The association of atopic dermatitis in infancy with immunoglobulin E food sensitization.

OBJECTIVE: To prospectively investigate the association of high levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE) sensitization to foods and the presence of atopic dermatitis (judged by reported topical steroid use during the first 16 months of life) in a birth cohort of 620 Australian children "at risk" of allergic disease because of family history. RESULTS: A total of 559 of the children in the cohort were fully evaluated, and the cumulative prevalence of atopic dermatitis was 24%. More children in the cohort who had atopic dermatitis had strongly positive skin test results (> or = 4+, histamine equivalent units, > or = approximately 6-mm wheal), consistent with IgE food sensitization to either cow's milk, egg, or peanut at 6 months (22% vs 5%, chi(2) = 35; P < 10(-6)) and at 12 months (36% vs 11%, chi(2) = 41; P < 10(-6)) than those without atopic dermatitis. The calculated attributable risk percent for IgE food sensitization as a cause of atopic dermatitis was 65% and 64% at these times. In a separate group of infants with severe atopic dermatitis, the equivalent rates of IgE food sensitization at 6 months was 83% and at 12 months, 65%. CONCLUSION: IgE food sensitization is a major risk factor for the presence of atopic dermatitis in infancy.

Role of food protein intolerance in infants with persistent distress attributed to reflux esophagitis.

BACKGROUND: Distressed behavior is common in infants and is often attributed to gastroesophageal reflux (GER) or food protein intolerance. OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of a hypoallergenic amino acid-based infant formula (AAF) on distressed behavior and GER symptoms in infants who failed to respond to extensively hydrolyzed formula and antireflux medications. STUDY DESIGN: Nineteen distressed infants (9 boys and 10 girls; median age, 5.0 months) with presumed GER underwent gastroscopy (n = 17) and esophageal 24-hour pH monitoring (n = 14). Double-blind placebo-controlled (DBPC) formula challenges of AAF versus previously besttolerated formula were conducted. RESULTS: Nine infants had histologic evidence of esophagitis, and 9 had inflammatory changes in the stomach and/or duodenum. Symptoms remitted in all infants within 2 weeks of the start of feeding with AAF. On DBPC challenge after a median period of 3 months of receiving AAF, 12 infants were intolerant to active formula (distress score, 287 vs 580 min/wk,P =. 01; symptom score, 23.1 vs 36.1, P =.03). Seven infants did not relapse and were considered tolerant (distress score, 470 vs 581, P =.77; symptom score, 29.5 vs 20.2; P =.89). CONCLUSION: Treatment with AAF may reduce distressed behavior and symptoms of GER in infants with food protein intolerance.

The natural history of intolerance to soy and extensively hydrolyzed formula in infants with multiple food protein intolerance.

Infants (n = 18) with intolerance to extensively hydrolyzed formulas and soy who responded to an L-amino acid-based elemental formula (AAF) were studied until 3 years of age. By 2 years of age most tolerated non-formula foods, and by 3 years only 3 required AAF. Growth normalized during AAF feeding in 4 infants with failure to thrive.

Charting infant distress: an aid to defining colic.

The value of a 24-hour distress diary, previously validated against a voice-activated audiotape record, was investigated in 30 infants with colic and 30 control infants. The infants with colic had significantly more distress behavior (300.0 minutes vs 102.5 minutes; p < 0.001), although overlap of duration of distress was noted. On the basis of a clinical definition of colic--total distress lasting 180 minutes in a 24-hour period--the diary had a sensitivity of 77% and a specificity of 87%. The sensitivity of the chart was confirmed in a separate study of another 90 infants with colic.

Natural history of cow milk allergy: clinical outcome.

Of an initial cohort of 100 children with challenge-proven cow milk allergy, 97 were reviewed after 5 years to determine the effect of prolonged cow milk avoidance on clinical features, the reported frequency of adverse reactions to other foods, and the reported emergence of other atopic disorders. The mean age at diagnosis was 16 months, and at final follow-up 99 months. Cow milk tolerance by challenge was demonstrated in 28% of patients by 2 years of age, 56% by 4 years, and 78% by 6 years. Only 25% of children were allergic to cow milk alone; parents reported associated adverse reactions to many other foods, including egg (58%), soy milk (47%), and peanut (34%). Exclusion of cow milk from the diet of infants and young children with cow milk allergy did not prevent the subsequent development of atopic disorders. At final follow-up, 40% of patients reportedly had asthma, 21% atopic eczema, and 43% allergic rhinitis. It is unclear whether independent mechanisms control the development of cow milk allergy and other atopic conditions.

Recovery from milk allergy in early childhood: antibody studies.

We assessed the relationships of clinical symptoms and serum antibody levels during follow-up of 47 patients, aged 3 to 66 months, who were shown by formal milk challenge to have cow milk allergy. Three groups of patients were identified. Group 1 patients (n = 15) were sensitized to IgE and responded rapidly to small volumes of milk with urticaria, an exacerbation of eczema, wheeze, or vomiting. In the second group (n = 24), symptoms of milk enteropathy (vomiting and diarrhea) developed between 1 and 20 hours after milk ingestion. In the group 3 patients (n = 8), coughing, diarrhea, eczematoid rashes, or a combination of these developed more than 20 hours after normal volumes of milk were given. Serum levels of IgG, IgA, IgM, and IgE and of milk-specific anti-cow milk antibodies of these isotypes were measured initially and then at a median follow-up time of 16 months (range 6 to 39 months). In this investigation, changes in these immunologic measures during the study period were related to whether or not clinical tolerance to cow milk was achieved. At follow-up, six patients from group 1, ten from group 2, and two from group 3 were milk tolerant. No consistent change in any of the immunologic measurements was associated with remission of the disease. These findings raise the question of whether acquisition of clinical tolerance to cow milk in cow milk allergy can be attributed solely to immunologic events.

Manifestations of milk allergy in infancy: clinical and immunologic findings.

In a study of the manifestations of cow milk allergy in 100 young children (mean age 16 months), 30 items of historical data and information relating to the effects of a standardized milk challenge were entered into a computer data base. Three clusters of patients were derived using a K-means algorithm. In group 1 were 27 patients with predominantly urticarial and angioedematous eruptions, which developed within 45 minutes of ingesting cow milk. They had positive skin test reactions to milk and elevated total and milk specific IgE serum antibody levels. In group 2, 53 patients had pallor, vomiting, or diarrhea between 45 minutes and 20 hours after milk ingestion. These children were relatively IgA deficient. The 20 patients in group 3 had eczematous or bronchitic or diarrheal symptoms; in 17 symptoms developed more than 20 hours after commencing milk ingestion. Of the patients in group 3, only those with eczema had a positive skin test reaction and elevated IgE antibodies to milk. The patients in group 3 were the most difficult to identify clinically; they had a history of chronic ill health, and symptoms developed many hours or days after commencing milk ingestion in the challenge situation. In view of the heterogeneous clinical and immunologic findings in our patients, it is unlikely that a single laboratory test will identify cow milk allergy in all susceptible patients.