and the health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Currently, they are evaluated primarily via Patient Reported Outcomes (PROs), which can suffer from recall biases and have limited sensitivity to temporal variations. Objective measurements from wearable sensors allow to reliably quantify disease state, changes in the HRQoL, and evaluate therapeutic outcomes. This work investigates the feasibility of capturing continuous physiological signals from an electrocardiography-based wearable device for remote monitoring of fatigue and sleep and quantifies the relationship of objective digital measures to self-reported fatigue and sleep disturbances. 136 individuals were followed for a total of 1,297 recording days in a longitudinal multi-site study conducted in free-living settings and registered with the German Clinical Trial Registry (DRKS00021693). Participants comprised healthy individuals (N = 39) and patients with neurodegenerative disorders (NDD, N = 31) and immune mediated inflammatory diseases (IMID, N = 66). Objective physiological measures correlated with fatigue and sleep PROs, while demonstrating reasonable signal quality. Furthermore, analysis of heart rate recovery estimated during activities of daily living showed significant differences between healthy and patient groups. This work underscores the promise and sensitivity of novel digital measures from multimodal sensor time-series to differentiate chronic patients from healthy individuals and monitor their HRQoL. The presented work provides clinicians with realistic insights of continuous at home patient monitoring and its practical value in quantitative assessment of fatigue and sleep, an area of unmet need.

Association between heart failure severity and mobility in geriatric patients: an in-clinic study with wearable sensors.

BACKGROUND: Individuals with heart failure (HF) frequently experience limitations in mobility, but specific aspects of these limitations are not well understood. This study investigated the association of HF severity, based on the New York Heart Association (NYHA) classes, with digital mobility outcomes (DMOs) and handgrip strength in older inpatients with HF. METHODS: For this explorative analysis, hospital admission and discharge data from an ongoing, prospective cohort study were used. The sample included older participants with HF and a sub-sample of heart-healthy individuals. Participants were equipped with a wearable inertial measurement unit (IMU) system during mobility performance (balancing, sit-to-stand transfer, walking). We analyzed the association between 17 DMOs and HF severity with multiple linear regression models. RESULTS: The total sample included 61 older participants (65-97 years of age, 55.7% female). Of all DMOs, only sway path in a semi-tandem stance position (m/s²) showed a relevant association with NYHA classes (admission: ß = -0.28, P = 0.09; discharge: ß = -0.39, P = 0.02). Handgrip strength showed a trend towards a significant association (admission: ß = -0.15, P = 0.10; discharge: ß = -0.15, P = 0.19). CONCLUSIONS: This is to our best knowledge the first analysis on the association of HF severity and IMU-based DMOs. Sway path and handgrip strength may be the most promising parameters for monitoring mobility aspects in treatment of HF.

Fatigue and cognitive impairment after COVID-19: A prospective multicentre study.

Background: Reliable estimates of frequency, severity and associated factors of both fatigue and cognitive impairment after COVID-19 are needed. Also, it is not clear whether the two are distinct sequelae of COVID-19 or part of the same syndrome." Methods: In this prospective multicentre study, frequency of post-COVID fatigue and cognitive impairment were assessed in n = 969 patients (535 [55%] female) ≥6 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection with the FACIT-Fatigue scale (cut-off ≤30) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (≤25 mild, ≤17 moderate impairment) between November 15, 2020 and September 29, 2021 at University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel and University Hospital Würzburg in Germany. 969 matched non-COVID controls were drawn from a pre-pandemic, randomised, Germany-wide population survey which also included the FACIT-Fatigue scale. Associated sociodemographic, comorbid, clinical, psychosocial factors and laboratory markers were identified with univariate and multivariable linear regression models. Findings: On average 9 months after infection, 19% of patients had clinically relevant fatigue, compared to 8% of matched non-COVID controls (p < 0.001). Factors associated with fatigue were female gender, younger age, history of depression and the number of acute COVID symptoms. Among acute COVID symptoms, altered consciousness, dizziness and myalgia were most strongly associated with long-term fatigue. Moreover, 26% of patients had mild and 1% had moderate cognitive impairment. Factors associated with cognitive impairment were older age, male gender, shorter education and a history of neuropsychiatric disease. There was no significant correlation between fatigue and cognitive impairment and only 5% of patients suffered from both conditions. Interpretation: Fatigue and cognitive impairment are two common, but distinct sequelae of COVID-19 with potentially separate pathophysiological pathways. Funding: German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF).

What contributes most to the SPPB and its subscores in hospitalized geriatric patients: an ICF model-based approach.

BACKGROUND: Mobility deficits are highly prevalent among geriatric patients and have serious impact on quality of life, hospitalizations, and mortality. This study aims to capture predictors of mobility deficits in hospitalized geriatric patients using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) model as a framework. METHODS: Data were obtained from n = 397 patients (78 ± 7 years, 15 ± 7 ICD-11 diagnoses) on a geriatric ward at time of admission. Mobility was assessed using the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) total score and gait, static balance and transfer subscores. Parameters from an extensive assessment including medical history, neuropsychological and motor examination, and questionnaires were assigned to the five components of the ICF model. Spearman's Correlation and multiple linear regression analyses were calculated to identify predictors for the SPPB total score and subscores. RESULTS: Use of walking aid, fear of falling (FOF, but not occurrence of previous falls), participation in society, ADL and grip strength were strongly associated with the SPPB total score and all subscores (p < .001). FOF and grip strength were significant predictors for the SPPB total score as well as for gait and transfer subscores. FOF also showed a strong association with the static balance subscore. The clinical parameters of the ICF model could only partially explain the variance in the SPPB total score (24%) and subscores (12-23%), with no parameter from the activities and participation component being significantly predictive. CONCLUSIONS: FOF and reduced grip strength are associated with mobility deficits in a hospitalized geriatric cohort. Further research should focus on interventions to reduce FOF and increase muscle strength in geriatric patients. Moreover, there is a need for ICF-based assessments instruments (especially in the activities and participation components) that allow a holistic view on mobility and further daily life-relevant health aspects in geriatric patients.

Autonomic Symptoms in Older Adults Are Common and Associated With Health-Related Quality of Life.

Background: Autonomic symptoms are common in older adults, and a large body of literature focusing on age-related diseases shows that autonomic symptoms in these diseases constrain Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL). To our best knowledge, the association between autonomic symptoms in older adults, independent of specific diseases, and HRQoL has not yet been assessed. Aim: To assess the frequency and the effect of autonomic symptoms in general, as well as orthostatic intolerance, vasomotor, secretomotor, gastrointestinal, bladder, and pupillomotor symptoms, on HRQoL in older adults. Methods: Cross-sectional data of the fourth visit of the Tübinger evaluation of Risk factors for Early detection of Neurodegeneration (TREND) study were included. Autonomic symptoms, as assessed with the Composite Autonomic Symptom Score 31 (COMPASS 31), were quantified and compared with HRQoL, as assessed with the EuroQol five-level version (EQ-5D-5L). Statistical analyses included Spearman's rank correlation and multiple linear regression analysis. Results: The analysis included 928 participants with a median of 68 years; 47% were women. Of those, 85% reported at least one autonomic symptom. Gastrointestinal and secretomotor symptoms were most common. The COMPASS 31 total score and all subdomains were significantly associated with reduced HRQoL. Among the subdomains, the strongest correlations with HRQoL were found for gastrointestinal and bladder symptoms. Overall, autonomic symptoms alone explained 20% of the variance of HRQoL; when depressive mood was added, the model explained 32%. Conclusion: Autonomic symptoms are associated with HRQoL and depressive symptoms in older adults.

Moral distress among residents in neurology: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Medical progress, economization of healthcare systems, and scarcity of resources raise fundamental ethical issues. Physicians are exposed to increasing moral conflict situations, which may cause Moral Distress (MD). MD occurs when someone thinks he or she might know the morally correct action but cannot act upon this knowledge because of in- or external constraints. Correlations of MD among residents to job changes and burn-out have been shown previously. There are, however, hardly any quantitative studies about MD among physicians in Germany. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of occurrence, the level of disturbance, and reasons for MD among neurological residents in German hospitals. METHODS: 1st qualitative phase: Open interviews on workload and ethical conflicts in everyday clinical practice were conducted with five neurological residents. Ethical principles of medical action and potential constraints that could cause MD were identified and a questionnaire designed. 2nd quantitative phase: A preliminary questionnaire was tested and evaluated by five further neurological residents. The final questionnaire consisted of 12 items and was conducted online and anonymously via e-mail or on-site as part of an unrelated resident training event at 56 sites. RESULTS: One hundred seven neurological residents from 56 university/acute care and rehabilitation hospitals throughout Germany were examined (response rate of those requesting the questionnaire: 75.1%). 96.3% of the participants had experienced MD weekly (3.86, SD 1.02), because they were unable to invest the necessary time in a patient or relative consultation. Errors in medical care, which could not be communicated adequately with patients or relatives, were rated as most distressing. The most common reasons for MD were the growing numbers of patients, expectations of patient relatives, fears of legal consequences, incentives of the DRG-system, and the increasing bureaucratization requirement. 43.0% of participants mentioned they considered leaving the field of inpatient-care. 65.4% stated they would like more support in conflict situations. CONCLUSION: MD plays an important role for neurological residents in German hospitals and has an impact on participants' consideration of changing the workplace. Important aspects are rationing (time/beds) and incentives for overdiagnosis as well as lack of internal communication culture and mentoring.

[Moral distress in medical students and young professionals: research desiderata in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic]. / Moralischer Stress bei Medizinstudierenden und ärztlichen Berufseinsteigenden: Forschungsdesiderate im Rahmen der COVID-19-Pandemie.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic poses particular challenges for people working in the medical sector. Some of the medical students and young medical professionals who are starting their work in healthcare facilities during this time are confronted with extraordinary moral challenges. A portion of them does not yet have sufficient coping skills to adequately deal with these challenges. This can lead to so-called moral distress (MoD). Permanent or intensive exposure to MoD can have serious consequences. Appropriate support services have the potential to improve the handling of MoD. OBJECTIVE: This article aims to provide an overview of the current state of research on MoD among medical students and young medical professionals in order to sensitize lecturers with responsibility for education and training and doctors in leading positions to the problem. MAIN PART: This article presents the scientific concept of MoD, known triggers, and options for prevention and intervention. The topic is presented with reference to the changes in patient care in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and research needs are presented. CONCLUSION: The article illustrates the necessity of a German-language, interdisciplinary discourse on MoD among medical students and young professionals.