[When an encircling aortic arch anomaly hides behind respiratory and digestive symptoms in children]. / Quand une anomalie encerclante des arcs aortiques se cache derrière des symptômes respiratoires et digestifs de l'enfant.

Aortic arch anomalies are relatively frequent and account for 15 to 20 % of all congenital cardiovascular malformations. They can be discovered in case of symptoms of airway or esophageal compression such as dysphagia, chronic cough, stridor, wheezing and recurrent respiratory infections. We report the cases of two children with encircling aortic arch anomaly. The 3-year-old boy had complained of chronic respiratory symptoms such as laryngitis and asthma since the age of 4 months. The 20-month-old boy presented with inter-mittent stridor, dysphagia and frequent vomiting. In both patients, the cervico-thoracic CT-scan showed a right aortic arch with retro-esophageal left subclavian artery and Kommerell's diverticulum. Surgery was curative. The understanding of normal and abnormal embryologic development of the aortic arch, and the knowledge of the different types of vascular compression and their clinical signs are mandatory for the early diagnosis and adequate treatment of such malformations.

Les anomalies de l'arc aortique, relativement fréquentes, représentent 15 à 20 % de toutes les maladies cardiovasculaires congénitales. Elles peuvent être découvertes face à des symptômes de compression oesophagienne et/ou des voies respiratoires, tels que dysphagie, toux chronique, stridor, wheezing, voire infections respiratoires à répétition. Nous rapportons deux cas d'anomalie encerclante des arcs aortiques. Le premier patient, âgé de 3 ans, présentait, depuis l'âge de 4 mois, des symptômes respiratoires avec multiples épisodes étiquetés de laryngites et d'asthme. Le deuxième, âgé de 20 mois, présentait un stridor intermittent, de la dysphagie ainsi que des vomissements fréquents. Chez ces deux patients, le scanner cervico-thoracique démontra un arc aortique droit avec une artère sous-clavière gauche rétro-oesophagienne au départ d'un diverticule de Kommerell. Dans les deux cas, la cure chirurgicale fut suivie de la disparition des symptômes. La compréhension du développement embryologique normal et anormal des arcs aortiques, ainsi que la connaissance des manifestations cliniques des compressions vasculaires sont indispensables à leur diagnostic précoce et traitement adéquat.

Aortopexy in severe tracheal instability: short-term and long-term outcome in 29 infants and children.

BACKGROUND: Tracheal instability is a hazardous situation after operation for esophageal atresia. In cases with life-threatening apneas, aortopexy is a therapeutic option. To assess efficacy, short-term and long-term outcome was analyzed retrospectively. METHODS: Between 1985 and 2000, 29 patients (age, 1.5 months to 5.2 years) were operated on. A flaccid trachea after operation for esophageal atresia was the cause for life-threatening apneas in 27, and there was external vascular compression in 2 patients. The operative procedure consisted of ventropexy of the aortic arch to the sternum and ventral thoracic wall. RESULTS: There was neither early nor late mortality. A reversible lesion of the phrenic nerve was observed in 2 patients, a pneumothorax in 3, and secondary wound healing in 1. In all but 1 patient symptoms improved markedly or disappeared within days or within the first 3 months postoperatively. An increased susceptibility to respiratory infections was observed in long-term follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Aortopexy can be performed with no mortality and low morbidity. Aortopexy is effective to prevent further life-threatening apneas, but does not prevent an increased susceptibility to respiratory infections.

Stridor in the neonate and infant. Implications for the paediatric anaesthetist. Prospective description of 155 patients with congenital and acquired stridor in early infancy.

One hundred-and-fifty-five neonates and infants up to the sixth month of postnatal age were investigated to reveal the cause of clinically relevant stridor. In 100 patients congenital stridor was found, in 55 children the stridor was considered to be acquired. A curled, soft epiglottis, almost synonymously used with the diagnosis of congenital stridor, was found in 7% only, indicating different methods of investigation and different selection of patients compared to previous years. In acquired stridor the majority of infants showed laryngeal and tracheal trauma, mostly due to the use of too large tracheal tubes.

Caustic injury of the oesophagus. Sixteen years experience, and introduction of a new model oesophageal stent.

Caustic ingestion can lead to oesophageal stenosis. We studied 251 patients, 205 of whom were children, in a sixteen-year period. Seventeen patients, of whom one was an adult, acquired deep burns in the oesophagus which had to be treated, to prevent the development of oesophageal strictures. These patients were treated with long-term stenting of the oesophagus with specially designed, silicone rubber stents, impregnated with silicone oil 20 cS, designed by one of us (R.N.P.B.) as the only treatment. Of all models, the twin-tube dilator was the most satisfactory. No corticosteroids were administered. Only one patient developed a mild stenosis. It is therefore our opinion that, when life-saving operations are not indicated, twin-tube stenting of the oesophagus is helpful in treating caustic lesions of the oesophagus and will prevent stricture formation. Corticosteroids were not given in this series, and should be abandoned in the treatment of caustic lesions.