Assuntos
Aleitamento Materno , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição do Lactente/história , Aleitamento Materno/epidemiologia , Aleitamento Materno/etnologia , Feminino , História do Século XV , História do Século XVI , História do Século XVII , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , História Antiga , História Medieval , Humanos , Lactente , Mortalidade Infantil/história , Recém-NascidoAssuntos
Maus-Tratos Infantis/história , Violação de Direitos Humanos/história , Criança , Maus-Tratos Infantis/etnologia , Pré-Escolar , Circuncisão Masculina/etnologia , Circuncisão Masculina/história , Feminino , Deformidades Adquiridas do Pé/etnologia , Deformidades Adquiridas do Pé/história , História do Século XV , História do Século XVI , História do Século XVII , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , História Antiga , História Medieval , Violação de Direitos Humanos/etnologia , Humanos , Internacionalidade/história , MasculinoRESUMO
UNLABELLED: The Baby Friendly Hospitals Initiative (BFHI), organized as a global campaign by UNICEF and focusing mainly on the breastfeeding routines, attitudes and knowledge among staff and mothers at maternity centres, was introduced in Sweden in 1993. Four years later, all of the then 65 maternity centres had been designated "baby friendly" (BF). Concomitant with that, the 6-mo breastfeeding rate increased from about 50% to 73% on a national basis, presumably resulting from adherence to the "10 steps" and the development of a favourable breastfeeding climate. The BFHI has engaged practically all countries throughout the world with close to 20,000 maternity centres. On a global scale, about 30% of these maternity centres have been awarded BF status but with large variations between regions and countries; Europe and other industrialized areas being among the lowest. CONCLUSION: Strong government support, an organized central lead group and support from the medical profession are necessary prerequisites for BFHI success, but continued work is necessary for sustaining attitudes and knowledge.
Assuntos
Aleitamento Materno/estatística & dados numéricos , Maternidades/organização & administração , Qualidade da Assistência à Saúde , Feminino , Saúde Global , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Satisfação do Paciente , Cuidado Pós-Natal/estatística & dados numéricos , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Suécia , Nações Unidas , Organização Mundial da SaúdeAssuntos
Aleitamento Materno , Desenvolvimento Infantil , Inteligência , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , MasculinoRESUMO
The Convention of the Rights of the Child from 1989 states in Article 19 that States "shall take all appropriate legislative, administrative, social and educational measures to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violation, injury or abuse..." Article 24.3 urges all States "to take all effective and appropriate measures with a view to abolishing traditional practices prejudical to the health of children". Article 37 states that "no child shall be subjected to torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment...". In the UNICEF Implementation Handbook for the Convention (1998) it is stated in relation to Article 24.3 that a review is to be undertaken regarding "all forms of genital mutilation and circumcision". Other traditional practices which are to be reviewed include "binding, scarring, burning, branding, forced holding under water..." and similar cruel treatment of children. No doubt it is time to act! Apparently no such action has been taken and the Convention is not applied in any country as regards circumcision of boys--let alone regarding mutilation of girls (which is done by the hundreds of thousands every year).
