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Restricted and repetitive behaviors is the characteristic clinical manifestation of many neuropsychiatric diseases, which seriously affects the work, study and daily communication of patients, and brings huge mental and economic burden to the family and society.Its causes are complex and its manifestations are diverse.Current studies have shown that microglia is closely related to the occurrence of restricted and repetitive behaviors, and the in-depth study of microglia has become a research hotspot to explore the mechanism of restricted and repetitive behaviors.In recent years, studies have found that restricted and repetitive behaviors of various neuropsychiatric diseases (such as frontotemporal dementia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, autism spectrum disorder) are related to microglia.However, reliable evidence for the exact mechanism of microglia involved in restricted and repetitive behaviors remains lacking.This article reviews the recent research progress of microglia involved in restricted and repetitive behaviors.It is expected to provide a new theoretical basis and therapeutic targeting cell for the development and treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases related to restricted and repetitive behaviors in the future.
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Objective To investigate the epidemiology of viral encephalitis&meningoencephalitis and its clinical characteristics during influenza epidemics in Taiyuan city (between November 2017 and February 2018). Methods A total of 112 patients of viral encephalitis & meningoencephalitis from Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital between October 2016 to March 2018 were recruited. Patients were divided into influenza season (n=46)and non－influenza season (n=66). The clinical characteristics of 46 patients with viral meningititis in the influenza season (IS group) were compared with those in the control group of 66 cases in the non－influenza season (NI group). The Logistic regression analysis was used to study the difference between the clinical features of the IS group and the NI group. Results The incidence of hospitalized patients with viral meningititis was significantly higher in epidemic season than in the non－epidemic season. The regression analysis demonstrated that in the IS group the adolescents were 3.879 times older than other age groups, and the symptoms of mental disorder were 2.843 times that of the symptoms without mental disorder, and the duration less than 2 weeks was 3.001 times the duration greater than 2 weeks. Conclusion Although the incidence of hospitalization in patients with viral encephalitis&meningoencephalitis is increased during the influenza season, there is no outbreak of viral meningititis. In this influenza season, adolescents are susceptible to the viral encephalitis &meningoencephalitis and more prone to mental disorder. However, the prognosis of the disease is relatively good.
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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in social interaction and communication, along with repetitive and restrictive patterns of behaviors or interests. Normal brain development is crucial to behavior and cognition in adulthood. Abnormal brain development, such as synaptic and myelin dysfunction, is involved in the pathogenesis of ASD. Microtubules and microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) are important in regulating the processes of brain development, including neuron production and synaptic formation, as well as myelination. Increasing evidence suggests that the level of MAPs are changed in autistic patients and mouse models of ASD. Here, we discuss the roles of MAPs.
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Animais , Humanos , Transtorno do Espectro Autista , Metabolismo , Transtorno Autístico , Metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Proteínas Associadas aos Microtúbulos , Metabolismo , Neurônios , Metabolismo , Comportamento SocialRESUMO
Several of the genetic models and environmental risk factor models were used in the animal model study in autism.The BTBR T+ Itpr3tf(BTBR) mice are an inbred strain and have emerged as strong candidates to serve as models of a range of autism-relevant behaviors, showing deficiencies in social behaviors and reduced or unusual ultrasonic vocalizations as well as increased repetitive self-grooming.There are increasing investigations targeted to ameliorating the behavioral phenotypes of autism in BTBR mice.This review briefly summarizes the advance in the research on the BTBR mice model of autism.
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Objective To analysis and compare the proteomic differences between neural stem cells and motor neurons in embryonic spinal cord in rat and discover the key different proteins. Methods Separating the protein of cells by the 2-D fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis, and to analyse the differences of protein expression with DeCyder software, and to identify with high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Results About 1 300 protein spots from the cells were gained after gel analysis. Eighty-seven protein spots were selected for mass spectrometry analysis. Fourty-four differently expressed proteins (24 in neural stem cells and 20 in motor neurons) were identified by mass spectrometry analysis.Conclusion Differently expressed proteins between neural stem cells and motor neurons were identified and it is helpful to find the new targets in neural stem cells differentiation into motor neurons.
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Neuron-specific enolase characteristically resided in neurons and neuroendocrine cells.Nowadays neuron-specific enolase,as a tumor marker,plays an increasingly significant role in the prevention and treatment of tumors of the nervous system and neuroendocrine tumors.This review intends to give an overview about it.
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BACKGROUND: More recently,repair of skull defect with computer-designed prosthesis contributes to the revolutionary development of skull reconstruction technique. OBJECTIVE: To individually molded titanium mesh by computer-aided design (CAD) technique,and to observe the clinical application value of the titanium mesh in the repair of large-area skull defects in the fronto- temporo-parietal lobes. DESIGN,TIME AND SETTING: A retrospective case analysis was performed at the Department of Neurosurgery,Liuzhou People's Hospital between January 2006 and August 2007.PARTICIPANTS: A total of 16 patients comprising 12 males and 4 females,aged 16-52 years,suffered from skull defects in the fronto-temporo-parietai lobes following standard large trauma craniotomy and were recruited into this stud Two of these patients were complicated by hydrocephalus and received ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Skull defect area ranged between 9. 2 cm ×11.2 cm and 12.2 cm×14.6 cm. Skull defect neoplasty was performed in all patients 3-8months following standard large trauma craniotomy. METHODS: Titanium mesh patches were individually modeled by CAD,computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) and rapid shaping techniques and implanted into skull defect region. In addition,defect edge was fastened with titanium nails. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Moulding effects and complications following skull defect neoplasty. RESULTS: A small amount of subcutaneous effusion was found in one patient and disappeared after liquid extraction and pressure dressing. Titanium mesh was firmly fixed with no loosening. Patients exhibited left-right symmetry,appropriate lateral curvature,no irregular umbilication or chewing dysfunction. All patients were followed for 3-18 months postoperatively and were satisfied with good resuRs,Le.,no complications,infection,material exposure,loosening,or collapse. CONCLUSION: CAD technique used for repair of skull defects is convenient,effective,and safe. This method can. reduce postoperative complications and improve repair effects.
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Objective To explore the effect and technical skills of neruoendoscope-assisted microneurosurgery via the supraorbital keyhole apporach for giant olfactory groove meningiomas.Methods A total of 12 patients with giant olfactory groove meningiomas(≥7 cm in diameter)received neruoendoscope-assisted microneurosurgery via the supraorbital keyhole approach.Data of the patients were analyzed retrospectively.Results Among the cases,9 achieved complete resection of the tumor,inlcuding 5 cases of SimpsonⅠ and 4 cases of Simpson Ⅱ.The other 3(Simpson Ⅲ)patients underwent subtotal resection.None of the patients died during the operation.Ten of the patients were follwed up for 3 months to 2 years(mean,14 months).During the follow-up,9 of the 10 resumed physical and sporting activities,and the other one retured to normal daily life.MRI examination was prefomred on 9 patients,none of them had recurrence.Conclusions Neruoendoscope-assisted microneurosurgery via the supraorbital keyhole approach is effective and safe for patient with giant olfactory groove meningioma.The tumor should be removed piece by piece during the operation.
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Objective To study the surgical skills for parasagittal meningioma at the central cortex. Methods A total of 32 patients with parasagittal meningiomas at the central cortex were treated with microsurgery. Through the arachnoid interfaces between the tumor and the brain tissue, the tumor was removed piece by piece. The vein of central sulcus, other draining veins, and normal brain tissues were protected, and the involved sagittal sinus was appropriately treated. Results Simpson Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ grades resection was achieved in 17 (53.1%), 11(34.4%), and 4 (12.5%) of the 32 patients respectively. None of the patients died. Two patients developed cerebral edema and infarction and were cured by surgical decompression. Hemiparalysis was deteriorated in 10 patients, 8 of them recovered spontaneously in 1 to 6 weeks, and the other 2 developed hemiparesis. Among the patients, 21 patients were followed up for 3 months to 5 years. 4 patients had recurrent meningioma in 1 to 3 years after the operation (Ⅱ grade resection in 2 and Ⅲ grade resection in 2). Conclusions For parasagittal meningiomas at the central cortex, preoperation imaging evaluation and microsurgical techniques are key factors for complete resection and surgical outcomes. The vein of central sulcus, other draining veins, and normal brain tissues should be protected during the procedure.
