Gender Difference of Cardiac Remodeling in University Athletes: Results from 2015 Gwangju Summer Universiade.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: There is little data about cardiac geometry in highly trained young athletes, especially female specific changes. We investigated gender difference on exercise induced cardiac remodeling (EICR) in highly trained university athletes. METHODS: A total of 1,185 university athletes divided into 2 groups; female (n=497, 22.0±2.3 years) vs. male (n=688, 22.6±2.4 years). Remodeling of the left ventricle (LV), left atrium (LA), right ventricle (RV), and any cardiac chamber were compared. RESULTS: LV, LA, RV, and any remodeling was found in 156 (13.2%), 206 (17.4%), 82 (6.9%), and 379 athletes (31.9%), respectively. LV, LA, and any remodeling were more common in male than female athletes (n=53, 12.1% vs. n=103, 15.5%, p=0.065), (n=65, 13.1% vs. n=141, 20.5%, p<0.001), (n=144, 30.0% vs. n=235, 34.2%, p=0.058), respectively, whereas RV remodeling was significantly more common in female than male athletes (n=56, 11.3% vs. n=26, 3.8%, p<0.001). Interestingly, the development of LV, LA, and RV remodeling were not overlapped in many of athletes, suggesting different mechanism of EICR according to cardiac chamber. Various predictors including sports type, heart rate, muscle mass, fat mass, body surface area, and training time were differently involved in cardiac remodeling, and there were gender differences of these predictors for cardiac remodeling. CONCLUSIONS: EICR was common in both sex and was independently developed among cardiac chambers in highly trained university athletes. LV and LA remodeling were common in males, whereas RV remodeling was significantly more common in females demonstrating gender difference in EICR. The present study also demonstrated gender difference in the predictors of EICR.

Prognostic value of left atrial size in hypertensive African Americans undergoing stress echocardiography.

BACKGROUND: Left atrial (LA) enlargement is a marker of increased risk in the general population undergoing stress echocardiography. African American (AA) patients with hypertension are known to have less atrial remodeling than whites with hypertension. The prognostic impact of LA enlargement in AA with hypertension undergoing stress echocardiography is uncertain. AIM: To investigate the prognostic value of LA size in hypertensive AA patients undergoing stress echocardiography. METHODS: This retrospective outcomes study enrolled 583 consecutive hypertensive AA patients who underwent stress echocardiography over a 2.5-year period. Clinical characteristics including cardiovascular risk factors, stress and echocardiographic data were collected from the electronic health record of a large community hospital. Treadmill exercise and Dobutamine protocols were conducted based on standard practices. Patients were followed for all-cause mortality. The optimal cutoff value of antero-posterior LA diameter for mortality was assessed by receiver operating characteristic analysis. Cox regression was used to determine variables associated with outcome. RESULTS: The mean age was 57 ± 12 years. LA dilatation was present in 9% (54) of patients (LA anteroposterior ≥ 2.4 cm/m2). There were 85 deaths (15%) during 4.5 ± 1.7 years of follow-up. LA diameter indexed for body surface area had an area under the curve of 0.72 ± 0.03 (optimal cut-point of 2.05 cm/m2). Variables independently associated with mortality included age [P = 0.004, hazard ratio (HR) 1.34 (1.10-1.64)], tobacco use [P = 0.001, HR 2.59 (1.51-4.44)], left ventricular hypertrophy [P = 0.001 , HR 2.14 (1.35-3.39)], Dobutamine stress [P = 0.003, HR 2.12 (1.29-3.47)], heart failure history [P = 0.031, HR 1.76 (1.05-2.94)], LA diameter ≥ 2.05 cm/m2 [P = 0.027, HR 1.73 (1.06-2.82)], and an abnormal stress echocardiogram [P = 0.033, HR 1.67 (1.04-2.68)]. LA diameter as a continuous variable was also independently associated with mortality but LA size ≥ 2.40 cm/m2 was not. CONCLUSION: LA enlargement is infrequent in hypertensive AA patients when traditional reference values are used. LA enlargement is independently associated with mortality when a lower than "normal" threshold (≥ 2.05 cm/m2) is used.

The use of His bundle pacing for the treatment of painful left bundle branch block syndrome.

Painful left bundle branch block syndrome is a rare disorder in which patients develop typical angina-like pain without identifiable ischemia. To date, there have been few published cases of effective treatment. In this case report, we describe successful implementation of His bundle pacing for durable symptom resolution in this disorder.

Left atrial enlargement and its association with left atrial strain in university athletes participated in 2015 Gwangju Summer Universiade.

AIMS: Intensive and repetitive athletic training may result in cardiac geometric changes, but the determinants of left atrial (LA) enlargement (LAE) has been poorly studied. We investigated incidence and determinants of LAE and its association with LA strains in highly trained university athletes. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 1073 athletes (451 females, 22.4 ± 2.4 years old) who were able to measure LA size, volume, and strains during 2015 Gwangju Summer Universiade were enrolled. LAE was defined as the increased LA volume index > 42 mL/m2. LA strains, reservoir, conduit, and contractile were measured by 2D speckle tracking method, and LA reservoir strain < 27.6% was considered as abnormal. LAE was developed in 205 athletes (19.1%). In univariate analysis, male [odds ratio (OR) = 1.679], Caucasian (OR = 1.746), non-African descent (OR = 1.804), body muscle mass (OR = 1.056), body fat mass (OR = 0.962), systolic blood pressure (OR = 1.012), heart rate (OR = 0.980), sports type with cardiovascular (CV) demand (OR = 1.474), training time (OR = 1.011), left ventricular (LV) global longitudinal strain (LVGLS, OR = 0.906), and LV stroke volume (LVSV, OR = 1.044) were significantly associated with LAE. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, heart rate (OR = 0.961) and sports type with CV demand (OR = 1.299), LVGLS (OR = 0.865) and LVSV (OR = 1.013) were independent determinants of LAE. Abnormal LA reservoir strain was noted in 56 athletes (5.2%), and the incidence of abnormal value was not different between two groups; 42 athletes (4.8%) in LAE vs. 14 (6.8%) in no LAE group (P = 0.293). CONCLUSION: LAE was common in university athletes (19.1%) and associated with heart rate, sports type with CV demand, LVGLS, and LVSV. Although LAE was significantly associated with the lower LA reservoir strain, the incidence of abnormal value was very low (5.2%) and indifferent between LAE and no LAE group.

University athletes and changes in cardiac geometry: insight from the 2015 Gwangju Summer Universiade.

AIMS: There is a paucity of data regarding the changes of cardiac geometry in highly trained international and multiracial university athletes. We aimed to investigate the incidence of structural cardiac abnormalities and changes of cardiac geometry in highly trained university athletes. METHODS AND RESULTS: Comprehensive echocardiographic studies were performed in 1185 university athletes through the Check-up Your Heart Program during the 2015 Gwangju Summer Universiade. Participants were divided into two groups: normal vs. abnormal left ventricular (LV) geometry (concentric remodelling, concentric hypertrophy, or eccentric hypertrophy). Structural heart diseases associated with sudden cardiac death were not identified, but minor structural cardiac abnormalities were common in university athletes. One hundred and fifty-six athletes (13.2%) had abnormal LV geometry; concentric remodelling (n = 73, 6.2%), concentric hypertrophy (n = 25, 2.1%), and eccentric hypertrophy (n = 58, 4.9%). Abnormal LV geometry was significantly more common in athletes of African descent and in endurance, mixed, or power disciplines. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, athletes of African descent [odds ratio (OR) 2.16, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.34-3.46; P = 0.001], endurance disciplines (OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.26-2.54; P = 0.001), and training time (OR 1.01, 95% CI 1.00-1.02; P = 0.045) were independent predictors of abnormal LV geometry. CONCLUSION: A large scale cardiovascular screening programme of the 2015 Summer Universiade demonstrated that abnormal LV geometry is not uncommon (13.2%) and concentric remodelling is the most common pattern of LV geometric change in young trained university athletes. Race, type of sport, and training time are significant predictors of abnormal LV geometry. Structural cardiac abnormalities are common in university athletes even though they are minor abnormalities.

Spectrum of atrial arrhythmias using the ligament of Marshall in patients with atrial fibrillation.

BACKGROUND: The role of the ligament of Marshall (LOM) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) has not been well defined. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to describe the role of the LOM in patients with AF and related arrhythmias. METHODS: Fifty-six patients (mean age 63 ± 11 years; persistent AF in 48 [86%]; ejection fraction 0.49 ± 0.13; left atrial diameter 4.7 ± 0.6 cm) with LOM-mediated arrhythmias were included. RESULTS: A LOM-pulmonary vein (PV) connection was present in 18 patients (32%) and was eliminated with radiofrequency (RF) ablation at the left lateral ridge or crux (n = 12), at the mitral annulus (n = 3), or with alcohol/ethanol (EtOH) ablation of the vein of Marshall (VOM; n = 3). A LOM-mediated atrial tachycardia (AT) was present in 13 patients (23%). Thirty-one patients with refractory mitral isthmus conduction were referred for potential EtOH ablation. In the 6 patients in whom VOM was injected during perimitral reentry, EtOH resulted in slowing in 3 patients and termination in 1 patient. In others, EtOH infusion resulted in complete isolation of the left-sided PVs and left atrial appendage. Repeat RF and adjunctive EtOH ablation of the VOM tended to be more effective in creating conduction block across the mitral isthmus than RF ablation alone (P = .057). CONCLUSION: The LOM is responsible for a variety of arrhythmia mechanisms in patients with AF and atrial tachycardia. It may be ablated at any point along its course, at the mitral annulus, at the lateral ridge/PV antrum, and epicardially in the coronary sinus and the VOM itself. EtOH ablation of the VOM may be an adjunctive strategy in patients with refractory perimitral reentry.

Ablation of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation using a second-generation cryoballoon catheter or contact-force sensing radiofrequency ablation catheter: A comparison of costs and long-term clinical outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: Although noninferiority of cryoballoon ablation (CBA) and radiofrequency catheter ablation for antral pulmonary vein isolation (APVI) has been reported in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF), it is not clear whether contact force sensing (CF-RFA) and CBA with the second-generation catheter have similar procedural costs and long-term outcomes. The objective of this study is to compare the long-term efficacy and cost implications of CBA and CF-RFA in patients with PAF. METHODS AND RESULTS: A first APVI was performed in 146 consecutive patients (age: 63 ± 10 years, men: 95 [65%], left atrial diameter: 42 ± 6 mm) with PAF using CBA (71) or CF-RFA (75). Clinical outcomes and procedural costs were compared. The mean procedure time was significantly shorter with CBA than with CF-RFA (98 ± 39 vs. 158 ± 47 minutes, P < 0.0001). Despite a higher equipment cost in the CBA than the CF-RFA group, the total procedure cost was similar between the two groups (P = 0.26), primarily driven by a shorter procedure duration that resulted in a lower anesthesia cost. At 25 ± 5 months after a single ablation procedure, 51 patients (72%) in the CBA, and 55 patients (73%) in the CF-RFA groups remained free from atrial arrhythmias without antiarrhythmic drug therapy (P = 0.84). CONCLUSIONS: The procedure duration was approximately 60 minutes shorter with CBA than CF-RFA. The procedural costs were similar with both approaches. At 2 years after a single procedure, CBA and CF-RFA have similar single-procedure efficacies of 72-73%.

Safety and efficacy of aerobic training in operable breast cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy: a phase II randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of moderate-to-high intensity aerobic training in breast cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy. METHODS: Twenty patients with stage IIB-IIIC operable breast cancer were randomly assigned to receive doxorubicin plus cyclophosphamide (AC) or AC in combination with aerobic training (AC + AET) (n = 10/group) for 12 weeks. The AC+ AET group performed three supervised aerobic cycle ergometry sessions per week at 60%-100% of exercise capacity (VO2peak). Safety outcomes included exercise testing as well as treatment- and exercise training-related adverse events (AEs), whereas efficacy outcomes included cardiopulmonary function and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) as measured by a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast (FACT-B) scale. RESULTS: Twelve non-significant ECG abnormalities and three non-life threatening events occurred during CPET procedures. One AE was reported during aerobic training. There were no significant between group differences for clinician-documented events (e.g. pain, nausea) or hematological parameters (p's > 0.05). Attendance and adherence rates to aerobic training were 82% and 66%, respectively. Intention-to-treat analysis indicated that VO2peak increased by 2.6 ± 3.5 ml/kg/min (+ 13.3%) in the AC + AET group and decreased by 1.5 ± 2.2 ml/kg/min (-8.6%) in the AC group (between group difference, p = 0.001). FACT-B increased 11.1 points in the AC + AET group compared to a 1.5 point decrease in the AC group (between group difference, p = 0.685). CONCLUSION: Moderate-to-high intensity aerobic training when conducted with one-on-one supervision is a safe adjunct therapy associated with improvements in cardiopulmonary function and select PROs during neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Improving prediction of outcomes in African Americans with normal stress echocardiograms using a risk scoring system.

Cardiovascular mortality is high in African Americans, and those with normal results on stress echocardiography remain at increased risk. The aim of this study was to develop a risk scoring system to improve the prediction of cardiovascular events in African Americans with normal results on stress echocardiography. Clinical data and rest echocardiographic measurements were obtained in 548 consecutive African Americans with normal results on rest and stress echocardiography and ejection fractions ≥50%. Patients were followed for myocardial infarction and death for 3 years. Predictors of cardiovascular events were determined with Cox regression, and hazard ratios were used to determine the number of points in the risk score attributed to each independent predictor. During follow-up of 3 years, 47 patients (8.6%) had events. Five variables-age (≥45 years in men, ≥55 years in women), history of coronary disease, history of smoking, left ventricular hypertrophy, and exercise intolerance (<7 METs in men, <5 METs in women, or need for dobutamine stress)-were independent predictors of events. A risk score was derived for each patient (ranging from 0 to 8 risk points). The area under the curve for the risk score was 0.82 with the optimum cut-off risk score of 6. Among patients with risk scores ≥6, 30% had events, compared with 3% with risk score <6 (p <0.001). In conclusion, African Americans with normal results on stress echocardiography remain at significant risk for cardiovascular events. A risk score can be derived from clinical and echocardiographic variables, which can accurately distinguish high- and low-risk patients.