X-ray imaging of 30 year old wine grape wood reveals cumulative impacts of rootstocks on scion secondary growth and Ravaz index.

Annual rings from 30 year old vines in a California rootstock trial were measured to determine the effects of 15 different rootstocks on Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon scions. Viticultural traits measuring vegetative growth, yield, berry quality, and nutrient uptake were collected at the beginning (1995 to 1999) and end (2017 to 2020) of the lifetime of a vineyard initially planted in 1991 and removed in 2021. X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) was used to measure ring widths in 103 vines. Ring width was modeled as a function of ring number using a negative exponential model. Early and late wood ring widths, cambium width, and scion trunk radius were correlated with 27 traits. Modeling of annual ring width shows that scions alter the width of the first rings but that rootstocks alter the decay of later rings, consistently shortening ring width throughout the lifetime of the vine. Ravaz index, juice pH, photosynthetic assimilation and transpiration rates, and instantaneous water use efficiency are correlated with scion trunk radius. Ultimately, our research indicates that rootstocks modulate secondary growth over years, altering physiology and agronomic traits. Rootstocks act in similar but distinct ways from climate to modulate ring width, which borrowing techniques from dendrochronology, can be used to monitor both genetic and environmental effects in woody perennial crop species.

Going paper-lite: housebound patient perspectives on the introduction of mobile working.

Healthcare policies promote technology use as a means to modernise healthcare and support seamless, person-centred care. However, despite information technology (IT) use being common practice in clinical settings, its use in patients' homes is still developing. This study explored patients' perspectives on the use of IT and electronic health records (EHR) in their home environment. Semi structured interviews were conducted with housebound patients who received regular care from the district nursing team, and thematic data analysis was undertaken. Participants reported variable knowledge and experiences with mobile working and EHR. Most were positive and identified clear benefits for clinicians. However, few participants reported benefits to themselves. Contrary to popular belief, IT use is expected by older patients and, while barriers were identified, the overall opinion was positive. A digital divide was apparent, with some at risk of being disadvantaged by the increasing use of technology.

Structured data vs. unstructured data in machine learning prediction models for suicidal behaviors: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Suicide remains a leading cause of preventable death worldwide, despite advances in research and decreases in mental health stigma through government health campaigns. Machine learning (ML), a type of artificial intelligence (AI), is the use of algorithms to simulate and imitate human cognition. Given the lack of improvement in clinician-based suicide prediction over time, advancements in technology have allowed for novel approaches to predicting suicide risk. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize current research regarding data sources in ML prediction of suicide risk, incorporating and comparing outcomes between structured data (human interpretable such as psychometric instruments) and unstructured data (only machine interpretable such as electronic health records). Online databases and gray literature were searched for studies relating to ML and suicide risk prediction. There were 31 eligible studies. The outcome for all studies combined was AUC = 0.860, structured data showed AUC = 0.873, and unstructured data was calculated at AUC = 0.866. There was substantial heterogeneity between the studies, the sources of which were unable to be defined. The studies showed good accuracy levels in the prediction of suicide risk behavior overall. Structured data and unstructured data also showed similar outcome accuracy according to meta-analysis, despite different volumes and types of input data.

Outbreak of Norovirus Illness Among Wildfire Evacuation Shelter Populations - Butte and Glenn Counties, California, November 2018.

The Camp Fire, California's deadliest wildfire, began November 8, 2018, and was extinguished November 25 (1). Approximately 1,100 evacuees from the fire sought emergency shelter. On November 10, acute gastroenteritis (AGE) was reported in two evacuation shelters; norovirus illness was suspected, because it is commonly detected in shelter-associated AGE outbreaks. Norovirus is highly contagious and resistant to several disinfectants. Butte County Public Health Department (BCPHD), assisted by the California Department of Public Health (CDPH), initiated active surveillance to identify cases, confirm the etiology, and assess shelter infection prevention and control (IPC) practices to guide recommendations. During November 8-30, a total of 292 patients with AGE were identified among nine evacuation shelters; norovirus was detected in 16 of 17 unique patient stool specimens. Shelter IPC assessments revealed gaps in illness surveillance, isolation practices, cleaning, disinfection, and handwashing. CDPH and BCPHD collaborated with partner agencies to implement AGE screening, institute isolation protocols and 24-hour cleaning services, and promote proper hand hygiene. During disasters with limited resources, damaged infrastructure, and involvement of multiple organizations, establishing shelter disease surveillance and IPC is difficult. However, prioritizing effective surveillance and IPC at shelter activation is necessary to prevent, identify, and contain outbreaks.

Field studies evaluating the direct, indirect, total, and overall efficacy of Streptococcus suis autogenous vaccine in nursery pigs.

Vaccine effectiveness (VE) was evaluated on a farrow-to-finish farm experiencing mortality due to Streptococcus suis. Direct, indirect, total, and overall vaccine effectiveness were analyzed by vaccinating only 75% of pigs in each litter. Cox's regression and logistic regression revealed total and overall VE to be 27% and 21%, respectively.

Études sur le terrain évaluant l'efficacité directe, indirecte, totale et globale du vaccin autogène pour Streptococcus suis chez les porcelets sevrés. L'efficacité vaccinale (EV) a été évaluée dans une ferme de naissage-engraissage aux prises avec des mortalités causées par Streptococcus suis. L'efficacité vaccinale directe, indirecte, totale et globale ont été analysées en vaccinant seulement 75 % des porcs dans chaque portée. La régression de Cox et la régression logistique ont révélé que l'EV totale et l'EV globale étaient de 27 % et 21 %, respectivement.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).

Factors contributing to mortality during a Streptoccocus suis outbreak in nursery pigs.

The objective of this study was to investigate the association between sow- and litter-level factors with mortality in a swine nursery barn experiencing a severe Streptococcus suis disease outbreak. All-cause mortality data from a 300-sow farrow-to-finish herd was analyzed using a Cox's regression model. The data were recorded over 6 months and included 24 cohorts, 297 sows, 295 litters, and 2779 piglets with an average of 14.4% post-weaning mortality. If the sows had 2 litters within the study period and pigs from their first litter experienced mortality, then pigs from their subsequent litter had a decreased risk of mortality [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.34, P < 0.05]. Pigs were more likely to experience mortality if at least 1 additional littermate experienced mortality (HR = 9.22, P = 0.001). Under conditions of this study, the results suggest mechanisms related to sow immunity and within-litter spread that could have contributed to the risk of mortality during the S. suis outbreak.

Facteurs contribuant à la mortalité durant une éclosion de Streptoccocus suis chez des porcelets en pouponnière. Cette étude avait pour objectif de faire enquête sur l'association entre les facteurs au niveau de la truie et de la portée en lien avec la mortalité dans une pouponnière de porcelets aux prises avec une grave éclosion de maladie causée par Streptococcus suis. Les données sur toutes les causes de mortalité provenant d'un troupeau de 300 truies de naissage-finition ont été analysées en utilisant un modèle de régression de Cox. Les données ont été enregistrées pendant 6 mois et incluaient 24 cohortes, 297 truies, 295 portées et 2779 porcelets avec une moyenne de mortalité après le sevrage de 14,4 %. Si les truies avaient 2 portées durant la période de l'étude et qu'il y avait de la mortalité chez les porcs de leur première portée, alors les porcs de leur portée subséquente présentaient un risque réduit de mortalité (taux de risque [TR] = 0,34, P < 0,05). Il était plus probable qu'il y ait de la mortalité chez les porcs si au moins 1 autre compagnon de portée était mort (TR = 9,22, P = 0,001). En vertu des conditions de cette étude, les résultats suggèrent des mécanismes associés à l'immunité des truies et à l'écart au sein de la portée qui ont pu contribuer au risque de mortalité durant l'éclosion de S. suis.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).