The MARECA (national study of management of breast cancer locoregional recurrence and oncological outcomes) study: protocol for a prospective, multicentre cohort study.

Background: Despite a UK 5-year breast cancer survival rate of 86.6%, patients may develop breast cancer recurrence within the same breast after breast conserving surgery, as well as in the remaining skin or chest wall after mastectomy or in the ipsilateral lymph glands. These recurrences, collectively termed locoregional recurrence (LRR), occur in around 8% of patients within 10 years of their original diagnosis. Currently, there is a lack of robust information on the presentation and prevalence of LRR with no UK-specific clinical guidelines available for the optimal management of this patient group. Additionally, there is a need to identify patterns of LRR presentation and their progression, which will enable prognostic factors to be determined. This will subsequently enable the tailoring of treatment and improve patient outcome. Methods: The MARECA study is a prospective, multicentre cohort study recruiting patients diagnosed with breast cancer LRR +/- associated distant metastases. Over 50 UK breast units are participating in the study with the aim of recruiting at least 500 patients over a recruitment period of 24 months. The data collected will detail the tumour pathology, imaging results, surgical treatment, radiotherapy and systemic therapy of the primary and recurrent breast cancer. Study follow-up will be for up to 5 years following LRR diagnosis to determine subsequent oncological outcomes and evaluate potential prognostic factors. Discussion: This study will address the current knowledge gap and identify subgroups of patients who have less successful treatment outcomes. The results will determine the current management of LRR and the prognosis of patients diagnosed with breast cancer LRR +/- distant metastases in the UK, with the aim of establishing best practice and informing future national guidelines. The results will direct future research and inform the design of additional interventional trials and translational studies.

Mastectomy patterns among older women with early invasive breast cancer in England and Wales: A population-based cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: Older women with early invasive breast cancer (EIBC) are more likely to receive a mastectomy compared with younger women. This study assessed factors associated with receiving a mastectomy among older women with EIBC, with a particular focus on comorbidity and frailty. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Women diagnosed with EIBC (stages I-IIIa) aged ≥50 years from 2014 to 2019 in English and Welsh NHS organisations who received breast surgery were identified from cancer registration datasets linked to routine hospital data. Separate multivariable logistic regression models explored factors associated with mastectomy use, within each tumour stage (T1-T3). For each tumour stage, risk-adjusted rates of mastectomy were calculated for each NHS organisation and displayed using funnel plots. RESULTS: We included 106,952 women with EIBC: 23.4% received a mastectomy as their first breast cancer surgery. Receipt of mastectomy was more common among patients with a higher tumour stage (T1: 12.3%; T2: 37.6%; T3: 77.5%), and mastectomy use increased with age within each tumour stage category (50-59 vs 80 + years: 11.8% vs 26.3% for T1; 31.5% vs 56.9% for T2; 73.4% vs 90.3% for T3). Results from a multivariable regression model showed that more severe frailty was associated with mastectomy use for women with T1 (p = 0.002) or T2 (p = 0.003) tumours, but may not be for women with T3 tumours (p = 0.041). There was no association between comorbidity and mastectomy use after accounting for frailty (all p > 0.1). Adjusting for clinical and patient factors only slightly reduced the association between age and mastectomy use. Variation in mastectomy use between NHS organisations was greatest for women with T2 EIBC (unadjusted range: 17.7% to 68.4%). DISCUSSION: Older women with EIBC are more commonly treated with mastectomy. This could not be explained by tumour characteristics or physical fitness, raising questions about whether surgical decision-making inconsistently incorporates information on patient fitness and functional age.

Evidence into practice: a national cohort study of NICE-recommended oncological drug therapy utilisation among women diagnosed with invasive breast cancer in England.

BACKGROUND: Multiple drug treatments are approved for invasive breast cancer (IBC). We investigated uptake of NICE-recommended oncological drugs and variation by age, comorbidity burden and geographical region. METHODS: Women (aged 50+ years) diagnosed with IBC from 2014 to 2019, were identified from England Cancer Registry data and drug utilisation from Systemic Anti-Cancer Therapy data. Interrupted time series analysis assessed national-level changes in drug use after publication of NICE recommendations. Regression models analysed variation in use. RESULTS: This national cohort included 168,449 women. Use of drugs recommended for first-line treatment varied, from 26.6% for CDK 4/6 inhibitors to 63.8% for HER2-targeting therapies. Utilisation of drugs with a NICE recommendation published between 2014 and 2019, increased among patients diagnosed around the time of publication, except in the case of pertuzumab for metastatic breast cancer (MBC) which was previously accessible via the Cancer Drugs Fund (though use of pertuzumab for MBC increased from 34.1% to 75.0% across the study period). Use of trastuzumab and neoadjuvant/adjuvant pertuzumab varied by geographical region. Use was low for ribociclib (2.2%), abemaciclib (2.3%) and for drugs recommended beyond the first-line setting. For all drugs, use after NICE recommendation varied by age at diagnosis and increased as stage increased. CONCLUSIONS: Use of NICE-recommended drugs for IBC in routine care is variable, with lowest use among women aged 70+ years. Improving access to effective treatments is an important step in improving outcomes.

Outcomes of complex oncoplastic breast surgery in older women. Analysis of data from the Age Gap cohort study.

KEY WORDS: Breast cancer, mastectomy, breast conserving surgery, post-mastectomy reconstruction, older women, quality of life.

Completeness of endocrine therapy information in the Primary Care Prescription Database (PCPD) and secondary care treatment datasets: A national population-based cohort study using routine healthcare data.

BACKGROUND: Endocrine therapy (ET) is a widely used treatment for breast cancer. In the UK, use is typically initiated in secondary care, with subsequent treatment in primary care. Evaluating use of ET depends on data sources containing accurate and complete information. This study aimed to evaluate the completeness and consistency of ET recorded in primary and secondary care data (SCD) and determine the value of combining data sources in describing use of ET. METHODS: This cohort study included women (50 + years) diagnosed with hormone receptor-positive invasive breast cancer in England, April-2015 to December-2019. Concordance of ET recorded in SCD and the Primary Care Prescription Database (PCPD) was evaluated. Factors associated with recording of ET in each setting were assessed using statistical models. RESULTS: Overall 110,529 women were included. 94% had ET recorded in either SCD or PCPD. ET captured in SCD varied from 3% (in Systemic Anti-Cancer Therapy data) to 52% (in the Cancer Outcomes and Services Dataset; COSD). By contrast, 93% of patients had an ET prescription in PCPD. Among patients with ET recorded, this was not captured in COSD for 45%. Capture in COSD was lowest for younger women, those with no comorbidity/frailty, with lower stage or HER2-positive disease, or with other treatments recorded. Overall concordance between COSD and PCPD was 57%, but varied substantially across NHS trusts (lowest decile≤28%; highest decile≥86%). Among women with ET recorded in both settings, the earliest record was in COSD for 97%; 59% of initial ET prescriptions recorded in COSD were not captured in PCPD. Combining PCPD and COSD data enabled estimation of ET duration. CONCLUSIONS: PCPD is vital for understanding the use of ET within this population. Completeness of SCD could be improved by ensuring information on first ET prescription is recorded. PCPD (linked to SCD) is a valuable resource for examining patterns of care for patients with cancer, including treatment duration and adherence.

Bridging pre-surgical endocrine therapy for breast cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic: outcomes from the B-MaP-C study.

PURPOSE: The B-MaP-C study investigated changes to breast cancer care that were necessitated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Here we present a follow-up analysis of those patients commenced on bridging endocrine therapy (BrET), whilst they were awaiting surgery due to reprioritisation of resources. METHODS: This multicentre, multinational cohort study recruited 6045 patients from the UK, Spain and Portugal during the peak pandemic period (Feb-July 2020). Patients on BrET were followed up to investigate the duration of, and response to, BrET. This included changes in tumour size to reflect downstaging potential, and changes in cellular proliferation (Ki67), as a marker of prognosis. RESULTS: 1094 patients were prescribed BrET, over a median period of 53 days (IQR 32-81 days). The majority of patients (95.6%) had strong ER expression (Allred score 7-8/8). Very few patients required expedited surgery, due to lack of response (1.2%) or due to lack of tolerance/compliance (0.8%). There were small reductions in median tumour size after 3 months' treatment duration; median of 4 mm [IQR - 20, 4]. In a small subset of patients (n = 47), a drop in cellular proliferation (Ki67) occurred in 26 patients (55%), from high (Ki67 ≥ 10%) to low (< 10%), with at least one month's duration of BrET. DISCUSSION: This study describes real-world usage of pre-operative endocrine therapy as necessitated by the pandemic. BrET was found to be tolerable and safe. The data support short-term (≤ 3 months) usage of pre-operative endocrine therapy. Longer-term use should be investigated in future trials.

Clinico-pathologic relationships with Ki67 and its change with short-term aromatase inhibitor treatment in primary ER + breast cancer: further results from the POETIC trial (CRUK/07/015).

PURPOSE: Ki67 assessed at diagnosis (Ki67baseline) is an important prognostic factor in primary oestrogen receptor-positive (ER +) breast cancer. Proportional change in Ki67 after 2 weeks (∆Ki672week) is associated with clinical benefit from endocrine therapies and residual Ki67 (Ki672week) with recurrence-free survival. The aim was to define the association between Ki67baseline and after aromatase inhibitor (AI) exposure ∆Ki672week and Ki672week with key prognostic and biologic factors utilising data from the POETIC study. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In POETIC 4480 postmenopausal patients with primary ER and/or PgR + breast cancer were randomised 2:1 to 2 weeks' presurgical AI (anastrozole or letrozole) or no presurgical treatment (control). Ki67 was measured centrally in core-cut biopsies taken prior to AI and in core-cuts or the excision biopsy at surgery. Relationships between the Ki67 and biologic factors were explored using linear regression. RESULTS: Established associations of Ki67baseline with biologic factors including PgR status, tumour grade, tumour size, histological subtype, nodal status, and vascular invasion were confirmed in the HER2- subpopulation. In the HER2 + subpopulation only grade and tumour size were significantly associated with Ki67baseline. In control group Ki672week was 18% lower than Ki67baseline (p < 0.001) when Ki672week was measured in excision biopsies but not when measured in core-cuts. Median suppression by AIs (∆Ki672week) was 79.3% (IQR: -89.9 to -54.6) and 53.7% (IQR: -78.9 to -21.1) for HER2-negative and HER2-positive cases, respectively. Significantly less suppression occurred in PgR- vs PgR + and HER2 + vs HER2- tumours which remained apparent after adjustment for 2-week sample type. CONCLUSIONS: The magnitude of this study allowed characterisation of relationships between Ki67baseline, ∆Ki672week and Ki672week with high degrees of confidence providing a reference source for other studies. Lower values of Ki67 occur when measured on excision biopsies and could lead to apparent but artefactual decreases in Ki67: this should be considered when either ∆Ki672week or Ki672week is used in routine clinical practice to aid treatment decisions or in clinical trials assessing new drug therapies.

Concordance of cancer drug therapy information derived from routinely collected hospital admissions data and the Systemic Anti-Cancer Therapy (SACT) dataset, for older women diagnosed with early invasive breast cancer in England.

BACKGROUND: Evaluating uptake of oncological treatments, and subsequent outcomes, depends on data sources containing accurate and complete information about cancer drug therapy (CDT). This study aimed to evaluate the consistency of CDT information in the Hospital Episode Statistics Admitted Patient Care (HES-APC) and Systemic Anti-Cancer Therapy (SACT) datasets for early invasive breast cancer (EIBC). METHODS: The study included women (50 + years) diagnosed with EIBC in England from 2014 to 2019 who had surgery within six months of diagnosis. Concordance of CDT recorded in HES-APC (identified using OPCS codes) and SACT was evaluated at both patient-level and cycle-level. Factors associated with CDT use captured only in HES-APC were assessed using statistical models. RESULTS: The cohort contained 129,326 women with EIBC. Overall concordance between SACT and HES-APC on CDT use was 94 %. Concordance increased over the study period (91-96 %), and there was wide variation across NHS trusts (lowest decile of trusts had concordance≤77 %; highest decile≥99 %). Among women receiving CDT, 9 % (n = 2781/31693) of use was not captured in SACT; incompleteness was worst (18 %=47/259) among women aged 80 + and those diagnosed in 2014 (21%=1121/5401). OPCS codes in HES-APC were good at identifying patient-level and cycle-level use of trastuzumab or FEC chemotherapy (fluorouracil, epirubicin, cyclophosphamide), with 89 % and 93 % concordance with SACT respectively (patient-level agreement). Among cycles of solely oral CDT recorded in SACT, only 24 % were captured in HES-APC, compared to 71 % for intravenous/subcutaneous CDT. CONCLUSIONS: Combining information in HES-APC and SACT provides a more complete picture of CDT treatment in women aged 50 + receiving surgery for EIBC than using either data source alone. HES-APC may have particular value in identifying CDT use among older women, those diagnosed less recently, and in NHS trusts with low SACT data returns.

The MARECA (national study of management of breast cancer locoregional recurrence and oncological outcomes) study: National practice questionnaire of United Kingdom multi-disciplinary decision making.

INTRODUCTION: Evidence based guidelines for the optimal management of breast cancer locoregional recurrence (LRR) are limited, with potential for variation in clinical practice. This national practice questionnaire (NPQ) was designed to establish the current practice of UK breast multidisciplinary teams (MDTs) regarding LRR management. METHODS: UK breast units were invited to take part in the MARECA study MDT NPQ. Scenario-based questions were used to elicit preference in pre-operative staging investigations, surgical management, and adjuvant therapy. RESULTS: 822 MDT members across 42 breast units (out of 144; 29%) participated in the NPQ (February-August 2021). Most units (95%) routinely performed staging CT scan, but bone scan was selectively performed (31%). For patients previously treated with breast conserving surgery (BCS) and radiotherapy, few units (7%) always/usually offered repeat BCS. However, in the absence of radiotherapy, most units (90%) always/usually offered repeat BCS. For patients presenting with isolated local recurrence following previous BCS and SLNB (sentinel lymph node biopsy), most units (95%) advocated repeat SLNB. Where SLNs could not be identified, 86% proceeded to a four-node axillary sampling procedure. For ER positive, HER2 negative, node negative local recurrence, 10% of units always/usually offered chemotherapy. For ER positive, HER2 negative, node positive local recurrence, this recommendation increased to 64%. For triple negative breast cancer local recurrence, 90% of units always/usually offered chemotherapy. CONCLUSION: This survey has highlighted where consistencies and variations exist in the multidisciplinary management of breast cancer LRR. However, further research is required to determine how these management patterns influence patient outcomes, which will further refine optimal treatment pathways.

Combined Perioperative Lapatinib and Trastuzumab in Early HER2-Positive Breast Cancer Identifies Early Responders: Randomized UK EPHOS-B Trial Long-Term Results.

PURPOSE: EPHOS-B aimed to determine whether perioperative anti-HER2 therapy inhibited proliferation and/or increased apoptosis in HER2-positive breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This randomized phase II, two-part, multicenter trial included newly diagnosed women with HER2-positive invasive breast cancer due to undergo surgery. Patients were randomized to: part 1 (1:2:2), no treatment (control), trastuzumab or lapatinib; part 2 (1:1:2) control, trastuzumab, or lapatinib and trastuzumab combination. Treatment was given for 11 days presurgery. Coprimary endpoints were change in Ki67 and apoptosis between baseline and surgery tumor samples (biologic response: ≥30% change). Central pathology review scored residual cancer burden (RCB). Relapse-free survival (RFS) explored long-term effects. RESULTS: Between November 2010 and September 2015, 257 patients were randomized (part 1: control 22, trastuzumab 57, lapatinib 51; part 2: control 29, trastuzumab 32, combination 66). Ki67 response was evaluable for 223 patients: in part 1 Ki67 response occurred in 29/44 (66%) lapatinib versus 18/49 (37%) trastuzumab (P = 0.007) and 1/22 (5%) control (P < 0.0001); in part 2 in 36/49 (74%) combination versus 14/31 (45%) trastuzumab (P = 0.02) and 2/28 (7%) control (P < 0.0001). No significant increase in apoptosis after 11 days was seen in treatment groups. Six patients achieved complete pathologic response (pCR, RCB0) and 13 RCB1, all but two in the combination group. After 6 years median follow-up, 28 (11%) had recurrence and 19 (7%) died. No recurrences or deaths were observed among patients who achieved a pCR. Ki67% falls ≥50% associated with fewer recurrences (P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Early response after short duration anti-HER2 dual therapy identifies cancers dependent on the HER2 pathway providing a strategy for exploring risk-adapted individualized treatment de-escalation.

The association between guideline adherence, age and overall survival among women with non-metastatic breast cancer: A systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Conformity with treatment guidelines should benefit patients. Studies have reported variation in adherence to breast cancer (BC) guidelines, particularly among older women. This study investigated (i) whether adherence to treatment guideline recommendations for women with non-metastatic BC improves overall survival (OS), (ii) whether that relationship varies by age. METHODOLOGY: MEDLINE and EMBASE were systematically searched for studies on guideline adherence and OS in women with non-metastatic BC, published after January 2000, which examined recommendations on breast surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy or endocrine therapy. Study results were summarised using narrative synthesis. RESULTS: Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria. The recommendations for each treatment covered were similar, but studies differed in their definitions of adherence. 5-year OS rates among patients having compliant treatment ranged from 91.3% to 93.2%, while rates among patients having non-compliant treatment ranged from 75.9% to 83.4%. Six studies reported an adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) for non-compliant treatment compared with compliant treatment; all concluded OS was worse among patients whose overall treatment was non-compliant (aHR range: 1.52 [1.30-1.82] to 2.57 [1.96-3.37]), but adjustment for potential confounders was limited. Worse adherence among older women was reported in 12/16 studies, but they did not provide consistent evidence on whether OS was associated with treatment adherence and age. CONCLUSIONS: Individual studies reported that better adherence to guidelines improved OS among women with non-metastatic BC, but the evidence base has weaknesses including inconsistent definitions of adherence. More precise and consistent research designs, including the evaluation of barriers to adherence across the spectrum of healthcare practice, are required to fully understand guideline compliance, as well as the relationship between compliance and OS following a BC diagnosis.

Retained port connectors after central venous port removal.

We report three cases where the connector/sleeve, which helps fix the flexible catheter section to a port injection chamber, was inadvertently left in scar tissue during port removal. Concerned patients presented months later with a palpable subcutaneous nodule, near the port site. The nodules were variably imaged with plain X-rays, mammography or ultrasound with the diagnosis correctly made by a surgeon familiar with devices. Two connectors were removed, and one was left in place following discussions with the patient. Prevention, recognition and management of this problem are discussed.

Observational cohort study in older women with early breast cancer: Use of radiation therapy and impact on health-related quality of life and mortality.

BACKGROUND: Radiotherapy reduces in-breast recurrence risk in early breast cancer (EBC) in older women. This benefit may be small and should be balanced against treatment effect and holistic patient assessment. This study described treatment patterns according to fitness and impact on health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL). METHODS: A multicentre, observational study of EBC patients aged ≥ 70 years, undergoing breast-conserving surgery (BCS) or mastectomy, was undertaken. Associations between radiotherapy use, surgery, clinico-pathological parameters, fitness based on geriatric parameters and treatment centre were determined. HRQoL was measured using the European Organisation for the Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) questionnaires. RESULTS: In 2013-2018 2811 women in 56 UK study centres underwent surgery with a median follow-up of 52 months. On multivariable analysis, age and tumour risk predicted radiotherapy use. Among healthier patients (based on geriatric assessments) with high-risk tumours, 534/613 (87.1%) having BCS and 185/341 (54.2%) having mastectomy received radiotherapy. In less fit individuals with low-risk tumours undergoing BCS, 149/207 (72.0%) received radiotherapy. Radiotherapy effects on HRQoL domains, including breast symptoms and fatigue were seen, resolving by 18 months. CONCLUSION: Radiotherapy use in EBC patients ≥ 70 years is affected by age and recurrence risk, whereas geriatric parameters have limited impact regardless of type of surgery. There was geographical variation in treatment, with some fit older women with high-risk tumours not receiving radiotherapy, and some older, low-risk, EBC patients receiving radiotherapy after BCS despite evidence of limited benefit. The impact on HRQoL is transient.

Bridging The Age Gap: observational cohort study of effects of chemotherapy and trastuzumab on recurrence, survival and quality of life in older women with early breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Chemotherapy improves outcomes for high risk early breast cancer (EBC) patients but is infrequently offered to older individuals. This study determined if there are fit older patients with high-risk disease who may benefit from chemotherapy. METHODS: A multicentre, prospective, observational study was performed to determine chemotherapy (±trastuzumab) usage and survival and quality-of-life outcomes in EBC patients aged ≥70 years. Propensity score-matching adjusted for variation in baseline age, fitness and tumour stage. RESULTS: Three thousands four hundred sixteen women were recruited from 56 UK centres between 2013 and 2018. Two thousands eight hundred eleven (82%) had surgery. 1520/2811 (54%) had high-risk EBC and 2059/2811 (73%) were fit. Chemotherapy was given to 306/1100 (27.8%) fit patients with high-risk EBC. Unmatched comparison of chemotherapy versus no chemotherapy demonstrated reduced metastatic recurrence risk in high-risk patients(hazard ratio [HR] 0.36 [95% CI 0.19-0.68]) and in 541 age, stage and fitness-matched patients(adjusted HR 0.43 [95% CI 0.20-0.92]) but no benefit to overall survival (OS) or breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) in either group. Chemotherapy improved survival in women with oestrogen receptor (ER)-negative cancer (OS: HR 0.20 [95% CI 0.08-0.49];BCSS: HR 0.12 [95% CI 0.03-0.44]).Transient negative quality-of-life impacts were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Chemotherapy was associated with reduced risk of metastatic recurrence, but survival benefits were only seen in patients with ER-negative cancer. Quality-of-life impacts were significant but transient. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN 46099296.