Repeat expansions in AR, ATXN1, ATXN2 and HTT in Norwegian patients diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Genetic repeat expansions cause neuronal degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis as well as other neurodegenerative disorders such as spinocerebellar ataxia, Huntington's disease and Kennedy's disease. Repeat expansions in the same gene can cause multiple clinical phenotypes. We aimed to characterize repeat expansions in a Norwegian amyotrophic lateral sclerosis cohort. Norwegian amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients (n = 414) and neurologically healthy controls adjusted for age and gender (n = 713) were investigated for repeat expansions in AR, ATXN1, ATXN2 and HTT using short read exome sequencing and the ExpansionHunter software. Five amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients (1.2%) and two controls (0.3%) carried ≥36 repeats in HTT (P = 0.032), and seven amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients (1.7%) and three controls (0.4%) carried ≥29 repeats in ATXN2 (P = 0.038). One male diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis carried a pathogenic repeat expansion in AR, and his diagnosis was revised to Kennedy's disease. In ATXN1, 50 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients (12.1%) and 96 controls (13.5%) carried ≥33 repeats (P = 0.753). None of the patients with repeat expansions in ATXN2 or HTT had signs of Huntington's disease or spinocerebellar ataxia type 2, based on a re-evaluation of medical records. The diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis was confirmed in all patients, with the exception of one patient who had primary lateral sclerosis. Our findings indicate that repeat expansions in HTT and ATXN2 are associated with increased likelihood of developing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Further studies are required to investigate the potential relationship between HTT repeat expansions and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

ENSEMBLE PLUS: final results of shorter ocrelizumab infusion from a randomized controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: Ocrelizumab is an approved intravenously administered anti-CD20 antibody for multiple sclerosis (MS). The safety profile and patient preference for conventional versus shorter ocrelizumab infusions were investigated in the ENSEMBLE PLUS study. METHODS: ENSEMBLE PLUS was a randomized, double-blind substudy to the single-arm ENSEMBLE study (NCT03085810), comparing outcomes in patients with early-stage relapsing-remitting MS receiving ocrelizumab 600 mg over the approved 3.5-h (conventional) versus 2-h (shorter) infusion. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with infusion-related reactions (IRRs) following the first randomized dose (RD); the secondary endpoint included IRR frequency at subsequent RDs. RESULTS: At first RD, the number of patients with an IRR in the conventional (101/373; 27.1%) versus shorter (107/372; 28.8%) infusion group was similar (difference, stratified estimates [95% CI]: 1.9% [- 4.4, 8.2]). Most IRRs (conventional: 99.4%; shorter: 97.7%) were mild/moderate. IRR frequency decreased over the course of RDs; three patients discontinued from the shorter infusion arm but continued with conventional infusion. Overall, > 98% of IRRs resolved without sequelae in both groups. Pre-randomization throat irritation was predictive of future throat irritation as an IRR symptom. Adverse events (AEs) and serious AEs were consistent with the known ocrelizumab safety profile. On completion of ENSEMBLE PLUS, most patients chose to remain on (95%) or switch to (80%) shorter infusion. CONCLUSION: ENSEMBLE PLUS demonstrates the safety and tolerability of shorter ocrelizumab infusions. Most patients remained on/switched to shorter infusion after unblinding; IRRs did not strongly influence patient decisions. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: Substudy of ENSEMBLE (NCT03085810). REGISTRATION: March 21, 2017.

Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for multiple sclerosis: Long-term follow-up data from Norway.

BACKGROUND: Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a potent treatment option for patients with aggressive relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate long-term outcomes of HSCT in MS. METHODS: National retrospective single-center observational study of patients with aggressive RRMS that underwent HSCT in Norway from January 2015 to January 2018. Criteria for receiving HSCT included at least two clinical relapses the last year while on disease modifying treatment (DMT). RESULTS: In total, 29 patients, with a mean follow-up time of 70 months (standard deviation:14.3), were evaluated. Twenty patients (69%) had sustained no evidence of disease activity (NEDA-3) status, 24 (83%) were relapse-free, 23 (79%) free of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) activity, and 26 (90%) free of progression. Number of patients working full-time increased from 1 (3%), before HSCT, to 10 (33%) after 2 years and 15 (52%) after 5 years. CONCLUSION: HSCT offers long-term disease-free survival with successively increasing work participation in patients with aggressive MS resistant to DMTs.

Norwegian health service should offer stem cell therapy for multiple sclerosis. / Norsk helsevesen bør tilby stamcellebehandling mot multippel sklerose.

Many Norwegian patients with multiple sclerosis choose to travel abroad for stem cell therapy at their own expense and risk. Based on the current knowledge base, selected patients should now be offered this therapy in Norway.

BCG vaccination and multiple sclerosis risk: A Norwegian cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination induces long-lasting effects on the adaptive and innate immune systems and prevents development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and possibly also inflammatory disease activity in multiple sclerosis (MS). OBJECTIVE: The objective is to examine if BCG given in early adulthood decreases MS risk. METHODS: From 791,369 (52% females) Norwegians participating in a national tuberculosis screening program from 1963 to 1975, we collected information on BCG vaccination and tuberculosis disease status. Later, MS disease was ascertained through both the Norwegian MS Registry and Biobank and the Norwegian Death Registry. We used logistic regression models to assess the relationship between BCG vaccination and MS risk. RESULTS: In those BCG vaccinated, mean age at vaccination was 15.6 (standard deviation (SD) = 5.5) years. A total of 2862 (65% females) MS cases were retrieved. Overall, we found no association between MS risk and BCG vaccination. Compared to non-BCG-vaccinated individuals with no signs of tuberculosis infection, odds ratio (OR) for MS was 1.00 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.80-1.25) in the BCG-vaccinated group. In those not BCG vaccinated because of latent tuberculosis infection, the corresponding OR was 0.86 (95% CI = 0.66-1.13). CONCLUSION: We found no evidence of BCG vaccination or latent tuberculosis infection in young adulthood being linked to MS risk.

Neurological involvement among non-hospitalized adolescents and young adults 6 months after acute COVID-19.

Introduction: The post-COVID-19 condition (PCC) is characterized by debilitating persistent symptoms, including symptoms suggesting neurological aberrations such as concentration difficulties, impaired memory, pain, and sleep disturbances. The underlying mechanisms remain elusive. This study aimed to investigate brain injury biomarkers, neurocognitive test performance, and self-reported neurological and neuropsychological symptoms in young people with PCC. Methods: A total of 404 non-hospitalized adolescents and young adults aged 12-25 years who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, along with 105 matched SARS-CoV-2 negative individuals, were prospectively enrolled and followed-up for 6 months (Clinical Trials ID: NCT04686734). All participants underwent comprehensive assessment encompassing clinical examinations, questionnaires, neurocognitive testing and blood sampling. Serum samples were immunoassayed for the brain injury biomarkers neurofilament light chain (Nfl) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAp). At 6 months, cross-sectional analyses of serum Nfl/GFAp, neurocognitive test results and symptom scores were performed across groups based on adherence to PCC criteria as well as initial SARS-CoV-2 test results. Also, associations between Nfl/GFAp, neurocognitive test results, and symptom scores were explored. Results: A total of 381 SARS-CoV-2 positive and 85 SARS-CoV-2 negative were included in the final analysis at 6 months, of whom 48% and 47%, respectively, adhered to the PCC criteria. Serum levels of Nfl and GFAp were almost equal across groups and did not differ from reference values in healthy populations. Also, neurocognitive test results were not different across groups, whereas symptom scores were significantly higher in patients fulfilling PCC criteria (independent of initial SARS-CoV-2 status). No significant associations between Nfl/GFAp, neurocognitive test results, and symptom scores were found. Conclusion: Normal brain injury biomarkers and neurocognitive performance 6 months after mild COVID-19 implies that the persistent symptoms associated with PCC are not concurrent with ongoing central nervous system damage or permanent disruption of cognitive functions. This finding contradicts the notion of neuroinflammation as a likely explanation for the persistent symptoms.

Genetic overlap between ALS and other neurodegenerative or neuromuscular disorders.

OBJECTIVE: In Norway, 89% of patients with Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) lacks a genetic diagnose. ALS genes and genes that cause other neuromuscular or neurodegenerative disorders extensively overlap. This population-based study examined whether patients with ALS have a family history of neurological disorders and explored the occurrence of rare genetic variants associated with other neurodegenerative or neuromuscular disorders. METHODS: During a two-year period, blood samples and clinical data from patients with ALS were collected from all 17 neurological departments in Norway. Our genetic analysis involved exome sequencing and bioinformatics filtering of 510 genes associated with neurodegenerative and neuromuscular disorders. The variants were interpreted using genotype-phenotype correlations and bioinformatics tools. RESULTS: A total of 279 patients from a Norwegian population-based ALS cohort participated in this study. Thirty-one percent of the patients had first- or second-degree relatives with other neurodegenerative disorders, most commonly dementia and Parkinson's disease. The genetic analysis identified 20 possible pathogenic variants, in ATL3, AFG3L2, ATP7A, BICD2, HARS1, KIF1A, LRRK2, MSTO1, NEK1, NEFH, and SORL1, in 25 patients. NEK1 risk variants were present in 2.5% of this ALS cohort. Only four of the 25 patients reported relatives with other neurodegenerative or neuromuscular disorders. CONCLUSION: Gene variants known to cause other neurodegenerative or neuromuscular disorders, most frequently in NEK1, were identified in 9% of the patients with ALS. Most of these patients had no family history of other neurodegenerative or neuromuscular disorders. Our findings indicated that AFG3L2, ATP7A, BICD2, KIF1A, and MSTO1 should be further explored as potential ALS-causing genes.

Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Clinical and Biochemical Characteristics of Alemtuzumab-Induced Graves Disease.

OBJECTIVE: Atypical Graves disease (GD) is a common complication in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients treated with alemtuzumab. We present epidemiological, clinical, and biochemical characteristics of alemtuzumab-induced GD. METHODS: Retrospective follow-up study of MS patients treated with alemtuzumab from 2014 to 2020, including clinical course of GD, pregnancy outcome, and thyroid eye disease (TED). RESULTS: We enrolled 183 of 203 patients (90%, 68% women) treated with alemtuzumab at 4 hospitals in Norway. Seventy-five (41%) developed thyroid dysfunction, of whom 58 (77%) had GD. Median time from the first dose of alemtuzumab to GD diagnosis was 25 months (range, 0-64). Twenty-four of 58 GD patients (41%) had alternating phases of hyper- and hypothyroidism. Thyrotropin receptor antibodies became undetectable in 23 of 58 (40%) and they could discontinue antithyroid drug treatment after a median of 22 (range, 2-58) months. Conversely, 26 (44%) had active disease during a median follow-up of 39 months (range, 11-72). Two patients (3%) received definitive treatment with radioiodine, 6 (10%) with thyroidectomy. Nine developed TED (16%), 7 had mild and 2 moderate to severe disease. Four patients completed pregnancy, all without maternal or fetal complications. Patients who developed GD had a lower frequency of new MS relapses and MRI lesions than those without. CONCLUSION: GD is a very common complication of alemtuzumab treatment and is characterized by alternating hyper- and hypothyroidism. Both remission rates and the prevalence of TED were lower than those reported for conventional GD. Pregnancies were uncomplicated and GD was associated with a lower risk of subsequent MS activity.

Premorbid lipid levels and long-term risk of ALS-a population-based cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the temporal relationship between premorbid lipid levels and long-term amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) risk. METHODS: From Norwegian cardiovascular health surveys (1974-2003), we collected information on total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), glucose, and other cardiovascular risk factors. ALS incidence and mortality were identified through validated Norwegian health registries. The relation between premorbid lipid levels and ALS risk was assessed by Cox regression models. RESULTS: Out of 640,066 study participants (51.5% females), 974 individuals (43.5% females) developed ALS. Mean follow-up time was 23.7 (SD 7.1) years among ALS cases. One mmol/l increase in LDL-C was associated with 6% increase in risk for ALS (hazard ratio 1.06 [95% CI: 1.01-1.09]). Higher levels of TC and TG were also associated with increased ALS risk, but only within the last 6-7 years prior to ALS diagnosis or death. No association between HDL-C and ALS risk was found. Adjusting for body mass index, birth cohort, smoking, and physical activity did not alter the results. CONCLUSIONS: Higher levels of LDL-C are associated with increased ALS risk over 40 years later, compatible with a causal relationship. The temporal relationship between TG, TC, and ALS risk suggests that increased levels of these lipid biomarkers represent consequences of ALS.

Tuberculin responses after BCG vaccination predict amyotrophic lateral sclerosis risk.

Background: T cell infiltration around dying motor neurons is a hallmark of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). It is not known if this immune response represents a cause or a consequence of the disease. We aimed to establish whether individual variation in regulation of a T cell driven immune response is associated with long-term ALS risk. Methods: Tuberculin skin test (TST) following BCG vaccination represents a standardized measure of a secondary T cell driven immune response. During a Norwegian tuberculosis screening program (1963-1975) Norwegian citizens born from 1910 to 1955 underwent TST. In those previously BCG vaccinated (median 7 years prior to TST), we related tuberculin skin tests to later ALS disease identified through validated Norwegian health registers. We fitted Cox proportional hazard models to investigate the association between tuberculin reactivity and ALS risk. Results: Among 324,629 participants (52 % women) with median age 22 (IQR 10) years at tuberculosis screening, 496 (50 % women) later developed ALS. Hazard ratio for ALS was 0.74 (95% CI 0.57-0.95) for those who remained TST negative compared to those who mounted a positive TST. The association was strongest when time between BCG immunization and TST was short. The associations observed persisted for more than four decades after TST measurement. Conclusions: Negative TST responses after BCG vaccination is associated with decreased long-term risk for ALS development, supporting a primary role for adaptive immunity in ALS development.

CSF, Blood, and MRI Biomarkers in Skogholt's Disease-A Rare Neurodegenerative Disease in a Norwegian Kindred.

Skogholt's disease is a rare neurological disorder that is only observed in a small Norwegian kindred. It typically manifests in adulthood with uncharacteristic neurological symptoms from both the peripheral and central nervous systems. The etiology of the observed cerebral white matter lesions and peripheral myelin pathology is unclear. Increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of protein have been confirmed, and recently, very high concentrations of CSF total and phosphorylated tau have been detected in Skogholt patients. The symptoms and observed biomarker changes in Skogholt's disease are largely nonspecific, and further studies are necessary to elucidate the disease mechanisms. Here, we report the results of neurochemical analyses of plasma and CSF, as well as results from the morphometric segmentation of cerebral magnetic resonance imaging. We analyzed the biomarkers Aß1--42, Aß1-40, Aßx-38, Aßx-40, Aßx-42, total and phosphorylated tau, glial fibrillary acidic protein, neurofilament light chain, platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta, and beta-trace protein. All analyzed CSF biomarkers, except neurofilament light chain and Aß1/x-42, were increased several-fold. In blood, none of these biomarkers were significantly different between the Skogholt and control groups. MRI volumetric segmentation revealed decreases in the ventricular, white matter, and choroid plexus volumes in the Skogholt group, with an accompanying increase in white matter lesions. The cortical thickness and subcortical gray matter volumes were increased in the Skogholt group. Pathophysiological changes resulting from choroidal dysfunction and/or abnormal CSF turnover, which may cause the increases in CSF protein and brain biomarker levels, are discussed.

En kvinne i 60-årene som ikke lenger gjenkjente det hun så.

BACKGROUND: Neurological disorders can present with a vast array of visual disturbances. The constellation of symptoms and findings in this patient prompted workup for unusual causes of both stroke and neurodegenerative disorder. CASE PRESENTATION: A woman in her sixties presented with visual disturbances, followed by weakness in her right arm and aphasia three days later. Her close acquaintances had suspected progressive cognitive decline during the previous year. CT and MRI showed an occluded left posterior cerebral artery with a subacute occipito-temporal infarction. The finding of extensive white matter lesions and segmental arterial vasoconstriction necessitated further workup of vasculitis and hereditary small vessel disease, which were ruled out. The stroke aetiology was considered to be atherosclerotic intracranial large vessel disease. FDG-PET scan revealed decreased metabolism in the left hemisphere, and cerebrospinal biomarkers had slightly decreased beta-amyloid. The findings were suggestive of early Alzheimer's disease or primary progressive aphasia, but currently inconclusive. INTERPRETATION: Based on clinical-anatomical correlation, the patient's visual disturbances, in this case right hemianopsia and object agnosia, were solely related to the stroke and not to a neurodegenerative disorder. Knowledge and interpretation of visual agnosias can in many cases be clinically valuable.

Humoral response to Epstein-Barr virus in patients with multiple sclerosis treated with B cell depletion therapy.

BACKGROUND: B cell depletion therapy is highly effective in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). However, the precise underlying mechanisms of action for its biological effects in MS have still not been clarified. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a known risk factor for MS and seems to be a prerequisite for disease development. EBV resides latently in the memory B cells, and may not only increase the risk of developing MS, but also contribute to disease activity and disability progression. Therefore, the effects of B cell depletion in MS could be associated with the depletion of EBV-infected cells and the altered immune response to the virus. In this study, we investigate the impact of B cell depletion on the humoral immune response specific to EBV in patients with MS. METHODS: Newly diagnosed, treatment-naïve patients with RRMS were followed up to 18 months after initiation of B-cell depletion therapy in the Overlord-MS study, a phase III trial (NCT04578639). We analyzed serum sampled before treatment and after 3, 6, 12 and 18 months for immunoglobulin γ (IgG) against Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) and Epstein-Barr viral capsid antigen (VCA). We analyzed antibodies to cytomegalovirus (CMV) and total IgG in serum, as controls for viral and overall humoral immunity. The risk allele, HLA-DRB1*15:01, and the protective allele, HLA-A*02:01, were determined in all participants. In addition, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for circulating EBV-DNA was performed in the first 156 samples drawn. The associations between time on B cell-depletion therapy and serum anti-EBV antibody levels were estimated using linear mixed-effects models. RESULTS: A total of 290 serum samples from 99 patients were available for analysis. After 6, 12 and 18 months, the EBNA1 IgG levels decreased by 12.7 % (95 % CI -18.8 to -6.60, p < 0.001), 12.1 % (95 % CI -19.8 to -3.7, p = 0.006) and 14.6 % (95 % CI to -25.3 to -2.4, p = 0.02) respectively, compared to baseline level. Carriers of the HLA-DRB1*15:01 allele had higher EBNA1 IgG levels at baseline (p = 0.02). The VCA IgG levels significantly increased by 13.7 % (95 % CI 9.4 to 18.1, p < 0.001) after 3 months, compared to baseline, and persisted at this level throughout the follow-up. CMV IgG levels decreased, but to a lesser extent than the decrease of EBNA1 IgG, and total IgG levels decreased during therapy. Circulating EBV-DNA was found in only three of 156 samples from 64 patients. CONCLUSIONS: EBNA1 IgG levels decreased, while VCA IgG levels increased, during B cell depletion therapy. This supports the hypothesis that the mechanism of action for B cell depletion therapy might be mediated by effects on EBV infection, which, in turn, mitigate immune cross-reactivity and disease perpetuation.

Progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus (PERM) associated with anti-glycine receptor antibodies and urothelial carcinoma: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus (PERM) is a rare neurological condition with paraneoplastic etiology in about 20% of cases, usually presenting before or shortly after the oncological diagnosis is established. PERM associated with anti-glycine receptor antibodies is not previously reported in a patient with bladder cancer. CASE PRESENTATION: A 72-years-old Caucasian male was admitted with acute onset of dysarthria, dysphagia and trismus three years after initial surgical treatment for bladder cancer. The condition was initially diagnosed as tetanus and treated accordingly, but the diagnosis was reconsidered because of progression despite adequate treatment. Diagnostic workup on readmission revealed lung and paraaortal metastases from bladder cancer and anti-glycine receptor (anti-GlyR) antibodies both in the cerebrospinal fluid and in serum, which supplemented with the clinical presentation led to the diagnosis of PERM, presumably related to bladder cancer. The patient showed improvement and stabilization after treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin and chemotherapy against metastatic bladder cancer. CONCLUSION: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of anti-GlyR antibody positive PERM related to urothelial carcinoma. The symptoms mimicked tetanus, and responded to chemotherapy and immunotherapy.

T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination differ by disease-modifying therapy for multiple sclerosis.

Immune responses in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) receiving disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) have been of significant interest throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. Lymphocyte-targeting immunotherapies, including anti-CD20 treatments and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor (S1PR) modulators, attenuate Ab responses after vaccination. Evaluation of cellular responses after vaccination, therefore, is of particular importance in these populations. In this study, we used flow cytometry to analyze CD4 and CD8 T cell functional responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike peptides in healthy control study participants and pwMS receiving 5 different DMTs. Although pwMS receiving rituximab and fingolimod therapies had low Ab responses after both 2 and 3 vaccine doses, T cell responses in pwMS taking rituximab were preserved after a third vaccination, even when an additional dose of rituximab was administered between vaccine doses 2 and 3. PwMS taking fingolimod had low detectable T cell responses in peripheral blood. CD4 and CD8 T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern Delta and Omicron were lower than to the ancestral Wuhan-Hu-1 variant. Our results indicate the importance of assessing both cellular and humoral responses after vaccination and suggest that, even in the absence of robust Ab responses, vaccination can generate immune responses in pwMS.

Prevalence and Characteristics Associated With Post-COVID-19 Condition Among Nonhospitalized Adolescents and Young Adults.

Importance: The prevalence and baseline risk factors of post-COVID-19 condition (PCC) remain unresolved among the large number of young people who experienced mild COVID-19. Objectives: To determine the point prevalence of PCC 6 months after the acute infection, to determine the risk of development of PCC adjusted for possible confounders, and to explore a broad range of potential risk factors. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study included nonhospitalized individuals from 2 counties in Norway between ages 12 and 25 years who underwent reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing. At the early convalescent stage and at 6-month follow-up, participants underwent a clinical examination; pulmonary, cardiac, and cognitive functional testing; immunological and organ injury biomarker analyses; and completion of a questionnaire. Participants were classified according to the World Health Organization case definition of PCC at follow-up. Association analyses of 78 potential risk factors were performed. Exposures: SARS-CoV-2 infection. Main Outcomes and Measures: The point prevalence of PCC 6 months after RT-PCR testing in the SARS-CoV-2-positive and SARS-CoV-2-negative groups, and the risk difference with corresponding 95% CIs. Results: A total of 404 individuals testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 and 105 individuals testing negative were enrolled (194 male [38.1%]; 102 non-European [20.0%] ethnicity). A total of 22 of the SARS-CoV-2-positive and 4 of the SARS-CoV-2-negative individuals were lost to follow-up, and 16 SARS-CoV-2-negative individuals were excluded due to SARS-CoV-2 infection in the observational period. Hence, 382 SARS-CoV-2-positive participants (mean [SD] age, 18.0 [3.7] years; 152 male [39.8%]) and 85 SARS-CoV-2-negative participants (mean [SD] age, 17.7 [3.2] years; 31 male [36.5%]) could be evaluated. The point prevalence of PCC at 6 months was 48.5% in the SARS-CoV-2-positive group and 47.1% in the control group (risk difference, 1.5%; 95% CI, -10.2% to 13.1%). SARS-CoV-2 positivity was not associated with the development of PCC (relative risk [RR], 1.06; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.37; final multivariable model utilizing modified Poisson regression). The main risk factor for PCC was symptom severity at baseline (RR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.27-1.56). Low physical activity (RR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.92-1.00) and loneliness (RR, 1.01; 95% CI, 1.00-1.02) were also associated, while biological markers were not. Symptom severity correlated with personality traits. Conclusions and Relevance: The persistent symptoms and disability that characterize PCC are associated with factors other than SARS-CoV-2 infection, including psychosocial factors. This finding raises questions about the utility of the World Health Organization case definition and has implications for the planning of health care services as well as for further research on PCC.

Interferon ß1a treatment does not influence serum Epstein-Barr virus antibodies in patients with multiple sclerosis.

There is increasing evidence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) being conditional in multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis and influential for disease activity. Interferon-beta (IFNß) is a cytokine with antiviral effects used to treat MS, in which a possible antiviral effect against EBV has been questioned. In this study, we investigated the effect of IFNß-1a treatment on serum EBV antibody levels in 84 patients with relapsing-remitting MS. In the 18 months following IFNß-1a treatment initiation, there were no significant associations between treatment and serum levels of Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA-1) immunoglobulin (Ig) G, early antigen (EA) IgG, viral capsid antigen (VCA) IgG or VCA IgM. The findings suggest that IFNß-1a treatment does not influence the humoral response to EBV in patients with MS.

Humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in multiple sclerosis: the relevance of time since last rituximab infusion and first experience from sporadic revaccinations.

INTRODUCTION: The effect of disease-modifying therapies (DMT) on vaccine responses is largely unknown. Understanding the development of protective immunity is of paramount importance to fight the COVID-19 pandemic. OBJECTIVE: To characterise humoral immunity after mRNA-COVID-19 vaccination of people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). METHODS: All pwMS in Norway fully vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 were invited to a national screening study. Humoral immunity was assessed by measuring anti-SARS-CoV-2 SPIKE RBD IgG response 3-12 weeks after full vaccination, and compared with healthy subjects. RESULTS: 528 pwMS and 627 healthy subjects were included. Reduced humoral immunity (anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG <70 arbitrary units) was present in 82% and 80% of all pwMS treated with fingolimod and rituximab, respectively, while patients treated with other DMT showed similar rates as healthy subjects and untreated pwMS. We found a significant correlation between time since the last rituximab dose and the development of humoral immunity. Revaccination in two seronegative patients induced a weak antibody response. CONCLUSIONS: Patients treated with fingolimod or rituximab should be informed about the risk of reduced humoral immunity and vaccinations should be timed carefully in rituximab patients. Our results identify the need for studies regarding the durability of vaccine responses, the role of cellular immunity and revaccinations.

A Novel SPAST Variant Associated with Isolated Spastic Paraplegia.

Genetic variants in SPAST are the most common cause of hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), entitled spastic paraplegia type 4 (SPG4). Inheritance is autosomal dominant, and age of onset can vary from childhood to adulthood. Pathogenic SPAST variants are often observed in isolated cases, likely due to reduced penetrance and clinical variability. We report an isolated case of SPG4 associated with a novel likely pathogenic variant in SPAST. A 38-year-old woman presented with an eight-year history of progressive difficulty walking. Neurological examination revealed spastic paraparesis in the absence of upper motor neuron dysfunction, sensory deficits, or intellectual disability. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and spinal cord was normal. No family members had similar complaints. Genetic analysis revealed a novel heterozygous sequence variant in SPAST, c.1751A > G p.(Asp584Gly) (NM_014946.4). The affected amino acid is highly conserved among orthologue and paralogue species. Four other nucleotide substitutions predicted to affect the same amino acid, a "hot spot", have been reported previously in adult-onset HSP. This report describes a novel SPAST variant in a female with HSP without a known family history of the disorder.