The nucleus pulposus microenvironment in the intervertebral disc: the fountain of youth?

The intervertebral disc (IVD) is a complex tissue, and its degeneration remains a problem for patients, without significant improvement in treatment strategies. This mostly age-related disease predominantly affects the nucleus pulposus (NP), the central region of the IVD. The NP tissue, and especially its microenvironment, exhibit changes that may be involved at the outset or affect the progression of IVD pathology. The NP tissue microenvironment is unique and can be defined by a variety of specific factors and components characteristic of its physiology and function. NP progenitor cell interactions with their surrounding microenvironment may be a key factor for the regulation of cellular metabolism, phenotype, and stemness. Recently, celltransplantation approaches have been investigated for the treatment of degenerative disc disease, highlighting the need to better understand if and how transplanted cells can give rise to healthy NP tissue. Hence, understanding all the components of the NP microenvironment seems to be critical to better gauge the success and outcomes of approaches for tissue engineering and future clinical applications. Knowledge about the components of the NP microenvironment, how NP progenitor cells interact with them, and how changes in their surroundings can alter their function is summarised. Recent discoveries in NP tissue engineering linked to the microenvironment are also reviewed, meaning how crosstalk within the microenvironment can be adjusted to promote NP regeneration. Associated clinical problems are also considered, connecting bench-to-bedside in the context of IVD degeneration.

On-farm detection of claw lesions in dairy cows based on acoustic analyses and machine learning.

Claw lesions are a serious problem on dairy farms, affecting both the health and welfare of the cow. Automated detection of lameness with a practical, on-farm application would support the early detection and treatment of lame cows, potentially reducing the number and severity of claw lesions. Therefore, in this study, a method was proposed for the detection of claw lesions based on the acoustic analysis of a cow's gait. A panel was constructed to measure the impact sound of animals walking over it. The recorded impact sound was edited, and 640 sound files from 64 cows were analyzed. The classification of animal-lameness status was performed using a machine-learning process with a random forest algorithm. The gold standard was a 2-point scale of hoof-trimming results (healthy vs. affected), and 38 properties of the recorded sound files were used as influencing factors. A prediction model for classifying the cow lameness was built using a random forest algorithm. This was validated by comparing the reference output from hoof-trimming with the model output concerning the impact sound. Altering the likelihood settings and changing the cutoff value to predict lame animals improved the prediction model. At a cutoff at 0.4, a decreased false-negative rate was generated, and the false-positive rate only increased slightly. This model obtained a sensitivity of 0.81 and a specificity of 0.97. With this procedure, Cohen's Kappa value of 0.80 showed good agreement between model classification and diagnoses from hoof-trimming. In summary, the prediction model enabled the detection of cows with claw lesions. This study shows that lameness can be detected by machine learning from the impact sound of hoofs in dairy cows.

Anterior column reconstruction of the thoracolumbar spine with a new modular PEEK vertebral body replacement device: retrospective clinical and radiologic cohort analysis of 48 cases with 1.7-years follow-up.

PURPOSE: To evaluate whether a new PEEK vertebral body replacement can maintain the sagittal alignment as an anterior column reconstruction device in thoracic and lumbar spinal defects due to trauma or tumor. METHODS: Retrospective review of 48 patients who underwent a corpectomy between T5 and L5 due to trauma or tumor and were stabilized with the new PEEK vertebral body replacement, between 2013 and 2017. We excluded patients who underwent a corpectomy for infection or degenerative disease and patients without complete follow-up in our institution. The primary outcome was the bi-segmental kyphotic angle (BKA). Secondary outcomes were the assessment of pedicle screw loosening, cage height, and subsidence or tilting of the cage. The clinical outcomes were assessed through the COMI-Score, EuroQol-5D, and Karnofsky indexes. Bony fusion and complications were registered. RESULTS: After the surgery BKA decreased by 12.1° (p < 0.001). At the end of the follow-up, we observed a mean loss of reduction of 1.6° (p = 0.002). This was accompanied by an increase in subsidence of 2.1 mm (p < 0.001) and mean tilting of the cage of 1.4° (p = 0.003). The height of the cage and other parameters did not experience any changes. Clinically, the COMI-Score (p = 0.02) and the EuroQol-5D Index (p = 0.012) showed significant improvement, same as Karnofsky-Index (p = 0.015) at final follow-up. The fusion rate according to Bridwell was 92.1%. The 2% late complications were related to implant malpositioning. CONCLUSION: The new PEEK expandable vertebral body replacement is effective and safe in thoracic and lumbar anterior column reconstruction in tumor and trauma diseases.

CD146/MCAM distinguishes stem cell subpopulations with distinct migration and regenerative potential in degenerative intervertebral discs.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to characterize the mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) subpopulation migrating towards a degenerated intervertebral disc (IVD) and to assess its regenerative potential. DESIGN: Based on initial screening for migration towards C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5), the migration potential of CD146+ and CD146- mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) was evaluated in vitro and in a degenerated organ culture model (degeneration by high-frequency loading in a bioreactor). Discogenic differentiation potential of CD146+ and CD146- MSCs was investigated by in vitro pellet culture assay with supplementation of growth and differentiation factor-6 (GDF6). Furthermore, trypsin degenerated IVDs were treated by either homing or injection of CD146+ or CD146- MSCs and glycosaminoglycan synthesis was evaluated by Sulphur 35 incorporation after 35 days of culture. RESULTS: Surface expression of CD146 led to a higher number of migrated MSCs both in vitro and in organ culture. CD146+ and CD146- pellets responded with a similar up-regulation of anabolic markers. A higher production of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAG)/DNA was observed for CD146+ pellets, while in organ cultures, sGAG synthesis rate was higher for IVDs treated with CD146- MSCs by either homing or injection. CONCLUSIONS: The CD146+ MSC subpopulation held greater migration potential towards degenerative IVDs, while the CD146- cells induced a stronger regenerative response in the resident IVD cells. These findings were independent of the application route (injection vs migration). From a translational point of view, our data suggests that CD146+ MSCs may be suitable for re-population, while CD146- MSCs may represent the primary choice for stimulation of endogenous IVD cells.

Reactive seizures in cats: A retrospective study of 64 cases.

Epileptic seizures are a common indication for neurological evaluation. This retrospective study reviewed 789 cats referred for epileptic seizure evaluation to the Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery of the University of Veterinary Medicine in Hannover, between 1998 and 2017. The aim of this study was to determine common causes for reactive seizures (RS) in cats. Reactive seizures were diagnosed in 62 (7.9%) of 789 feline patients. The most common cause of RS was presumptive or confirmed intoxication (n=34/62; 54.8%). Toxins included permethrin (n=5/62; 8.1%), fipronil (n=1/62; 1.6%), and pesticide (n=1/62; 1.6%). Other common causes were hepatic and renal encephalopathy (n=6/62; 9.7% each), hypertension (n=5/62; 8.1%), hyperthyroidism (n=3/62; 4.8%), hypoglycaemia (n=3/62; 4.8%), and hyperglycaemia (n=1/62; 1.6%). Most commonly, cats with RS presented with generalised tonic-clonic seizures (n=25/62; 40.3%). A single status epilepticus was observed in 9.7% (n=6/62) and 4.8% (n=3/62) presented only with cluster seizures. Focal seizures were the only presenting sign in 3.2% (n=2/62) of cases, however in 4.8% (n=3/62) they were accompanied by tonic-clonic seizures. The mean age of all cats presented for RS was 10.8 years. In the intoxication group, the mean age was 2.9 years. Intoxication (confirmed or presumptive) was the most common cause of RS identified. Clinicians should suspect intoxication when other causes of RS are excluded; when there are appropriate historical findings; when the cat is frequently unobserved by the owner; when symptomatic treatment leads to cessation of epileptic seizures; and when seizures do not recur after treatment has been discontinued.

Gunshot induced injuries in orthopaedic trauma research. A bibliometric analysis of the most influential literature.

A growing burden of gunshot injuries demands evidence-based ballistic trauma management. No comprehensive systematic overview of the current knowledge is available to date. This study aims to identify and analyze the most influential publications in the field of orthopedic ballistic trauma research. All databases available in the Thomson Reuters Web of Knowledge were searched to conduct this bibliometrical study. The most cited orthopedic ballistic trauma articles published between 1950 and 2015 were identified by use of a multi-step approach. Publications with ten citations and more were analyzed for citations, journal, authorship, geographic origin, area of research, anatomical site, study type, study category, and level of evidence. Citations of the 128 included studies ranged from 113 to 10. These were published in fifty different journals between 1953 and 2011. Most publications (n=106; 83%) originated from the USA, were retrospective (n=85; 66.4%), level IV studies (n=90; 70.3%), reported on spinal gunshot injuries (n=49; 38.33%) and were published between 1980 and 2000 (n=111; 86.7%). This bibliometric study provides the first comprehensive overview of influential publications in the field of orthopedic ballistic trauma research. More prospective studies and high-quality systematic reviews are needed. Centres with a high burden of gunshot injuries from the developing world need to share their experience in form of international publications, to provide a more comprehensive picture of the global gun-related orthopedic injury burden. TYPE OF STUDY: bibliometric analysis: level III.

Pedicle screw augmentation in osteoporotic spine: indications, limitations and technical aspects.

PURPOSE: The need for spinal instrumented fusion in osteoporotic patients is rising. In this review, we try to give an overview of the current spectrum of pedicle screw augmentation techniques, safety aspects and indications. METHODS: Review of literature and discussion of indications, limitations and technical aspects. RESULTS: Various studies have shown higher failure rates in osteoporotic patients, most probably due to reduced bone quality and a poor bone-screw interface. Augmentation of pedicle screws with bone cement, such as polymethylmethacrylate or calcium based cements, is one valid option to enhance fixation if required. CONCLUSIONS: Crucial factors for success in the use of augmented screws are careful patient selection, a proper technique and choice of the ideal cement augmentation option.

Effects of concurrent perioperative use of marbofloxacin and cimicoxib or carprofen in dogs.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate possible interactions visible on electroencephalogram recordings caused by concomitant administration of marbofloxacin and carprofen or cimicoxib in dogs without central nervous system disease. METHODS: Totally 21 client-owned dogs undergoing different surgeries were included in a randomised, blinded, clinical study. Each dog was assigned to one of two groups treated with either carprofen or cimicoxib pre- and postoperatively. After anaesthetic induction both groups received marbofloxacin intravenously while recording an electroencephalogram. Offline electroencephalogram analysis included qualitative evaluation and Fast Fourier Transformation. Postoperative analgesia was evaluated for 24 hours and after 10 days with the short-form Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale. Statistical analysis included Wilcoxon signed rank test, Mann-Whitney U test and Student's t-test with α set at 5%. RESULTS: Marbofloxacin injection caused no effects on quantitative and qualitative electroencephalogram parameters in both groups. No differences in postoperative pain scoring were found between treatment groups. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Concurrent use of marbofloxacin with either cimicoxib or carprofen did not induce neuroexcitatory activities in dogs without CNS disease directly after administration.

Fetuin A is a Predictor of Liver Fat in Preoperative Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

BACKGROUND: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and steatohepatitis (NASH) are frequent comorbidities in perioperative patients. However, the predictive role of the hepatokine fetuin A was not evaluated in this collective. OBJECTIVE: To study fetuin A as predictor of NAFLD/NASH in preoperative patients. METHODS: 58 subjects were included. Fetuin A was studied in patients undergoing open abdominal surgery and in a subset with acute liver failure. Blood and liver specimens were sampled. NAFLD was histologically evaluated. Liver fat was additionally analyzed by an enzymatic approach, circulating fetuin A by enzyme linked-immunosorbent assay, fetuin A mRNA by reverse-transcription PCR. RESULTS: Univariate correlation studies linked fetuin A to liver steatosis (r = 0.40, p = .029) and hepatocellular ballooning degeneration (r = 0.34, p = .026). Compared to non-NAFLD subjects fetuin A was increased in NAFLD (p = .009) and in NASH (p = .029). However, when corrected for main confounders by linear modeling, fetuin A remained related to hepatic steatosis, but not to ballooning degeneration or other NAFLD features. In support of this, biochemically analyzed liver lipids correlated with fetuin A in plasma (r = 0.34, p = .033) and with hepatic fetuin A mRNA (r = 0.54, p < .001). In addition, plasma fetuin A was related to hepatic mRNA (r = 0.32, p = .036), while circulating levels were reduced by 64% with acute liver failure (p < .001), confirming the liver as main fetuin A source. CONCLUSION: Fetuin A is suggested as noninvasive biomarker of hepatic steatosis in preoperative settings.

Can natural levels of Al influence Cu speciation and toxicity to Daphnia magna in a Swedish soft water lake?

It is well known that chemical parameters, such as natural organic matter (NOM), cation content and pH may influence speciation and toxicity of metals in freshwaters. Advanced bioavailability models, e.g. Biotic Ligand Models (BLMs), can use these and other chemical parameters to calculate site specific recommendations for metals in the aquatic environment. However, since Al is not an input parameter in the BLM v.2.2.3, used in this study, there could be a discrepancy between calculated and measured results in Al rich waters. The aim of this study was to evaluate if the presence of Al in a circumneutral (pH ∼6) soft humic freshwater, Lake St. Envättern, will affect the Cu speciation and thereby the toxicity to the cladoceran Daphnia magna. The results show a statistically significant increase in the free Cu(2+) concentration with Al additions and that measured levels of Cu(2+) significantly differed from BLM calculated levels of Cu(2+). Furthermore, there was also a statistically significant elevated acute toxic response to D. magna at low additions of Al (10 µg/L). However, since the large difference between calculated and measured Cu(2+) resulted in a significant but minor (factor of 2.3) difference between calculated and measured toxicity, further studies should be conducted in Al rich soft waters to evaluate the importance of adding Al as an input parameter into the BLM software.

Evaluation of current copper bioavailability tools for soft freshwaters in Sweden.

The Water Framework Directive (WFD) in Europe calls for an improved aquatic ecological status. Biotic ligand models (BLM) have been suggested as a possible tool assisting in the regulatory process. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the applicability of BLM under the WFD to set environmental quality standards (EQS), in particular regarding copper in Swedish freshwaters of which many are softer than those used for model calibration. Three different BLMs, one acute and two chronic, were applied to water chemistry data from 926 lakes and 51 rivers (1530 data entries) and evaluated with respect to their calibration range for input parameters. In addition, the predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) for copper was calculated. From the 1530 data entries, 750 ended up outside of the BLM calibration range, when looking at the chemical parameters Ca(2+), alkalinity, pH and DOC, primarily due to low carbonate alkalinity. Furthermore, the calculated Cu PNECs were higher than the suggested Swedish limit for Cu (4µgL(-1)) in surface waters for 98% and 99% of the cases concerning lakes and rivers, respectively. To conclude, our findings show that water chemical characteristics outside of the calibration ranges are quite common in Sweden and that the investigated models differ in how they calculate toxicity concerning Cu under these conditions. As a consequence, additional work is required to validate the BLMs by use of bioassays with representative species of soft waters. Such results will show if these models can be used outside of their calibration ranges and also which of the models that gives the most reliable results.

Predictions of Cu toxicity in three aquatic species using bioavailability tools in four Swedish soft freshwaters.

BACKGROUND: The EU member countries are currently implementing the Water Framework Directive to promote better water quality and overview of their waters. The directive recommends the usage of bioavailability tools, such as biotic ligand models (BLM), for setting environmental quality standards (EQS) for metals. These models are mainly calibrated towards a water chemistry found in the south central parts of Europe. However, freshwater chemistry in Scandinavia often has higher levels of DOC (dissolved organic carbon), Fe and Al combined with low pH compared to the central parts of Europe. In this study, copper (Cu) toxicities derived by two different BLM software were compared to bioassay-derived toxicity for Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Daphnia magna and D. pulex in four Swedish soft water lakes. RESULTS: A significant under- and over prediction between measured and BLM calculated toxicity was found; for P. subcapitata in three of the four lakes and for the daphnids in two of the four lakes. The bioassay toxicity showed the strongest relationship with Fe concentrations and DOC. Furthermore, DOC was the best predictor of BLM results, manifested as positive relationships with calculated LC50 and NOEC for P. subcapitata and D. magna, respectively. CONCLUSION: Results from this study indicate that the two investigated BLM softwares have difficulties calculating Cu toxicity, foremost concerning the algae. The analyses made suggest that there are different chemical properties affecting the calculated toxicity as compared to the measured toxicity. We recommend that tests including Al, Fe and DOC properties as BLM input parameters should be conducted. This to observe if a better consensus between calculated and measured toxicity can be established.

Impact of tetrodotoxin application and lidocaine supplementation on equine jejunal smooth muscle contractility and activity of the enteric nervous system in vitro.

By blocking the enteric nervous system (ENS) using tetrodotoxin (TTX), previous studies have documented the contractility-enhancing (CE) effects of lidocaine in equine intestinal smooth muscle (SM) at the level of SM cells and/or interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). The present study examined the impact of ENS deactivation on CE lidocaine effects, and investigated the effects of lidocaine on ENS activity. TTX application did not affect the CE effects of lidocaine, indicating that these were not mediated by TTX-sensitive sodium channels. Application of TTX or ≥100 mg/L lidocaine reduced ENS activity. Although such concentrations of lidocaine exceed therapeutic blood concentrations, tissue concentrations may be higher with the potential to reduce ENS activity and impair intestinal motility in vivo. Improved understanding of underlying mechanisms is relevant for therapeutic use of lidocaine in horses with postoperative ileus.

Adherence to consensus-based diagnosis and treatment guidelines in adult soft-tissue sarcoma patients: a French prospective population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Soft-tissue sarcomas (STSs) are rare tumors with varied histological presentations. Management and treatment are thus complex, but crucial for patient outcomes. We assess adherence to adult STS management guidelines across two French regions (10% of the French population). We also report standardized incidence. PATIENTS AND METHODS: STS patients diagnosed from 1 November 2006 to 31 December 2007 were identified from pathology reports, medical hospital records, and cancer registries. Guideline adherence was assessed by 23 criteria (validated by Delphi consensus method), and age and sex-standardized incidence rates estimated. Associations between patient, treatment, and institutional factors and adherence with three major composite criteria relating to diagnostic imaging and biopsy as well as multidisciplinary team (MDT) case-review are reported. RESULTS: Two hundred and seventy-four patients were included (57.7% male, mean age 60.8 years). Practices were relatively compliant overall, with over 70% adherence for 10 criteria. Three criteria with perfect Delphi consensus had low adherence: receiving histological diagnosis before surgery, adequacy of histological diagnosis (adherence around 50% for both), and MDT discussion before surgery (adherence <30%). Treatment outside of specialized centers was associated with lower adherence for all three composite criteria, and specific tumor sites and/or features were associated with lower adherence for diagnostic imaging, methods, and MDT meetings. STS standardized incidence rates were 4.09 (European population) and 3.33 (World) /100 000 inhabitants. CONCLUSIONS: Initial STS diagnosis and treatment across all stages (imaging, biopsy, and MDT meetings) need improving, particularly outside specialized centers. Educational interventions to increase surgeon's sarcoma awareness and knowledge and to raise patients' awareness of the importance of seeking expert care are necessary.

Elevated hepatic chemerin mRNA expression in human non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

OBJECTIVE: Adipose tissue-derived factors link non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with obesity, which has also been reported for circulating chemerin. On the other hand, hepatic chemerin and chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1) mRNA expression has not yet been studied in an extensively characterized patient collective. DESIGN: This study was cross-sectional and experimental in design. METHODS: Liver tissue samples were harvested from 47 subjects and histologically examined according to the NAFLD activity score (NAS). The concentrations of chemerin and CMKLR1 were measured using semi-quantitative real-time PCR, and the concentration of serum chemerin was measured using ELISA. To evaluate potential effects of chemerin and CMKLR1, cultured primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) were exposed to selected metabolites known to play a role in NAFLD (insulin, glucagon, palmitoic acid, and interleukin-6 (IL6)). RESULTS: Chemerin and CMKLR1 mRNA levels were elevated in the human liver. Their expression was correlated with the NAS (R(2)=0.543; P<0.001 and R(2)=0.355; P=0.014 respectively) and was significantly elevated in patients with definite non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) (P<0.05 respectively). Linear regression analysis confirmed an independent association of liver fibrosis, steatosis, inflammation, and hepatocyte ballooning with hepatic chemerin mRNA expression (P<0.05 respectively). The expression of hepatic chemerin and CMKLR1 was correlated with the measures of obesity (P<0.05). The incubation of PHHs with IL6 significantly increased the expression of CMKLR1 mRNA (P=0.027), while that of chemerin remained unaffected (P>0.05). None of the other metabolites showed an influence (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: This is the first study to show that chemerin mRNA expression is significantly elevated in the liver of NASH patients and that CMKLR1 expression is upregulated in liver inflammation, whereby IL6 could play a causal role.

[The role of a hospital-based registry of a regional cancer center for a population-based cancer registry]. / Intérêt des données du registre hospitalier (Enquête permanente cancer) d'un centre régional de lutte contre le cancer pour un registre de cancer en population.

BACKGROUND: Hospital-based cancer registries (HBR) of Comprehensive cancer centers (CCC) named "Enquête permanente cancer (EPC)" could represent an important information source of data for a population-based cancer registry (PBR). The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the concordance between data from HBR of the CCC for regions of Bordeaux and South-Western France and data from PBR of the General cancer registry of Gironde and the completeness for the year 2005, in order to explore the possibility for immediate integration of data collected by the HBR in the database of the PBR and to reduce the systematic consultation of medical records for cancer cases notified by the HBR. METHODS: We estimated the proportion of concordant cases between the HBR and the PBR and the unweighted and weighted Cohen's Kappa coefficient for certain variables. RESULTS: Among 1151 cases notified by the HBR, 1095 (positive predictive value of HBR: 95%) were included in the PBR database. For these admissible cases, sex, birth date and place for residence postal code at diagnosis were concordant in more than 94%. Concordance of cancer incidence date was 50% but difference between two dates was lower than 1 month in 91% of cases. Concordance of cancer topography and morphology was respectively 72% and 78%. Cancer progression, estimated by TNM classification was concordant in 96% of cases. The Kappa coefficient was 0.95 for pT, and respectively 0.92 for pN and M. CONCLUSION: Automatic data integration from the HBR database to the PBR database without consulting medical record will be possible in Gironde. But, topography and morphology will be systematically recoded using pathologist records. And, if cancer progression (coded by TNM classification) is missing in the HBR database, medical records will be consulted in order to complete this data in the PBR database.

Percutaneous cement augmentation techniques for osteoporotic spinal fractures.

Minimally invasive vertebral augmentation-based techniques have been used for the treatment of spinal fractures (osteoporotic and malignant) for approximately 25 years. In this review, we try to give an overview of the current spectrum of percutaneous augmentation techniques, safety aspects and indications. Crucial factors for success are careful patient selection, proper technique and choice of the ideal cement augmentation option. Most compression fractures present a favourable natural course, with reduction of pain and regainment of mobility after a few days to several weeks, whereas other patients experience a progressive collapse and persisting pain. In this situation, percutaneous cement augmentation is an effective treatment option with regards to pain and disability reduction, improvement of quality of life and ambulatory and pulmonary function.

In vitro effects of lidocaine on the contractility of equine jejunal smooth muscle challenged by ischaemia-reperfusion injury.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Post operative ileus (POI) in horses is a severe complication after colic surgery. A commonly used prokinetic drug is lidocaine, which has been shown to have stimulatory effects on intestinal motility. The cellular mechanisms through which lidocaine affects smooth muscle activity are not yet known. OBJECTIVES: To examine the effects of lidocaine on smooth muscle in vitro and identify mechanisms by which it may affect the contractility of intestinal smooth muscle. HYPOTHESIS: Ischaemia and reperfusion associated with intestinal strangulation can cause smooth muscle injury. Consequently, muscle cell functionality and contractile performance is decreased. Lidocaine can improve basic cell functions and thereby muscle cell contractility especially in ischaemia-reperfusion-challenged smooth muscle. METHODS: To examine the effects of lidocaine on smooth muscle function directly, isometric force performance was measured in vitro in noninjured and in vivo ischaemia-reperfusion injured smooth muscle tissues. Dose-dependent response of lidocaine was measured in both samples. To assess membrane permeability as a marker of basic cell function, release of creatine kinase (CK) was measured by in vitro incubations. RESULTS: Lidocaine-stimulated contractility of ischaemia-reperfusion injured smooth muscle was more pronounced than that of noninjured smooth muscle. A 3-phasic dose-dependency was observed with an initial recovery of contractility especially in ischaemia-reperfusion injured smooth muscle followed by a plateau phase where contractility was maintained over a broad concentration range. CK release was decreased by lidocaine. CONCLUSION: Lidocaine may improve smooth muscle contractility and basic cell function by cellular repair mechanisms which are still unknown. Improving contractility of smooth muscle after ischaemia-reperfusion injury is essential in recovery of propulsive intestinal motility. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Characterisation of the cellular mechanisms of effects of lidocaine, especially on ischaemia-reperfusion injured smooth muscle, may lead to improved treatment strategies for horses with POI.

Temperament traits of beef calves measured under field conditions and their relationships to performance.

A total of 3,050 German Angus (Aberdeen Angus x German dual-purpose breeds), Charolais, Hereford, Limousin, and German Simmental calves were used to examine temperament traits of beef cattle using 2 different test procedures. The chute test and the flight-speed test have been validated in terms of routine on-farm applicability. Behavior tests were performed in 2006 and 2007 on 24 commercial beef cattle farms located in the northern and eastern part of Germany. A single, trained observer assigned subjective scores to characterize the behavior of each animal during restraint in the head gate (calm, restless shifting, squirming, vigorous movement, violent struggling) and when leaving the chute (walk, trot, run, jumping out of the chute). Breed was a significant source of variation in chute scores and flight-speed scores (P < 0.001). Charolais and Limousin cattle had the greatest scores in both traits, whereas Herefords had the least (P < 0.001) chute scores. German Angus and Hereford calves had the least (P < 0.001) flight-speeds, indicating that these breeds have a more favorable temperament. Temperament scores differed significantly between male and female calves (P < 0.01), with females scoring better for both traits. Average daily BW gains of the calves were significantly influenced by effects of breed (P < 0.001) and sex (P < 0.001) of the calves. Heritabilities were estimated for chute- and flight-speed scores of beef cattle. They were least for chute score and flight-speed score of Limousin cattle with values of 0.11. In contrast, greatest heritabilities were 0.33 for chute score and 0.36 for flight-speed score of Hereford cattle. Genetic correlations were estimated among both temperament traits, with values between 0.57 and 0.98. Chute scores and visual flight-speed scores were negatively correlated with daily BW gain of the calves in most breeds. The results presented in this paper indicate that on-farm evaluation of beef cattle temperament is possible, either using the chute test or the flight-speed test. Genetic selection seems to be promising to improve temperament traits of beef cattle without decreasing production traits like ADG of the calves.

Basement membrane component laminin-5 is a target of the tumor suppressor Smad4.

The tumor suppressor Smad4 is involved in carcinogenesis mainly of the pancreas and colon. Functional inactivation of Smad4 is a genetically late event that occurs upon transition from premalignant stages to invasive and metastatic growth. Smad4 encodes an intracellular messenger common to all signalling cascades induced by members of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily of cytokines. Despite extensive knowledge about the mechanisms of TGF-beta/Smad signal transduction, little is known about Smad4 targets involved in the transition to malignancy. The hallmark of invasive growth is a breakdown of the basement membrane (BM), a specialized sheet of extracellular matrix produced through cooperation of epithelial and stromal cells. Laminin-5, a heterotrimeric epithelial-derived BM component, is commonly lost in carcinomas but not in premalignant tumors. Herein, we report that in human colon and pancreatic tumor cells, Smad4 functions as a positive transcriptional regulator of all three genes encoding laminin-5. Coordinate re-expression of the three laminin-5 chains induced by reconstitution of Smad4 leads to secretion and deposition of the heterotrimeric molecule in BM-like structures. These data define the expression control of an essential BM component as a novel function for the tumor suppressor Smad4.