Computer based haemodynamic guidance system is effective and safe in management of postoperative cardiac surgery patients.

A circulatory guidance system, Navigator, was evaluated in a prospective, randomised control trial at six Australian university teaching hospitals involving 112 scheduled postoperative cardiac surgical patients with pulmonary artery catheters placed and receiving 1:1 nursing care. The guidance system was used to achieve and maintain physician-designated cardiac output and mean arterial pressure targets and compared these with standard post open-heart surgery care. The primary efficacy endpoint was the standardised unsigned error between the targeted and the actual values for cardiac output and mean arterial pressure, time averaged over the duration of cardiac output monitoring - the average standardised distance. This was 1.71 (SD=0.65) for the guidance group and 1.92 (SD=0.65) in the control group (P=0.202). Rates of postoperative atrial fibrillation, adverse events, intensive care unit and hospital length-of-stay were similar in both groups. There were no device-related adverse events. Guided haemodynamic therapy with the Navigator device was non-inferior to standard intensive care unit therapy. The study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT00468247.

Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) after initially successful percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA): a review of 17 years experience.

OBJECTIVE: Patients who undergo successful percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) may subsequently require operative myocardial revascularization. This review examines whether prior successful PTCA alters outcomes following subsequent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). The costs of interventional cardiology procedures and definitive surgery were also examined. METHODS: From January 1981 through December 1997, 361 patients underwent CABG following initially successful PTCA (interval group). This group was compared with 11,909 patients who underwent CABG as the primary intervention for coronary artery disease (control group). RESULTS: The average time interval to CABG following initial PTCA was 13.7 months. The post-CABG myocardial infarction rate was 4% for patients in the interval group and 3% for patients in the control group. The 30-day mortality was similar for both patient groups (2%). For the interval group, the average cost of total interventional management was 24,220 dollars per patient. This included average costs of 13,873 dollars for CABG and 10,347 dollars for all preoperative interventional cardiology procedures. CONCLUSION: There is little doubt that PTCA procedures may provide successful myocardial revascularization. However, these procedures often need to be repeated over time and may serve only to delay coronary surgery, at substantial financial and personal cost.

A prospective trial of computed tomography and ultrasonography for diagnosing appendicitis in the atypical patient.

BACKGROUND: The surgical diagnosis of acute appendicitis is customarily made on clinical grounds alone using history, physical examination, and white blood cell count. In the atypical patient, ie, the patient with prolonged symptoms, inconsistent history, or misleading physical examination, diagnostic studies should be helpful in establishing the appropriate diagnosis. Computed tomography (CT) scan and ultrasonography (US) have demonstrated utility in diagnosing appendicitis but have not been studied in the atypical patient population. METHODS: A retrospective review of 500 consecutive appendectomy patients, coupled with a review of the literature, resulted in the development of an algorithm to help the medical physician to differentiate the atypical patient requiring an imaging study from those requiring immediate surgical consultation. This patient population was entered into a prospective, randomized study of CT scan or US examination. RESULTS: Between May 1997 and May 1999, 106 patients were enrolled in the study; 17 were later excluded from the study because of typical presentation and direct admission to surgery without diagnostic imaging. Forty-nine patients were randomly assigned to CT scan and 40 to US examination. CT scan was 100% specific and 97% sensitive (P = 0.018). US was 90% specific and 76% sensitive. Based on the results of these imaging studies, 70 of the study patients underwent exploration for suspected appendicitis or other acute inflammatory process. CONCLUSION: A subset of patients presenting with possible acute appendicitis has been identified that should benefit from imaging of the appendix prior to surgical consultation. For this group, CT scan appears superior to abdominal and pelvic US in terms of diagnostic accuracy and reliability. With this approach, a low incidence of negative laparotomies was achieved.

Simplified preperitoneal Marlex hernia repair.

The routine use of mesh for repair of inguinal hernia has been popularized by Lichtenstein and others. Although preperitoneal placement is more appealing than the onlay technique, the classical approach by Nyhus and Condon is difficult under local anesthesia and denervates the inguinal muscles to some degree. Preperitoneal mesh may become the standard for inguinal hernia as the laparoscopic approach becomes more popular. This report describes the author's first 100 hernia repairs done using a simplified preperitoneal approach under local anesthesia. The preperitoneal space is entered directly through the posterior floor, but a complete covering of the direct, indirect, and femoral spaces is accomplished similar to an open technique. After placement of the mesh, a truly "tension-free" closure of the posterior floor can be accomplished. Patients are discharged home in 1 to 2 hours. Because a standard approach and block are used, the learning curve for this operation should be brief compared with that of the laparoscopic method. The follow-up of this series is short (average: 15 months), but there have been no recurrences or infections. One patient returned to the operating room within 4 hours due to an arterial bleeder in Scarpa's fascia but was discharged that day and had no subsequent problems. Another patient has a postoperative neuralgia probably unrelated to the mesh. Otherwise, there has no complications with the placement of the Marlex mesh. Patients are allowed to return to full activity and work at their discretion.

Anaesthetic experience with cryotherapy for treatment of hepatic malignancy.

Hepatic cryotherapy is a relatively new technique, currently employed in the treatment of unresectable liver malignancy, which involves direct freezing of tumour deposits with liquid nitrogen. In a review of 26 patients undergoing this procedure, the anaesthetic considerations are defined. The total operation time ranged from 133 to 410 minutes. In spite of preventative measures, varying degrees of hypothermia occurred (range 33.7 degrees C to 36.5 degrees C), but no sequelae were encountered. Mean blood loss was 926 ml, and eleven patients required blood transfusion of between one and five units. There was a marked drop in platelet count associated with cryotherapy (mean fall of 123,000/mm3 by the second postoperative day). Following the procedure, fever and basal pulmonary atelectasis were common, while hypoglycaemia and renal impairment occurred on single occasions. Six patients underwent postoperative mechanical ventilation. Despite this, the mean hospital stay was under seven days.

Percutaneous ultrasound guided cholecystostomy with double bubble catheter.

We have used a prototype double bubble cholecystostomy catheter in four very ill patients. This has been done under local anaesthetic using a Seldinger technique, ultrasound guidance, and a trans-peritoneal approach to the gallbladder. The catheter provides drainage, cholangiography, and is intended to allow instrumentation of the biliary tract at a later stage.