Feeding frequency can affect the morphology of reproductive tract in broiler breeder hens.

This study examined the influence of feeding frequency on the morphology of the reproductive tract in broiler breeder hens, with a focus on the liver, ovary, and oviduct. A total of 364 hens and 52 roosters, starting at 31 wk of age and continuing until the end of their 38th week, were divided into 13 groups with varying feeding frequencies (1, 2, or 3 times daily). Significant changes in reproductive and metabolic parameters were observed, where feeding hens twice or thrice daily resulted in significantly reduced ovary weight and follicle counts (P < 0.001), while liver weight increased (P < 0.05). These findings suggesting complex interactions between feeding practices and reproductive efficiency.

Effect of chokeberry pomace as a feed additive for high-producing dairy goats on oxidative stress parameters and quality of milk.

Introduction: Chokeberry pomace, rich in polyphenolic compounds, holds potential to be a valuable feed additive for enhancing the antioxidative capacity and overall quality of milk. This study explores the impact of dietary inclusion of chokeberry pomace on oxidative stress parameters and other milk quality parameters in high-producing dairy goats. Material and Methods: Twenty-seven goats were allocated into three groups: a control group provided standard feed and two experimental groups provided feed supplemented with 15 g or 30 g of chokeberry pomace per kilogram. Milk samples were analysed for physicochemical traits, a range of enzyme activities and antioxidant properties. Results: Supplementation with chokeberry pomace significantly reduced milk fat content, enhanced antioxidative properties and increased most of the quantified enzyme activities. Total polyphenol content and reduced glutathione levels were significantly higher in the supplemented groups, correlating with improved antioxidative potential of the milk. Conclusion: Chokeberry pomace in goat diets enhances milk's antioxidative properties and upregulates its enzymatic activity profile, suggesting a potential strategy to improve the nutritional quality and health benefits of goat milk. The study underscores the utility of chokeberry pomace as a feed additive that might not only benefit animal health but also contribute to enhanced milk quality.

The Current Landscape of Hypotheses Describing the Contribution of CD4+ Heterogeneous Populations to ALS.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a poorly understood and fatal disease. It has a low prevalence and a 2-4 year survival period. Various theories and hypotheses relating to its development process have been proposed, albeit with no breakthrough in its treatment. Recently, the role of the adaptive immune system in ALS, particularly CD4+ T cells, has begun to be investigated. CD4+ T cells are a heterogeneous group of immune cells. They include highly pro-inflammatory types such as Th1 and Th17, as well as highly anti-inflammatory cells such as Tregs. However, the landscape of the role of CD4+ T cells in ALS is still not clearly understood. This review covers current hypotheses that elucidate how various CD4+ T cells can contribute to ALS development. These hypotheses include the SWITCH model, which suggests that, in the early stages of the disease, Tregs are highly capable of regulating the immune response. However, in the later stages of the disease, it seems that pro-inflammatory cells such as Th1 and Th17 are capable of overwhelming Treg function. The reason why this occurs is not known. Several research groups have proposed that CD4+ T cells as a whole might experience aging. Others have proposed that gamma delta T cells might directly target Tregs. Additionally, other research groups have argued that less well-known CD4+ T cells, such as Emoes+ CD4+ T cells, may be directly responsible for neuron death by producing granzyme B. We propose that the ALS landscape is highly complicated and that there is more than one feasible hypothesis. However, it is critical to take into consideration the differences in the ability of different populations of CD4+ T cells to infiltrate the blood-brain barrier, taking into account the brain region and the time of infiltration. Shedding more light on these still obscure factors can help to create a personalized therapy capable of regaining the balance of power in the battle between the anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cells in the central nervous system of ALS patients.

Using Copy Number Variation Data and Neural Networks to Predict Cancer Metastasis Origin Achieves High Area under the Curve Value with a Trade-Off in Precision.

The accurate identification of the primary tumor origin in metastatic cancer cases is crucial for guiding treatment decisions and improving patient outcomes. Copy number alterations (CNAs) and copy number variation (CNV) have emerged as valuable genomic markers for predicting the origin of metastases. However, current models that predict cancer type based on CNV or CNA suffer from low AUC values. To address this challenge, we employed a cutting-edge neural network approach utilizing a dataset comprising CNA profiles from twenty different cancer types. We developed two workflows: the first evaluated the performance of two deep neural networks-one ReLU-based and the other a 2D convolutional network. In the second workflow, we stratified cancer types based on anatomical and physiological classifications, constructing shallow neural networks to differentiate between cancer types within the same cluster. Both approaches demonstrated high AUC values, with deep neural networks achieving a precision of 60%, suggesting a mathematical relationship between CNV type, location, and cancer type. Our findings highlight the potential of using CNA/CNV to aid pathologists in accurately identifying cancer origins with accessible clinical tests.

Effects of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) on the Hallmarks of Aging.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is broadly used as a traditional remedy and food ingredient, and numerous preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated health benefits in a range of age-related disorders. Moreover, longevity-promoting effects have been demonstrated in several (preclinical) research models. With this work, we aimed to comprehensively review the reported effects of ginger and its bioactive constituents on the twelve established hallmarks of aging, with the ultimate goal of gaining a deeper understanding of the potential for future interventions in the area of longevity-extension and counteracting of aging-related diseases. The reviewed literature supports the favorable effects of ginger and some of its constituents on all twelve hallmarks of aging, with a particularly high number of animal research studies indicating counteraction of nutrient-sensing dysregulations, mitochondrial dysfunction, chronic inflammation, and dysbiosis. On this background, validation in human clinical trials is still insufficient or is entirely missing, with the exception of some studies indicating positive effects on deregulated nutrient-sensing, chronic inflammation, and dysbiosis. Thus, the existing body of literature clearly supports the potential of ginger to be further studied in clinical trials as a supplement for the promotion of both lifespan and health span.

The Clinical Research on Ginger (Zingiber officinale): Insights from ClinicalTrials.gov analysis.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) has a rich history of traditional medicinal use and has attracted a global interest in its health benefits. This study aims to provide insights into the clinical research landscape on ginger, focusing on its pharmacological effects and studied health-related outcomes. The study design involves systematic analysis of data from clinical trials available on ClinicalTrials.gov and discussion of findings in the context of the existing scientific knowledge. A comprehensive analysis of clinical trials registered on ClinicalTrials.gov related to ginger was first conducted, and the scientific background related to specific ginger clinical research avenues was further evaluated through PubMed searches. A variety of trial designs were identified, including treatment, prevention, and supportive care objectives. A total of 188 studies were identified on ClinicalTrials.gov, of which 89 met the inclusion criteria. Among the 89 trials, treatment objectives were predominant (47.2%), and dietary supplements (40.4%) and drugs (27%) were the most prevalent intervention types. These trials covered various health outcomes, such as antiemetic activity, analgesic function, effects on health-related quality of life, blood pressure variation, energy expenditure, and reduction in xerostomia. This study analysis provides a comprehensive overview of the clinical trials landscape on ginger, focusing on its broad spectrum of potential health benefits. While individual trials show promising results, a significant gap in the available data with a low reporting rate of final results is identified, underscoring the need for further research to establish conclusive evidence of ginger's therapeutic potentials.

FEZF2 and AIRE1: An Evolutionary Trade-off in the Elimination of Auto-reactive T Cells in the Thymus.

Autoimmune Regulator 1 (AIRE1) and Forebrain Embryonic Zinc Finger-Like Protein 2 (FEZF2) play pivotal roles in orchestrating the expression of tissue-restricted antigens (TRA) to facilitate the elimination of autoreactive T cells. AIRE1's presence in the gonads of various vertebrates has raised questions about its potential involvement in gene expression control for germline cell selection. Nevertheless, the evolutionary history of these genes has remained enigmatic, as has the rationale behind their apparent redundancy in vertebrates. Furthermore, the origin of the elimination process itself has remained elusive. To shed light on these mysteries, we conducted a comprehensive evolutionary analysis employing a range of tools, including multiple sequence alignment, phylogenetic tree construction, ancestral sequence reconstruction, and positive selection assessment. Our investigations revealed intriguing insights. AIRE1 homologs emerged during the divergence of T cells in higher vertebrates, signifying its role in this context. Conversely, FEZF2 exhibited multiple homologs spanning invertebrates, lampreys, and higher vertebrates. Ancestral sequence reconstruction demonstrated distinct origins for AIRE1 and FEZF2, underscoring that their roles in regulating TRA have evolved through disparate pathways. Furthermore, it became evident that both FEZF2 and AIRE1 govern a diverse repertoire of genes, encompassing ancient and more recently diverged targets. Notably, FEZF2 demonstrates expression in both vertebrate and invertebrate embryos and germlines, accentuating its widespread role. Intriguingly, FEZF2 harbors motifs associated with autophagy, such as DKFPHP, SYSELWKSSL, and SYSEL, a process integral to cell selection in invertebrates. Our findings suggest that FEZF2 initially emerged to regulate self-elimination in the gonads of invertebrates. As organisms evolved toward greater complexity, AIRE1 likely emerged to complement FEZF2's role, participating in the regulation of cell selection for elimination in both gonads and the thymus. This dynamic interplay between AIRE1 and FEZF2 underscores their multifaceted contributions to TRA expression regulation across diverse evolutionary contexts.

Use of #NutritionFacts to promote evidence-based nutrition information: X (formerly Twitter) hashtag analysis study.

Nutrition is a key determinant of health, and the dissemination of reliable nutrition information to consumers is of great importance for public health. Especially with the rise of digital communication technologies and the wide-spread online misinformation, the provision of qualitative science-based information related to diet is of great importance. The NutritionFacts.org has been established as a prominent online source of evidence-based nutrition information. In this work we aimed to investigate the use of the associated hashtag #NutritionFacts on X (formerly Twitter) over a 5 years period, from 10th of April 2018 to 10th of April 2023. The conducted analysis with the use of Symplur Signals revealed that 18,998 tweets mentioning #NutritionFacts were posted by 6,136 X users, generating a total of 50,348,223 impressions (views). Both institutional and individual accounts were broadly participating in the dissemination of #NutritionFacts tweets, and the user location profiling indicated wide international engagement with the hashtag. This work indicates that #NutritionFacts has been established as an important hashtag utilized on X for the dissemination of evidence-based information related to nutrition.

Patent analysis of digital sensors for continuous glucose monitoring.

The high need for optimal diabetes management among an ever-increasing number of patients dictates the development and implementation of new digital sensors for continuous glucose monitoring. The purpose of this work is to systematize the global patenting trends of digital sensors for continuous glucose monitoring and analyze their effectiveness in controlling the treatment of diabetes patients of different ages and risk groups. The Lens database was used to build the patent landscape of sensors for continuous glucose monitoring. Retrospective analysis showed that the patenting of sensors for continuous glucose monitoring had positive trend over the analyzed period (2000-2022). Leading development companies are Dexcom Inc., Abbott Diabetes Care Inc., Medtronic Minimed Inc., Roche Diabetes Care Inc., Roche Diagnostics Operations Inc., Roche Diabetes Care Gmbh, and Ascensia Diabetes Care Holdings Ag, among others. Since 2006, a new approach has emerged where digital sensors are used for continuous glucose monitoring, and smartphones act as receivers for the data. Additionally, telemedicine communication is employed to facilitate this process. This opens up new opportunities for assessing the glycemic profile (glycemic curve information, quantitative assessment of the duration and amplitude of glucose fluctuations, and so on), which may contribute to improved diabetes management. A number of digital sensors for minimally invasive glucose monitoring are patented, have received FDA approval, and have been on the market for over 10 years. Their effectiveness in the clinic has been proven, and advantages and disadvantages have been clarified. Digital sensors offer a non-invasive option for monitoring blood glucose levels, providing an alternative to traditional invasive methods. This is particularly useful for patients with diabetes who require frequent monitoring, including before and after meals, during and after exercise, and in other scenarios where glucose levels can fluctuate. However, non-invasive glucose measurements can also benefit patients without diabetes, such as those following a dietary treatment plan, pregnant women, and individuals during fasting periods like Ramadan. The availability of non-invasive monitoring is especially valuable for patients in high-risk groups and across different age ranges. New world trends have been identified in the patenting of digital sensors for non-invasive glucose monitoring in interstitial skin fluid, saliva, sweat, tear fluid, and exhaled air. A number of non-invasive devices have received the CE mark approval, which confirms that the items meet European health, safety, and environmental protection standards (TensorTip Combo-Glucometer, Cnoga Medical Ltd.; SugarBEAT, Nemaura Medical; GlucoTrack, GlucoTrack Inc.), but are not FDA-approved yet. The above-mentioned sensors have characteristics that make them popular in the treatment of diabetes: they do not require implantation, do not cause an organism reaction to a foreign body, and are convenient to use. In the EU, in order to increase clinical safety and the level of transparency about medical devices, manufacturers must obtain certificates in accordance with Regulation (EU) 2017/745, taking into account the transition period. The development of systems, which include digital sensors for continuous glucose monitoring, mobile applications, and web platforms for professional analysis of glycemic control and implementation of unified glycemic assessment principles in mobile healthcare, represent promising approaches for controlling glycaemia in patients.

Investigation of Mutated in Colorectal Cancer (MCC) Gene Family Evolution History Indicates a Putative Role in Th17/Treg Differentiation.

The MCC family of genes plays a role in colorectal cancer development through various immunological pathways, including the Th17/Treg axis. We have previously shown that MCC1 but not MCC2 plays a role in Treg differentiation. Our understanding of the genetic divergence patterns and evolutionary history of the MCC family in relation to its function, in general, and the Th17/Treg axis, in particular, remains incomplete. In this investigation, we explored 12 species' genomes to study the phylogenetic origin, structure, and functional specificity of this family. In vertebrates, both MCC1 and MCC2 homologs have been discovered, while invertebrates have a single MCC homolog. We found MCC homologs as early as Cnidarians and Trichoplax, suggesting that the MCC family first appeared 741 million years ago (Ma), whereas MCC divergence into the MCC1 and MCC2 families occurred at 540 Ma. In general, we did not detect significant positive selection regulating MCC evolution. Our investigation, based on MCC1 structural similarity, suggests that they may play a role in the evolutionary changes in Tregs' emergence towards complexity, including the ability to utilize calcium for differentiation through the use of the EFH calcium-binding domain. We also found that the motif NPSTGE was highly conserved in MCC1, but not in MCC2. The NPSTGE motif binds KEAP1 with high affinity, suggesting an Nrf2-mediated function for MCC1. In the case of MCC2, we found that the "modifier of rudimentary" motif is highly conserved. This motif contributes to the regulation of alternative splicing. Overall, our study sheds light on how the evolution of the MCC family is connected to its function in regulating the Th17/Treg axis.

Factors regulating the differences in frequency of infiltration of Th17 and Treg of the blood-brain barrier.

Controlling CD4+ immune cell infiltration of the brain is a leading aim in designing therapeutic strategies for a range of neuropathological disorders such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and depression. CD4+ T cells are a highly heterogeneous and reprogrammable family, which includes various distinctive cell types such as Th17, Th1, and Treg cells. Interestingly Th17 and Treg cells share a related transcriptomic profile, where the TGFß-SMADS pathway plays a fundamental role in regulating the differentiation of both of these cell types. However, Th17 could be highly pathogenic and was shown to promote inflammation in various neuropathological disorders. Conversely, Treg is anti-inflammatory and is known to inhibit Th17. It could be noticed that Th17 frequencies of infiltration of the blood-brain barrier in various neurological disorders are significantly upregulated. However, Treg infiltration numbers are significantly low. The reasons behind these contradicting observations are still unknown. In this perspective, we propose that the difference in the T-cell receptor repertoire diversity, diapedesis pathways, chemokine expression, and mechanical properties of these two cell types could be contributing to answering this intriguing question.

Are dental x-rays safe? Content analysis of English and Chinese YouTube videos.

Objective: This study provided a content analysis of English and Chinese YouTube videos related to dental radiation safety. Method: The search string, entered in English and Chinese respectively, was: (dental x-ray safe). The searches were performed and exported with Apify YouTube scraper. By screening the resultant videos and their related videos (as recommended by YouTube), a total of 89 videos were screened. Finally, 45 videos (36 English and nine Chinese) were included and analyzed. The specific information regarding dental radiation was evaluated. The Patient Education Material Assessment Tool for Audiovisual Materials was used to assess understandability and actionability. Results: There was no significant difference between the English and Chinese videos in terms of view count, like count, comment count, and video duration. Half of the videos explicitly reassured the audience that dental x-rays are safe. Two of the English videos specifically stated that dental x-rays do not cause cancers. Numerous analogies were made in regard to radiation dose, such as equivalence to taking a flight or eating some bananas. About 41.7% of the English videos and 33.3% of the Chinese videos mentioned that patients could be further protected from scatter radiation by wearing a lead apron and thyroid collar. Videos had a good understandability score (91.3) but a poor actionability score (0). Conclusions: Some of the analogies and the claimed radiation dose were questionable. One Chinese video even wrongly stated that dental x-rays are nonionizing radiation. The videos generally did not mention their information sources or the underlying radiation protection principles.

Public interest in different types of masks and its relationship with pandemic and policy measures during the COVID-19 pandemic: a study using Google Trends data.

Google Trends data have been used to investigate various themes on online information seeking. It was unclear if the population from different parts of the world shared the same amount of attention to different mask types during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to reveal which types of masks were frequently searched by the public in different countries, and evaluated if public attention to masks could be related to mandatory policy, stringency of the policy, and transmission rate of COVID-19. By referring to an open dataset hosted at the online database Our World in Data, the 10 countries with the highest total number of COVID-19 cases as of 9th of February 2022 were identified. For each of these countries, the weekly new cases per million population, reproduction rate (of COVID-19), stringency index, and face covering policy score were computed from the raw daily data. Google Trends were queried to extract the relative search volume (RSV) for different types of masks from each of these countries. Results found that Google searches for N95 masks were predominant in India, whereas surgical masks were predominant in Russia, FFP2 masks were predominant in Spain, and cloth masks were predominant in both France and United Kingdom. The United States, Brazil, Germany, and Turkey had two predominant types of mask. The online searching behavior for masks markedly varied across countries. For most of the surveyed countries, the online searching for masks peaked during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic before the government implemented mandatory mask wearing. The search for masks positively correlated with the government response stringency index but not with the COVID-19 reproduction rate or the new cases per million.

Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside as a Nutrigenomic Factor in Type 2 Diabetes and Its Prominent Impact on Health.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) accounts for a global health problem. It is a complex disease as a result of the combination of environmental as well as genetic factors. Morbidity is still increasing across the world. One of the possibilities for the prevention and mitigation of the negative consequences of type 2 diabetes is a nutritional diet rich in bioactive compounds such as polyphenols. This review is focused on cyanidin-3-O-glucosidase (C3G), which belongs to the anthocyanins subclass, and its anti-diabetic properties. There are numerous pieces of evidence that C3G exerts positive effects on diabetic parameters, including in vitro and in vivo studies. It is involved in alleviating inflammation, reducing blood glucose, controlling postprandial hyperglycemia, and gene expression related to the development of T2D. C3G is one of the beneficial polyphenolic compounds that may help to overcome the public health problems associated with T2D.

The Journey of Cancer Cells to the Brain: Challenges and Opportunities.

Cancer metastases into the brain constitute one of the most severe, but not uncommon, manifestations of cancer progression. Several factors control how cancer cells interact with the brain to establish metastasis. These factors include mediators of signaling pathways participating in migration, infiltration of the blood-brain barrier, interaction with host cells (e.g., neurons, astrocytes), and the immune system. Development of novel therapies offers a glimpse of hope for increasing the diminutive life expectancy currently forecasted for patients suffering from brain metastasis. However, applying these treatment strategies has not been sufficiently effective. Therefore, there is a need for a better understanding of the metastasis process to uncover novel therapeutic targets. In this review, we follow the journey of various cancer cells from their primary location through the diverse processes that they undergo to colonize the brain. These processes include EMT, intravasation, extravasation, and infiltration of the blood-brain barrier, ending up with colonization and angiogenesis. In each phase, we focus on the pathways engaging molecules that potentially could be drug target candidates.

Investigation of the Molecular Evolution of Treg Suppression Mechanisms Indicates a Convergent Origin.

Regulatory T cell (Treg) suppression of conventional T cells is a central mechanism that ensures immune system homeostasis. The exact time point of Treg emergence is still disputed. Furthermore, the time of Treg-mediated suppression mechanisms' emergence has not been identified. It is not yet known whether Treg suppression mechanisms diverged from a single pathway or converged from several sources. We investigated the evolutionary history of Treg suppression pathways using various phylogenetic analysis tools. To ensure the conservation of function for investigated proteins, we augmented our study using nonhomology-based methods to predict protein functions among various investigated species and mined the literature for experimental evidence of functional convergence. Our results indicate that a minority of Treg suppressor mechanisms could be homologs of ancient conserved pathways. For example, CD73, an enzymatic pathway known to play an essential role in invertebrates, is highly conserved between invertebrates and vertebrates, with no evidence of positive selection (w = 0.48, p-value < 0.00001). Our findings indicate that Tregs utilize homologs of proteins that diverged in early vertebrates. However, our findings do not exclude the possibility of a more evolutionary pattern following the duplication degeneration−complementation (DDC) model. Ancestral sequence reconstruction showed that Treg suppression mechanism proteins do not belong to one family; rather, their emergence seems to follow a convergent evolutionary pattern.

Linking key husbandry factors to the intrinsic quality of broiler meat.

Broiler farming is the fastest-growing animal production sector and broiler meat is the second most-consumed meat in the world. The intensification of broiler production often has a negative impact on the meat quality and carcass characteristics. Consumers, however, expect a quality product from animals reared extensively on farms providing good animal welfare, often intuitively associated with extensive farming practices. Therefore, this literature review investigates how the critical factors contributing to the degree of extensiveness of broiler production affect the quality of meat. We used the data from scientific articles published in the years 2012-2021 to analyze the effect of diet (n = 409), genetics (n = 86), enrichment (n = 25), and stocking density (n = 20) on meat quality and carcass characteristics. Minerals and microelements supplementation in the diet improved all the meat quality aspects: sensory, physical, and chemical in most studies. Minerals and enzymes in the diet had beneficial effects on carcass characteristics, unlike feed restriction and ingredient substitutions. The impact of outdoor access on meat quality and carcass characteristics was most frequently examined, in contrast to the use of perches or effects of litter quality. Overall, enrichment did not affect the meat's sensory or physical parameters, but outdoor access improved its lipid composition. Lower stocking density deteriorated intramuscular fat content, decreased tenderness and juiciness, yet lowered cooking and drip loss, and increased carcass and breast muscle yields. When it comes to genetics, in general, slow growing broiler strains have better meat quality parameters, especially regarding yellowness (b*), redness (a*), cooking and drip loss. Our review shows that the factors which contribute to extensiveness of broiler production systems and birds' welfare also affect meat quality and the carcass characteristics.

Nutraceutical Properties of Syringic Acid in Civilization Diseases-Review.

Civilization diseases account for a worldwide health issue. They result from daily behavioral, environmental, and genetic factors. One of the most significant opportunities to prevent and alleviate the occurrence of these diseases is a diet rich in antioxidants like polyphenols. This review paper is concentrated on syringic acid (SA), one of the representative compounds of phenolic acids subgroups. There are many in vitro and in vivo studies on SA that assess its pivotal effects on oxidative stress and inflammation parameters. It is effective on metabolic risk factors as well, including hyperglycemia, high blood pressure, and hyperlipidemia. SA is one of the prominent polyphenolic compounds that may help address health issues related to civilization diseases.

Adera2.0: A Drug Repurposing Workflow for Neuroimmunological Investigations Using Neural Networks.

Drug repurposing in the context of neuroimmunological (NI) investigations is still in its primary stages. Drug repurposing is an important method that bypasses lengthy drug discovery procedures and focuses on discovering new usages for known medications. Neuroimmunological diseases, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, multiple sclerosis, and depression, include various pathologies that result from the interaction between the central nervous system and the immune system. However, the repurposing of NI medications is hindered by the vast amount of information that needs mining. We previously presented Adera1.0, which was capable of text mining PubMed for answering query-based questions. However, Adera1.0 was not able to automatically identify chemical compounds within relevant sentences. To challenge the need for repurposing known medications for neuroimmunological diseases, we built a deep neural network named Adera2.0 to perform drug repurposing. The workflow uses three deep learning networks. The first network is an encoder and its main task is to embed text into matrices. The second network uses a mean squared error (MSE) loss function to predict answers in the form of embedded matrices. The third network, which constitutes the main novelty in our updated workflow, also uses a MSE loss function. Its main usage is to extract compound names from relevant sentences resulting from the previous network. To optimize the network function, we compared eight different designs. We found that a deep neural network consisting of an RNN neural network and a leaky ReLU could achieve 0.0001 loss and 67% sensitivity. Additionally, we validated Adera2.0's ability to predict NI drug usage against the DRUG Repurposing Hub database. These results establish the ability of Adera2.0 to repurpose drug candidates that can shorten the development of the drug cycle. The workflow could be download online.